Abstract
Objective
This study aims to determine whether the genetic polymorphisms of IL-12B gene is a susceptibility factor to Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in mainland Han Chinese population.
Method
Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10045431, rs11167764, rs3212227, rs6556412, rs6556416, rs6871626, rs6887695 and rs7709212) in the IL-12B gene were genotyped by iMLDR Assay technology in 400 patients [96% (384/400) HLA-B27(+)] and 395 geographically and ethnically matched healthy controls in mainland Han Chinese population. The correlation between IL-12B genetic polymorphisms and AS activity index (BASDAI, BASFI) were tested.
Results
The significant difference was found in genotype distribution between AS and healthy controls (χ2 = 6.942, P-value = 0.031) of the SNP rs6871626. Furthermore, significant evidence was also detected under the recessive model for minor allele A. The AA genotype carrier had 1.830 fold risk compared with C allele carrier (with CC and AC genotypes) [OR (95% CI) = 1.830 (1.131-2.961), P-value = 0.014]. Nevertheless, the difference was no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. Subset analysis on cases with HLA-B27(+) did find the same results. Three genotypic groups (AA, CC and CA) in rs6871626 site was highly associated with the BASDAI and BASFI (P-value = 0.012 and P-value = 0.023, respectively), after adjustment for effect of age, sex, and disease duration, the P-value was 0.031 and 0.041, respectively. The AA genotype of rs6871626 was also significantly correlated with an increased BASDAI and BASFI compared to the AC and CC genotypes in AS patients.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that rs6871626 may be associated AS susceptibility and with disease activity (BASDAI, BASFI) in mainland Han Chinese population.
Introduction
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that mainly affects the sacroiliac joints and spinal joints, causing pain and stiffness, and progressive fusion of involved joints, it is characterized by axial skeletal inflammation, enthesis and iritis, and mainly affects young men with higher clinical incidence and family aggregation [1, 2]. So far, the precise pathogenesis of AS is unclear, but some studies [3, 4] suggested that HLA-B27 gene was associated with the susceptibility of AS. In addition to the HLA region, the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)[5, 6] and our group’s work also suggested the AS correlation of non-HLA regions, such as IL-33 [7], FCGR2B [8], FCRL4b [9], KIR3DS1 [10].
IL-12B gene is located in non-HLA region of chromosome 5q31–33, length of 15kb, containing eight exons, and its expression levels are mainly post-transcriptionally regulated [11]. IL-12 is an N-acylated sugars heterodimer, constituting the p35 (coded for by IL-12A) and p40 (coded for by IL-12B) subunits. It is of crucial relevance to cell-mediated immunity and Th1 differentiation [12], and plays a central role in promoting the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into mature interferon-γ producing T-helper (Th1) effect cells. Moreover, it is a potent stimulus of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells for IFN-γ production [13]. IL-12B, a subunit of IL-12, can induce expression of interferon-γ, leading to the differentiation and proliferation of Th1 [14]. IL-12B knockout mice, which were defective in both the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways, were not susceptible to experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis [15]. This suggests that it may play a key role in this pathway. The gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may affect the function and expression of IL-12B. Many disease-related studies on IL-12 gene polymorphisms were more focused on the study of IL-12B gene polymorphism.
IL-12B gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diverse autoimmune diseases [16–19], such as Psoriasis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). Previously several SNPs in IL-12B gene have been tested in AS, however, the results were controversial [5, 20–24]. It is unclear whether some of SNPs in IL-12B gene are associated with AS susceptibility and others are associated with disease severity. In this study, we selected eight SNPs (four of eight have been reported) to test whether candidate genetic variations contribute to AS susceptibility and severity in mainland Han Chinese population (Anhui province).
Materials and Methods
Subjects
A total of 400 patients with AS [96% (384/400) HLA-B27(+)], fulfilling the modified New York Criteria (1984)[25], and 395 geographically and ethnically matched healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. All healthy controls were interviewed to exclude any history of AS disorder. The disease duration was defined as the time from the first symptom (inflammatory back pain, peripheral arthritis, uveitis, or enthesitis) was noted to the time when enrolled in the current study. All subjects are from mainland Han Chinese population (Anhui province). This study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the design of the work was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Anhui Medical University. All the participants provided their written informed consent to join in this study.
Genotyping
In this study, we selected SNPs of IL-12B with minor allele frequency > 5% from the Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) population in the HapMap database (http://www.hapmap.org). Meanwhile, SNPs from previous GWASs which were associated with AS but did not test in mainland Han Chinese population were also considered. Eventually, we included eight SNPs (rs10045431, rs11167764, rs3212227, rs6556412, rs6556416, rs6871626, rs6887695 and rs7709212). One polymorphism (rs3212227) located in the 3’-UTR-exon8, one polymorphism (rs11167764) is in the 3’-flank, and other six polymorphisms are in the 5’-flank. A graphical overview of genotyped polymorphisms was shown in Figure A in S1 File. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes by using a commercially available kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). DNA samples were stored at -20°C before genotyping. The genotyping of SNPs were carried out by Shanghai Genesky Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (http://biotech.geneskies.com/index.html) using the improved multiplex ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) method, the primers are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. SNPs and PCR primer for IL-12B allele genotyping.
| SNPs | Chromosome position | PCR primer |
|---|---|---|
| rs10045431 | 158814533 | rs10045431F:TGTCACCTTCAACTTGGCCTGA |
| rs10045431R:ACTCCCACGTACCCCATGAGAA | ||
| rs11167764 | 141479065 | rs11167764F:TGTTAGTGACAACCCTTGGAAGGAA |
| rs11167764R:TTTATGCACTTGATCCTGAAAGGATTT | ||
| rs3212227 | 158742950 | rs3212227F:GGCAACTTGAGAGCTGGAAAATCT |
| rs3212227R:CCCASATCAACTTTTGGCATTCTC | ||
| rs6556412 | 158787385 | rs6556412F:AATCGTTTGAGCCCAGGAGATG |
| rs6556412R:TCCCACTCTTCCCTCTGAGTCC | ||
| rs6556416 | 158818745 | rs6556416F:TCAACTGCATGGTGGGGTCAAC |
| rs6556416R:AGCTGAGGCCACCCAAACTAAA | ||
| rs6871626 | 158826792 | rs6871626F:GAGGCCAATAATCRGGCTGAAG |
| rs6871626R:AGAGAGGTGAGCCGAGGCAGAG | ||
| rs6887695 | 158822645 | rs6887695F:GGGCTTCAGGCTTCACCAGTCT |
| rs6887695R:CACCCCTGAAGCGAGGWCAAAT | ||
| rs7709212 | 158764177 | rs7709212F:TTCTCCTGGGATGGATGCATTT |
| rs7709212R:TCTGCCTCCAGGAAATACCACAC |
SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; F: forward; R: reverse.
Assessment criteria
We assessed the following data for all patients: Disease activity was measured by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) from 0 to 10: where 0 = no activity and 10 = maximum activity. Functional impairment was measured by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) from 0 to 10. Higher values of BASFI indicate worse functional ability. The modified Chinese versions of BASDAI and BASFI have a good intraclass correlations and Cronbach's alpha measure [26].
Statistical analysis
The differences in allele and genotype frequencies between cases and controls were assessed by χ2 tests (Fisher’s exact test was applied if the expected frequency was less than 5). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Continuous data were given as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Comparisons among the three genotypic groups were calculated using One-Way ANOVA analysis [Clinical phenotype (BASFI or BASDAI) as the dependent variable and the three genotypic groups in each site as independent variables] and multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for age, sex and disease duration [Clinical phenotype (BASFI or BASDAI) as the dependent variable, the three genotypic groups in each site as independent variables and age, sex, disease duration as covariates]. The above analyses were conducted using SPSS version 10.01. Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing was applied and P-value for a truly significant result was calculated as 0.05/n. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated in control groups by χ2 test.
Results
Four hundred patients (258 males and 142 females, mean ± SD age 28.9 ± 8.9 years), and 395 controls (255 males and 140 females, mean ± SD age 27.9 ± 7.9 years) were enrolled in our data. In cases group, the mean disease duration was 7.68 ± 1.59 years. And the mean BASDAI and BASFI scores were 4.01 ± 1.95 and 2.87 ± 2.07, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to age (t = 1.560, P-value = 0.119) and sex (χ2 = 0.001, P-value = 0.987).
All of the SNPs were in HWE in controls. The allele and genotype frequencies of IL-12B gene polymorphisms in cases and healthy controls were shown in Table 2. At rs6871626 locus, the significant difference was found in genotype distribution between AS and healthy controls (χ2 = 6.942, P-value = 0.031). Furthermore, significant evidence was also detected under the recessive model for minor allele A, the AA genotype carrier had 1.830 fold risk compared with C allele carrier (contained CC and AC genotypes) [OR (95% CI) = 1.830 (1.131–2.961), P-value = 0.014]. However, there was no significant difference after Bonferroni correction. Other SNPs were all not associated with AS susceptibility. In addition, subset analysis on cases with HLA-B27(+) did find the same results (Table A in S1 File).
Table 2. The allele and genotype frequencies of IL-12B gene polymorphisms in AS cases and controls.
| SNPs | HWE | Allele | Genotypic frequency | Allele frequency | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | χ2 | p value | 1 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 22 | χ2 | p value | 1 | 2 | χ2 | p value | OR (95%CI) | |
| rs10045431 | Case | A | C | 9(0.022) | 75(0.188) | 316(0.790) | 3.411 | 0.182 | 93(0.116) | 707(0.884) | 2.156 | 0.142 | 1.273(0.922–1.757) | ||
| Control | 0.076 | 0.783 | 3(0.008) | 68(0.172) | 324(0.820) | 74(0.094) | 716(0.906) | ||||||||
| rs11167764 | Case | A | C | 4(0.010) | 95(0.238) | 301(0.752) | 2.512 | 0.285 | 103(0.129) | 697(0.871) | 1.585 | 0.208 | 0.833(0.627–1.107) | ||
| Control | 0.002 | 0.988 | 9(0.023) | 101(0.256) | 285(0.722) | 119(0.151) | 671(0.849) | ||||||||
| rs3212227 | Case | G | T | 73(0.182) | 196(0.490) | 131(0.328) | 0.535 | 0.765 | 342(0.427) | 458(0.573) | 0.223 | 0.637 | 0.953(0.7821–1.163) | ||
| Control | 0.599 | 0.438 | 80(0.203) | 187(0.473) | 128(0.324) | 347(0.439) | 443(0.561) | ||||||||
| rs6556412 | Case | A | G | 68(0.170) | 201(0.503) | 131(0.328) | 0.209 | 0.901 | 337(0.421) | 463(0.579) | 0.101 | 0.751 | 0.968(0.793–1.182) | ||
| Control | 0.010 | 0.919 | 72(0.182) | 195(0.494) | 128(0.324) | 339(0.421) | 451(0.571) | ||||||||
| rs6556416 | Case | A | C | 7(0.018) | 75(0.188) | 318(0.795) | 1.967 | 0.374 | 89(0.111) | 711(0.889) | 1.335 | 0.247 | 1.211(0.875–1.677) | ||
| Control | 0.076 | 0.783 | 3(0.008) | 68(0.172) | 324(0.820) | 74(0.094) | 716(0.906) | ||||||||
| rs6871626 | Case | A | C | 49(0.122) | 156(0.390) | 195(0.487) | 6.942 | 0.031 | 254(0.318) | 546(0.682) | 1.063 | 0.302 | 1.119(0.904–1.385) | ||
| Control | 2.164 | 0.141 | 28(0.071) | 176(0.446) | 191(0.484) | 232(0.294) | 558(0.706) | ||||||||
| rs6887695 | Case | C | G | 61(0.152) | 200(0.500) | 139(0.347) | 0.338 | 0.844 | 322(0.403) | 478(0.598) | 0.265 | 0.607 | 0.949(0.777–1.159) | ||
| Control | 0.188 | 0.665 | 66(0.167) | 196(0.496) | 133(0.337) | 328(0.415) | 462(0.585) | ||||||||
| rs7709212 | Case | C | T | 77(0.193) | 195(0.487) | 128(0.320) | 1.332 | 0.514 | 349(0.436) | 451(0.564) | 1.067 | 0.302 | 0.901(0.739–1.098) | ||
| Control | 0.898 | 0.343 | 89(0.225) | 187(0.473) | 119(0.301) | 365(0.462) | 425(0.538) | ||||||||
SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; OR:odds ratio.
P-value was survived after Bonferroni correction.
We investigated the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and clinical phenotypes including the BASDAI and BASFI. As shown in Table 3, we found that rs6871626 was highly associated with the BASDAI and BASFI (P-value = 0.012 and P-value = 0.023, respectively), after adjustment for effect of age, sex, and disease duration, the P-value was 0.031 and 0.041, respectively. We further found that the AA genotype was significantly correlated with an increased BASDAI and BASFI compared to the AC and CC genotypes in AS patients (P-value = 0.045 and 0.009, respectively). The mean ± SD of the BASDAI for the AA genotype and combined AC and CC genotypes were 4.244 ± 1.713 and 3.655 ± 1.952, respectively. And, the BASFI were 3.058 ± 2.276 and 2.244 ± 2.013, respectively. In addition, the results did not change in HLA-B27(+) AS patients (Figure B–E in S1 File)
Table 3. BASDAI and BASFI scores in patients with IL-12B genotypes.
| SNPs | Genetype | BASDAI | BASFI |
|---|---|---|---|
| rs10045431 | A/A | 4.498 ± 1.905 | 3.826 ± 3.201 |
| C/C | 3.962 ± 1.912 | 2.891 ± 2.106 | |
| C/A | 4.154 ± 2.097 | 2.675 ± 1.707 | |
| p value | 0.557 | 0.271 | |
| p value* | 0.614 | 0.354 | |
| rs11167764 | A/A | 4.305 ± 1.079 | 4.545 ± 3.507 |
| C/C | 4.087 ± 1.995 | 2.897 ± 2.097 | |
| C/A | 3.754 ± 1.812 | 2.716 ± 1.904 | |
| p value | 0.335 | 0.203 | |
| p value* | 0.397 | 0.312 | |
| rs3212227 | A/A | 4.011 ± 1.942 | 3.023 ± 2.341 |
| C/C | 4.144 ± 2.218 | 2.882 ± 2.262 | |
| C/A | 3.959 ± 1.844 | 2.766 ± 1.782 | |
| p value | 0.786 | 0.548 | |
| p value* | 0.869 | 0.611 | |
| rs6556412 | A/A | 3.857 ± 1.968 | 2.957 ± 2.169 |
| C/C | 4.035 ± 1.912 | 2.756 ± 2.069 | |
| C/A | 4.043 ± 1.971 | 2.902 ± 2.030 | |
| p value | 0.780 | 0.755 | |
| p value* | 0.852 | 0.877 | |
| rs6556416 | A/A | 3.963 ± 1.474 | 3.656 ± 3.565 |
| C/C | 3.977 ± 1.921 | 2.901 ± 2.106 | |
| C/A | 4.154 ± 2.097 | 2.675 ± 1.707 | |
| p value | 0.775 | 0.419 | |
| p value* | 0.831 | 0.522 | |
| rs6871626 | A/A | 4.244 ± 1.713 | 3.058 ± 2.013 |
| C/C | 3.983 ± 1.931 | 2.918 ± 2.163 | |
| C/A | 3.373 ± 1.694 | 2.129 ± 1.352 | |
| p value | 0.012 | 0.023 | |
| p value* | 0.031 | 0.041 | |
| rs6887695 | G/G | 3.873 ± 1.929 | 2.641 ± 1.896 |
| C/C | 4.021 ± 1.945 | 2.984 ± 2.108 | |
| G/C | 4.054 ± 1.954 | 2.812 ± 2.085 | |
| p value | 0.829 | 0.482 | |
| p value* | 0.935 | 0.549 | |
| rs7709212 | C/C | 4.024 ± 1.882 | 2.774 ± 2.089 |
| C/T | 4.009 ± 2.140 | 3.067 ± 2.291 | |
| T/T | 4.001 ± 1.916 | 2.858 ± 1.964 | |
| p value | 0.995 | 0.612 | |
| p value* | 0.999 | 0.786 |
BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index.
* Adjusting the effects of age, sex, disease duration.
Discussion
Although the precise etiology of AS remains to be elucidated, it is widely accepted that the disease is caused by multiple factors. IL-12B gene, in addition to HLA-B27, IL-23R, ERAP1, and 2p15 region [5, 23], was postulated for the pathogenesis of AS. Our findings further indicate that the gene of IL-12B is associated with AS, and that rs6871626 may be a risk SNP involved in AS genetic predisposition and disease severity in mainland Han population (Anhui province).
SNP rs6871626 is located within a small LD block of 40kb on 5q33 and in the 5’-flank of IL-12B gene [27]. It was also reported to be associated with ulcerative colitis [28]. Genetic variations may interfere with mRNA stability or protein translation by interacting with microRNAs [29]. It has been found that aberrant expression of microRNAs contributed to the immunopathogenesis of patients with ankylosing spondylitis [30]. The association between rs6871626 and clinical manifestations of AS suggests that the fundamental may effect of IL-12B protein on AS progression as well as AS onset and the association may be more evident in a recessive manner. This raises a possibility that those with two risk alleles (AA) in rs6871626 have stronger disease serverity than the cases with single risk alleles. Understanding the functional role of rs6871626 polymorphisms in the regulation of AS susceptibility can lead to further insight into the disease pathogenesis. The mechanism needs to be further investigated.
The SNPs and AS susceptibility and severity have been reported in different ethnicity. Many studies were carried out in Taiwanese population with similar genetic background to mainland Han Chinese population. Wen et al.[31] confirmed that in Taiwanese population, the rs10865331 was associated with AS susceptibility and disease activity (BASFI). Other significant loci, including ORAI1 (rs12313273 and rs7135617)[32] and STIM1 (rs3750996)[33], were also found association with the pathogenesis of AS. In this study, we examined the correlation between the IL-12B gene SNPs and susceptibility to AS in mainland Han Chinese population. IL-12B has been demonstrated that differences in genotype and allele frequencies of cytokine gene polymorphisms depend on ethnicity and race [34]. Many studies have evaluated the association of IL-12B polymorphisms with AS risk in part of the population. Of the polymorphisms studied, the rs3212227 CC/AC genotype was more frequent among the Taiwanese patients [20], however, by detecting the complementary chain, there was no significant differences of genotypic or allelic frequencies in mainland Han Chinese in this study. The genotype frequencies of the SNP were seemingly similar in the two studies with a relatively larger sample size. Whilst one can assume that Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese populations have similar genetic backgroud the difference in this case was observed, presumably due to genetic drift. Similar results were also reported in AS association studies [23, 35–37]. Evans [5] found a positive association between the rs6556416 polymorphism with AS in European populations. However, this was of non-significant difference, probably due to a limited sample size. In terms of the observed genotype frequencies, a total of 795 patients and controls should be necessary to reach a power of 80% at a P-value = 0.05. We reason that this discrepancy could be attributed to ethnic difference.
We are aware that the SNPs selected in this study may be not adequate to investigate the entire genetic polymorphisms of IL-12B, and the sample size in the study may be under-powered to detect the small genetic effect of IL-12B in the disease activity such as BASDAI/BASFI, since after the Bonferroni correction, the difference turns out to be insignificant. The study needs to be replicated in another population with a larger sample size or with meta-analysis. In conclusion, our research suggests that rs6871626 in the IL-12B gene may be associated with AS susceptibility and disease activity (BASDAI and BASFI) in mainland Han Chinese population (Anhui province).
Supporting Information
The IL-12B gene structure of the selected SNPs (Figure A). Comparison of the BASDAI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in AS patients (Figure B). Comparison of the BASFI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in AS patients (Figure C). Comparison of the BASDAI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in HLA-B27(+) AS patients (Figure D). Comparison of the BASFI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in HLA-B27(+) AS patients (Figure E).
(DOC)
(XLS)
Acknowledgments
We thank all patients and healthy subjects who provided the DNA and information necessary for our study. We also thank Shanghai Genesky Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (http://biotech.geneskies.com/index.html), for valuable help with the test of SNPs.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30771849, 30972530, and 81273169, http://isisn.nsfc.gov.cn/; Faming Pan received the funding) and supported by the Natural Science Fund of Education Department of Anhui province (KJ2014A127, http://218.22.27.67/Ahzrjj/index.action; Li Zhang received the funding). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
The IL-12B gene structure of the selected SNPs (Figure A). Comparison of the BASDAI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in AS patients (Figure B). Comparison of the BASFI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in AS patients (Figure C). Comparison of the BASDAI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in HLA-B27(+) AS patients (Figure D). Comparison of the BASFI scores among different genotypes of rs6871626 in HLA-B27(+) AS patients (Figure E).
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Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.