Prone Position Is Useful in Thoracoscopic Enucleation of Esophageal Leiomyoma

Abstract

A 36-year-old man was admitted to our institute due to the diagnosis of esophageal submucosal tumor detected by a periodical upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination without any complaint. Thoracoscopic enucleation of the lesion with the preoperative clinical diagnosis of esophageal leiomyoma was performed under general anesthesia in the prone position. After immunohistochemical examination, the pathological diagnosis was leiomyoma. There was no remarkable event during the postoperative hospital stay, and the patient was discharged on the 12th day after surgery. This case report suggests that the prone position might be superior to the left lateral decubitus position in thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma.

Introduction

Leiomyoma of the esophagus is one of the most common types of benign esophageal submucosal tumors [1]. To date, there have been several reports on its surgical treatment, and there seems to be a consensus that enucleation is a sufficient surgical treatment of esophageal leiomyoma. While enucleation has formerly been performed with open thoracotomy [2], recently, thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma has been performed to achieve a minimally invasive surgery in parallel to the popular method of thoracoscopic surgery. However, most studies report that the surgery was performed in the left decubitus position [3, 4, 5].

In contrast, the prone position approach has been developed for esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer as initially reported by Cuschieri [6]. The prone position was given priority over the left decubitus position due to the mobilization of the esophagus; therefore, the authors performed enucleation of the esophageal leiomyoma in the prone position in the present case.

In this report, the authors present their experience with enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma by the thoracoscopic approach in the prone position, discuss the utility of the prone position, and offer a review of the literature.

Case Report

The patient was a 36-year-old healthy man without any past history. An esophageal submucosal tumor was discovered during a periodical medical examination. Endoscopic examination revealed the presence of an esophageal submucosal tumor (4 cm in diameter) in the middle thoracic esophagus (fig. 1). A computed tomography scan demonstrated a 4.5 × 3.5 cm-sized tumor in the middle thoracic esophagus (fig. 2). Leiomyoma of the esophagus was suspected in the preoperative examination.

Fig. 1.

Endoscopy revealed a protuberant lesion which was covered with normal esophageal mucosa (arrow) and suggested the presence of an esophageal submucosal tumor (4 cm in diameter) in the middle thoracic esophagus.

Fig. 2.

Computed tomography scans demonstrated a 4.5 × 3.5 cm-sized tumor (arrow) in the middle thoracic esophagus.

Thoracoscopic enucleation in the prone position was planned. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with a single-lumen endotracheal intubation and a bronchial blocker. A 6-mm Hg artificial pneumothorax using carbon dioxide was induced with left one-lung ventilation.

Five trocars were used, three of 12 mm and two of 5 mm. One of the 12-mm ports was placed at the 7th intercostal space (ICS) at the middle axillary line for the 30° endoscope. The other 12-mm ports were placed at the 7th and 9th ICS at the posterior axillary line. The 5-mm ports were placed at the 3rd ICS at the middle axillary line and at the 5th ICS at the posterior axillary line (fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

The prone position for thoracoscopic enucleation was demonstrated in the present case.

The muscularis propria of the esophagus was cut using an electrosurgical knife to expose the capsule of the tumor, and a well-defined solid tumor with an intact capsule was enucleated (fig. 4). The divided muscularis propria was closed by interrupted sutures under a thoracoscopic approach.

Fig. 4.

The submucosal tumor (arrow) was enucleated with a thoracoscopic approach.

Postoperatively, a nasogastric tube was kept in place for 2 days. Contrast radiography of the esophagus on the 4th postoperative day showed intact smooth esophageal mucosa with no leakage. The patient started peroral intake on the 4th postoperative day, and the chest drain tube was removed on the 6th postoperative day. There was no remarkable event after surgery, and the patient was discharged from hospital on the 12th day after surgery.

The final pathological diagnosis was leiomyoma of the esophagus without any malignant feature (fig. 5).

Fig. 5.

Pathological features of the tumor. a Grossly, the tumor had an elongated dimension, presenting as a sausage-shaped mass. b The cut surfaces were of a grayish tan. c Microscopically, the tumor was composed of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells. Neither mitotic figures nor necrotic foci were detected in the tumor. HE. ×200. d Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for desmin. They were almost negative for KIT.

Discussion

Most esophageal submucosal tumors are leiomyoma, and its prevalence rate is reported to be approximately 70% [1]. To date, a consensus has been reached that enucleation of the tumor is a sufficient surgical treatment, and there is a trend towards the adoption of a thoracoscopic approach [2, 3, 4, 5]. The superiority of the thoracoscopic approach compared to thoracotomy is that it is associated with less postoperative pain, atelectasis, and pleural effusion, and its minimal surgical invasion seems to be suitable for surgery of benign esophageal submucosal tumors [7, 8].

Concerning the patient's position during the thoracoscopic enucleation, the left decubitus position with left one-lung ventilation has been selected for anesthesia in the thoracoscopic approach to date. In contrast, Cuschieri [6] initially reported on thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position for esophageal cancer in 1994. Recently, this procedure has been adopted in the majority of minimally invasive surgeries for esophageal cancer because it is easy to mobilize the esophagus in this position. In addition, Palanivelu et al. [9] reported a low incidence of respiratory complications, a shortened operative time, and a low incidence of postoperative pneumonia because complete right-lung collapse in order to keep a good surgical view is not necessary due to gravity.

There have been previous reports on thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma in the prone position [10, 11, 12]. Additionally, we report the present case. The results of the previous reports are summarized in table 1. Every institution adopted left one-lung anesthesia with 6- to 8-mm Hg insufflated pressure. Blood loss was low. Concerning the hospital stay period, our case stayed for a prolonged period at the hospital compared to the patients in the other reports, but this depended on the Japanese health insurance system. Thus, the authors believe that thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma in the prone position is a safe and feasible surgical procedure.

Table 1.

Previous reports on thoracoscopic enucleation of esophageal leiomyoma in the prone position

First author [ref.]	Operation time, min	Blood loss	Insufflated pressure, mm Hg	Hospital stay, days
Palanivelu [10]	85–128	low	6–8	1–3
Dapri [11]	85	20 ml	–	3
Claus [12]	45–135	low	6	3.20

In conclusion, minimally invasive surgery should be performed for esophageal leiomyoma, and the prone position is safe and useful for thoracoscopic enucleation.