Abstract
Objective:
This retrospective study investigated abnormal hepatic dysfunction and abdominal computed tomography (CT) findings in scrub typhus.
Methods:
Three hundred forty nine adult patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus. Ninety four underwent abdominal CT. The CT images were reviewed by the attending radiologist. Patient data of history, symptoms, signs, and results of laboratory tests were collected from the electronic medical records.
Results:
In 349 patients with scrub typhus, elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (78.5%) and alanine aminotransferase (63.0%) were dominant compared to alkaline phosphatase (27.2%) and total bilirubin (16.1%). Abdominal CT findings of 94 patients were, in descending order of frequency, enlarged lymph node (53.2%), inhomogeneous enhancement of liver (47.9%), splenomegaly (46.8%), ascites (28.7%), low attenuation of periportal areas (27.7%), gallbladder wall thickening (17.0%), and splenic infarct (6.4%). Also, the level of aspartate aminotransferase tended to be elevated according to the number of CT findings (P= 0.028)
Conclusions:
We found that abdominal CT manifestations of scrub typhus with elevated aminotransferases were varied and not specific. However, knowledge of these findings may evoke the recognition of scrub typhus by clinicians in endemic areas.
KEY WORDS: Scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Hepatitis, Computed tomography
INTRODUCTION
Scrub typhus is a mite-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. The disease is one of the acute febrile illnesses in Korea during autumn and is manifests with high fever, headache, myalgia, and, in many patients, rash and an eschar. It usually involves multiorgan including liver.1,2 It is known that the hepatic dysfunction in patients with scrub typhus is quite common (70-90%).3-6 The diagnosis of scrub typhus is usually based on the history of exposure, clinical features, and serologic assay. However, in some cases, the diagnosis can be complicated when there is difficulty in finding an eschar or in the absence of serologic test.7,8
When febrile patients with hepatic dysfunction visit an emergency room or outpatient clinic, abdominal computed tomography (CT) may be considered for differential diagnosis. Few studies described abdominal CT features of scrub typhus with hepatic dysfunction to date. Jeong et al. in 2007 first demonstrated the abdominal CT findings of scrub typhus; splenomegaly, periportal areas of low attenuation, inhomogeneous enhancement of liver, gallbladder wall thickening, lymphadenopathy, splenic infarct, and ascites.9 However, the number of cases was small and it was uncertain whether CT findings were assedded with particular reference to hepatic dysfunction. Thus, we aimed to investigate abdominal CT findings in patients who had scrub typhus with abnormal aminotransferase activity.
METHODS
Patients
This retrospective study was conducted between July 2008 and December 2013 at Samsung Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea. During this 5-year and 6-month period, 359 patients over 19 years of age were diagnosed with scrub typhus. The diagnosis was made if any one of the following criteria were met: (1) history of outdoor exposure, (2) pathognomonic eschar, and (3) single measurement of serologic test at the initial visit.7,8 The serologic test for scrub typhus was conducted using a commercial immunochromatographic test (ICT) (Tsutsugamushi assay; SD Bioline, Youngin, Korea), with a positive or negative result.10 The exclusion criterion was a history of previously known liver disease (e.g. chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or malignancy of liver). Ten of 359 patients diagnosed with scrub typhus were excluded due to liver cirrhosis (n=4), chronic hepatitis B (n=4), chronic hepatitis C (n=1), and Klatskin tumor (n=1). The symptoms, signs, and results of the initial laboratory tests of 349 patients were investigated through examination of the electronic medical records.
Abdominal CT
Abdominal CT was taken within one week after the manifestation of the symptoms or signs of abdominal distress, especially abdominal pain, or hepatic dysfunction with fever. 94 of the 349 patients underwent abdominal CT. One radiologist retrospectively reviewed the CT images. We referred to the literature about abdominal CT findings of scrub typhus and concentrated on the following findings: (1) enlarged lymph node, (2) inhomogeneous enhancement of liver, (3) splenomegaly, (4) ascites, (5) low attenuation of periportal areas, (6) gallbladder wall thickening, and (7) splenic infarct.9 Enlarged lymph node was defined as abdominopelvic lymph node with short-axis diameter of more than 10 mm. Splenomegaly was defined as a maximal width of more than 11 cm on axial CT scan.11
Ethical considerations
This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethical review committee of Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University.
Statistical analyses
All values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median with range. Comparison of baseline parameters according to the number of CT findings was evaluated statistically by the one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test after the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were log transformed for parametric statistics. Post-hoc analysis was done by the Bonferroni correction. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
Male was 145 (41.5%), Female 204(58.5%). The mean age was 63.7 ± 16.2 years. Clinical manifestations were fever (92.8%), chills (78.5%), rash (59.0%), myalgia (57.3%), headache (40.1%), nausea or vomiting (19.5%), cough (18.9%), abdominal pain (18.6%), shock (4.3%), impaired mental health (3.2%), and lymphadenitis (1.7%). An eschar was detected in 245 of 349 patients (70.2%). ICT was positive in 265 of 349 patients (75.9%) (Table-I).
Table-I.
Baseline characteristics of the 349 patients with scrub typhus.
| Characteristic | Median (range) | Proportion of abnormality |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 145 (41.5) | |
| Female | 204 (58.5) | |
| Age | 63.7 ± 16.2 | |
| AST (IU/L) | 71 (12 –>2600) | 274/349 (78.5) |
| ALT (IU/L) | 55 (9 –>2600) | 220/349 (63.0) |
| ALP (IU/L) | 88 (17 – 1492) | 94/346 (27.2) |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.2 –>30.0) | 56/347 (16.1) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 (1.7 – 4.5) | 120/346 (34.7) |
| PT(INR) | 1.00 (0.26 – 8.05) | 9/295 (3.1) |
| White blood cells (/μL) | 6400 (1100 – 26900) | 150/348 (43.1) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 (8.5 – 17.9) | 114/348 (32.8) |
| Platelet (x103/μL) | 133 (24 – 537) | 227/348 (65.2) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 64.2 (0.15 –>200) | 300/308 (97.4) |
| Positive results of Scrub typhus antibody test | 265 (75.9) | |
| Days of hospitalization | 5 (2 – 208) |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD.
AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase;
PT(INR), prothrombine time-international normalized ratio.
Hepatic dysfunction
Most patients with scrub typhus had hepatocellular-patterned dysfunction. The proportion of aminotransferases abnormalities (78.5% of AST and 63.0% of ALT >40 IU/L) was greater than the proportion of patients with abnormal ALP (27.2% >130 IU/L) and total bilirubin (16.1% >1.2 mg/dL) (Table-I).
Abdominal CT
94 of 349 patients underwent abdominal CT, mainly due to work-up for fever with hepatic dysfunction. Abdominal CT findings were enlarged lymph node (53.2%), inhomogeneous enhancement of liver (47.9%), splenomegaly (46.8%), ascites (28.7%), low attenuation of periportal areas (27.7%), gallbladder wall thickening (17.0%), and splenic infarct (6.4%). Ten patients (10.6%) had no abnormal findings of CT. There were no patients that presented all the aforementioned CT findings (Table-II, Fig. 1 and 2).
Table-II.
Abdominal CT findings in 94 patients with scrub typhus.
| Findings of CT | N (%) | Number of CT findings | N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enlarged lymph node | 50 (53.2) | 0 | 10 (10.6) |
| Inhomogeneous enhancement of liver | 45 (47.9) | 1 | 21 (22.3) |
| Splenomegaly | 44 (46.8) | 2 | 28 (29.8) |
| Ascites | 27 (28.7) | 3 | 14 (14.9) |
| Low attenuation of periportal areas | 26 (27.7) | 4 | 12 (12.8) |
| Gallbladder wall thickening | 16 (17.0) | 5 | 5 (5.3) |
| Splenic infarct | 6 (6.4) | 6 | 4 (4.3) |
| 7 | 0 (0.0) |
Enlarged lymph node is defined as short-axis diameter of more than 10mm.
Splenomegaly is defined as maximal width of more than 11cm on the axial scan.
Fig.1.
Scrub typhus in a 43-year-old woman. Arterial phase dynamic CT images show mild inhomogeneous enhancement of the hepatic parenchyma as well as splenomegaly.
Fig.2.
Scrub typhus in a 67-year-old woman. Serial contrast-enhanced abdominal CT images shows gallbladder wall thickening and splenomegaly.
Comparison of hepatic dysfunction according to the number of CT findings
Patients who underwent CT were classified into four groups according to the number of CT findings: ‘0’, 10 of 94 (10.6%); ‘1’, 21 of 94 (22.3%); ‘2’, 28 of 94 (29.8%); ‘3 or more’, 35 of 94 (37.2%). We compared the relationship between these groups and all parameters of Table-I. The aminotransferases increased according to the number of CT findings and were log transformed for the parametric statistics (AST, P = 0.028; log AST, P=0.011) (Table-III). Post-hoc analysis of the log AST revealed a significant difference in the mean difference between the ‘0’ and ‘3 or more’ groups (P = 0.041).
Table-III.
Level of aminotranferase according to the number of abdominal CT findings (N = 94)
| Number of CT findings | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 or more | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 10 (10.6) | 21 (22.3) | 28 (29.8) | 35 (37.2) | |
| AST (IU/L) | 77.7±56.5 | 116.3±100.1 | 128.6±137.0 | 282.3±465.1 | 0.028 |
| Log AST | 1.8004±0.28941 | 1.9608±0.29214 | 1.9234±0.41122 | 2.1857±0.43884 | 0.011 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 66.6±54.4 | 89.2±81.4 | 97.4±128.9 | 221.2±443.0 | 0.103 |
| Log ALT | 1.6801±0.39648 | 1.8295±0.31212 | 1.7486±0.44636 | 2.0151±0.49694 | 0.051 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD.
P-values derived from the Kruskal-Wallis Test for AST and ALT.
P-values derived from the one-way ANOVA after transformed log for parametric statistics.
DISCUSSION
Scrub typhus is endemic in Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Australia, which form an area known as the “tsutsugamushi triangle”. It is a burden to the communities in Asia-Pacific rim.12-15 It also occur in the United States, Canada, and Europe, being imported by tourists returning from endemic regions.16
Previous studies have reported taht hepatic dysfunction in patients with scrub typhus was found to be a hepatocellular-patterned abnormality.3-6 This was ascertained by our study as well. Elevation of AST (78.5%) and ALT (63.0%) markedly exceeded those of ALP (27.2%) and total bilirubin (16.1%) (Table-I). The mechanism of this characteristic hepatocellular-patterned dysfunction is not clear, but is speculated pathologically. The infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi is characterized pathologically by focal or disseminated vasculitis and perivasculitis on the involved organs. Thus, scrub typhus infected in liver is speculated to cause mild focal inflammation due to intrahepatic sinusoidal endothelial vasculitis and to increase the levels of aminotransferases due to direct cytopathic liver damage.4,17,18
In 2007, Jeong et al. first described abdominal CT findings of scrub typhus with a small sample size (19 patients).9 In our study, abdominal CT images of 94 patients, more than in the previous study, were retrospectively reviewed by one radiologist. The proportions of CT findings were slightly different from the previous study. The most common findings were the enlarged lymph node (53.2%) in our study and splenomegaly (79%) in the previous study. However, inhomogeneous enhancement of liver, the secondary common finding in our study was 47.9%, virtually the same as the previous study (47%) (Table-II). These differences may be caused by the scale of studies and need further studies. In general, there was no newly detected CT finding. We also found that the radiologic findings of our cases were varied and not specific.
Furthermore, in endemic areas, it is not difficult to diagnose scrub typhus when an eschar is present2,5,6,19 or when the serologic test is positive.13,20-22 In our study, 245 of 345 patients (70.2%) presented with an eschar, and 265 of 345 patients (75.9%) exhibited positive serology were similar to those of previous studies. However, 94 patients who underwent the CT had either an eschar (50 of 94) or the positive result of serologic test (84 of 94). We know that serologic assay is the mainstay of diagnosis for scrub typhus. However, in patients who lack an eschar or present with negative serology, the differential diagnosis remains broad including a number of different diseases such as viral hepatitis or tuberculosis. The evaluation should consider the patient’s risk factors for liver disease as well as findings from the physical examination that may indicate a particular diagnosis. Through careful initial examination, we excluded other possible causes.
Additionally, the level of AST and log AST, transformed for the parametric statistics, was mostly elevated according to the number of CT findings (P = 0.028). Although both the ALT and log ALT were not statistically significant according to the number of CT findings (P = 0.103 and P = 0.051, respectively), these showed the tendency of increasing similar to the log AST in a rough way (Table-III). However, the clinical significance of this finding is unclear.
This study has some limitations. First, this is a single-center study of a relatively small number of patients with deranged aminotransferases. Second, the retrospective data collection is another limitation. So the generalizability of the radiologic manifestations of scrub typhus remain unclear. Further studies are needed to find out that which abdominal CT findings are suggestive of scrub typhus with hepatic dysfunction in conjunction with the patient’s history and clinical features and results of serologic testing.
CONCLUSION
Our study showed that the most patients with scrub typhus had the hepatocellular -patterned dysfunction with a predominant elevation AST and ALT. Also, the abdominal CT features were enlarged lymph node, inhomogeneous enhancement of liver, splenomegaly, ascites, low attenuation of periportal areas, gallbladder wall thickening, and splenic infarct. We found that abdominal CT manifestations of scrub typhus with elevated aminotransferases were varied and not specific. However, knowledge of these findings may evoke the recognition of scrub typhus by clinicians in endemic areas.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: None.
Authors’ contribution
Man Je Park: Drafting, Revision and Writing of the Manuscript.
Hyoun Soo Lee: Data collection and Statistical Analysis.
Sang Goon Shim: Conceptualization of Study and Final approval of the manuscript.
So Hee Kim: Review of the CT images.
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