Abstract
Background
The extract of the leaves of Viscum album (mistletoe) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. However, like many medicinal plants, the belief that things of natural origin are safe may not be entirely true. The blood is a good indicator of health and pathological mirror of the entire body.
Objective
Therefore, in this study, the acute effects of extracts of mistletoe, harvested from three hosts, on haematology indices of wistar albino rats was investigated.
Methods
Graded doses (400, 800, 1600 and 3200mg/kg body weight) of aqueous extracts of mistletoe from three different host plants, coffee (Coffee arabica), kola (Kola nitida), cocoa (Theobromae cacao), were administered orally to wistar albino rats for 14 days. Full haematological parameters were evaluated on whole blood collected from rats twenty four hours after the administration of the last dose.
Results
Mistletoe from kola caused a concentration dependent and statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in platelets count in rats. Administration of mistletoe extract from cocoa and coffee led to reduction in hemoglobin concentration. Reductions in packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) and increase in white blood cells (WBC) were also observed in rats administered all the extracts.
Conclusion
Increase in the WBC count observed in rats administered mistletoe suggests that mistletoe extract contains agents that could stimulate the production of leucocytes and could serve as immune booster. However, there is need to be cautious in administration at high doses to prevent the risk of anaemia.
Keywords: Viscum album, coffee arabica, kola nitida, theobromae cacao, haematology
Introduction
By the World Health Organization estimates1, increasing population world-wide is depending on herbal medicine as a source of primary health care. Herbal medicine is used by about 60% of the world population both in the developing and in the developed countries where modern medicines are predominantly used2,3. The reasons for this, especially in developing nations, include ease and cost of assessing orthodox medicine as well as cost of procuring prescribed medications4,5.
Only few of the plants/herbs used in herbal medicine herbs have been scientifically validated for the claimed medicinal effects, hence slowing down the pace of drug discovery from such plants. Among the factors responsible for this is the myth surrounding herbal medicine especially in developing nations as well as dosages administered6. To this end, fewer side effects and high therapeutic values are two key criteria used to scientifically evaluate plants as adjunct or sole pharmaceuticals4,7.
This approach is both scientific and logical. For instance, research outcomes have faulted the popular belief that things of natural origin are safe. Thus, it is reasonable and profitable to human safety that certain data be generated through toxicological investigations to show the safety profile of herbal preparations. Such data is often derived from experiments carried out using non-human primates and rodents. The results are to a large extent reliable, can be extrapolated to human and serve as guide in clinical studies in human since the animals and humans have biological similarities8,9.
Viscum album (mistletoe) is a hemi parasitic shrub, frequently globular in shape. It grows on the branches of other trees, to which it is attached by a swelling called a haustorium. As a hemi-parasite it depends on its host for water and mineral nutrients but is able to photosynthesize (create its own carbohydrates using sunlight) because it has green leaves and stem10. Two prominent types of V. album, European and American, contain very similar protein constituents but have different medicinal uses. Both species contain lectins (viscumin/agglutinin), protein toxins, alkaloids and polysaccharides. The lectins are structurally similar to to ricin and abrin. According to Franz11 the lectins are cytotoxic glycoproteins, they cause cells to agglutinate and inhibit protein synthesis on the ribosomal level. The lectins are dual chain molecules. Chain A inhibits protein synthesis and chain B activates macrophages and releases lymphokines from lymphocytes. Both chains have been reported to inhibit allergen-induced histamine release from leukocytes and collagen-induced serotonin release from platelets11. According to Bussing and Schietzel12, the amounts and biological activity of V. album lectins are dependent on the host tree, manufacturing process, and time of harvest.
The extract of the leaves of Viscum album has been used for centuries in traditional medicine in many parts of the world13. In some parts of Africa, the plant is used both in the traditional and complementary management of many diseases. In Nigeria, the extract of the leaves of V. album is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments including hypertension, improve cardio-vascular functions; prevention and management of stroke14,15. A number of biological effects, such as anticancer, antimycobacterial, antiviral, apoptosis-inducing and immunomodulatory activities have been reported for mistletoes16. It has also been reported to be effective in the management of chronic metabolic disorders such as diabetes and free radical scavenging17. Clinical studies reported changes in immune parameters in humans during and after Viscum album application18.
Blood is a good indicator to determine the health of an organism. It is also a good pathological mirror of the entire body. Cellular component of blood is valuable in immunotoxicology to evaluate immunotoxic potential of a compound. To this end, haematological parameters are important in establishing the body's functional status as a result of exposure to toxicants19. Therefore, in this study, the acute effects of extracts of mistletoe, harvested from three hosts, on haematology of wistar albino rats was investigated.
Methods
Experimental plant
The fresh leaves of mistletoe plant (Viscum album) from host plants coffee, cocoa and Kola were obtained from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigerian (CRIN) Idi Ayunre Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. Authentication of the plants was done in the same institute.
Preparation of aqueous extract
The fresh leaves of mistletoe plant (Viscum album) were sorted out to remove extraneous material and rinsed with water to remove debris and dust particles. They were air dried and pulverized. A portion (50g) of the powdered leaves was weighed into a beaker and 500ml of warm distilled water was added and stirred for 20 minutes .This was left to stand for 24 hours. It was then filtered using whatman filter paper to obtain Viscum album aqueous extract and stored refrigerated. Fresh extracts were prepared every 72 hours.
Experimental animals
Sixty-five (65) healthy male Wistar albino rats weighing between 150g and 200g were used for the study. Animals were allowed access to portable drinking water and rat chow (Vital feed®, Nigeria) ad libitium unless where otherwise stated. Handling of rats was as approved by the University's ethics committee.
Pilot toxicity /acute toxicity test
The animals were divided into 12 test groups of 5 rats each. The 13th group (A) served as control and was administered 0.2ml distilled water throughout the period of the experiment. The 12 groups were subdivided to four (B–E). Each sub-divisions were administered increasing doses of extracts of mistletoe from different host plants. The rats in the test groups B, C, D and E were administered 400, 800, 1600 and 3200mg/kg body weight of the extracts respectively. Feed and water were withdrawn prior to administration of the extract and restored after. The rats were observed for death or change in behavior throughout the experiment. Administration of the extracts and distilled water were done once daily for 14 days between 7.00 – 9.00 hr.
Collection of blood samples for analysis
Twenty four hours after the last administration of extracts (15th day of study), blood samples were collected through the orbital plexus of the rats, under anaesthesia into anti-coagulant bottles for haematological analysis. Haematological parameters were evaluated on whole blood using an automated analyser (Mindray Auto hematology Analyser BC-5500).
Statistical analysis
The data was subjected to statistical analysis with the level of significance set at p < 0.05) using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to determine any significant relationship between the groups. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Results
Administration of mistletoe from coffee (800mg/kg -3200mg/kg body weight) led to a decrease in platelet counts in rats (Tables 1), Also observed was a dose-dependent and statistically significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration of rats administered 1600mg/kg and 3200mg/kg of the extract. The extract caused reductions in Packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell count (RBC). An increase in white blood cell (WBC) was observed in rats following the administration of the extract.
TABLE 1.
Effect of Viscum album (mistletoe) extracts from coffee (Coffee arabica) on hematological parameters in rats.
| Parameters | Doses mg/kg body weight | ||||
| Control (A) | 400 (B) | 800 (C) | 1600 (D) | 3200 (E) | |
| PCV % | 44.75±1.97 | 43.40±1.17 | 40.40±1.89 | 39.50±0.50 | 36.80±2.63* |
| RBC ×106/µL | 7.98±0.30 | 7.68±0.14 | 7.65±0.15 | 7.18±0.29* | 6.68±0.42* |
| Hb g/Dl | 15.43±0.63 | 15.10±0.33 | 14.20±0.20 | 13.72±0.52* | 12.82±0.94* |
| MCV fL | 55.90±0.87 | 56.32±0.75 | 56.32±2.28 | 55.08±0.95 | 51.85±1.55 |
| MCH ρg | 19.40±0.21 | 19.64±0.23 | 19.20±0.61 | 19.14±0.22 | 18.70±0.10 |
| MCHC g/dL | 34.68±0.23 | 34.88±0.10 | 34.18±0.45 | 34.74±0.43 | 36.10±0.80 |
| WBC ×103/µL | 11.08±2.34 | 12.26±2.85 | 14.58±1.55 | 13.64±1.72 | 11.00±1.90 |
| Neutrophil×103/µL | 0.78±0.41 | 1.50±2.33 | 2.04±4.28 | 1.75±2.97 | 2.31±4.00* |
| Lymphocytes×103/µL | 8.84±1.25 | 9.02±3.93 | 10.29±5.12 | 9.66±4.03 | 7.04±7.00* |
| Monocytes ×103/µL | 0.64±0.63 | 0.78±0.93 | 0.96±0.68 | 1.01±0.75 | 0.66±2.00 |
| Eosinophils ×103/µL | 0.91±0.48 | 0.96±0.97 | 1.28±0.86 | 1.28±0.60 | 0.99±1.00 |
| Platelets ×103/µL | 1042.25±61.65 | 1068.20±92.32 | 878.80±43.99 | 897.50±281.50 | 725.20±54.67* |
Significantly different from control at p< 0.05
The effects of the extract of mistletoe from Kola on platelets, PCV, RBC and WBC on rats were the same as those administered extracts of mistletoe from coffee.
Administration of extracts from cocoa caused a decrease in platelets, reduction in haemoglobin concentration, PCV, RBC and increase in WBC in rats.
Discussion
Hematological parameters are useful indices that can be employed to assess the toxic potentials of plant extracts in living systems20. They can also be used to explain blood relating functions of chemical compound/plant extract. Such laboratory investigations have been reported to be highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable and it remains the bedrock of ethical and rational research, disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment21.
From the results of this study, administration of mistletoe from three host plants i.e coffee, kola and cocoa led to a decrease in platelet counts in rats (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Administration of mistletoe from kola caused a concentration dependent and statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in platelets count in rats at 400mg/ kg, 800mg/kg, 1600 and 3200mg/kg respectively. Also reduction in platelets obtained in rats given mistletoe from cocoa was also statistically significant (p<0.05) at 400mg/kg, 800mg/kg and 1600mg/kg. Reduction in platelets count in experimental animals has been reported to indicate adverse effect on the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as well as thrombopoietin22. Reduction in platelets counts obtained from the results of this study suggests that the administration of mistletoe extract may cause disruption in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
TABLE 2.
Effect of Viscum album (mistletoe) extracts from kola (Kola nitida) on hematological parameters in rats
| Parameters | Doses mg/kg body weight | ||||
| Control (A) | 400 (B) | 800 (C) | 1600 (D) | 3200 (E) | |
| PCV % | 44.75±1.97 | 47.25±0.85 | 44.75±0.85 | 45.00±1.41 | 43.20±1.39 |
| RBC ×106/µL | 7.98±0.30 | 8.25±0.26 | 7.48±0.18 | 7.83±0.25 | 7.60±0.28 |
| Hb g/dL | 15.43±0.63 | 16.13±0.28 | 15.10±0.27 | 15.78±0.49 | 15.04±0.56 |
| MCV fL | 55.90±0.87 | 58.40±1.00 | 59.50±1.07* | 57.88±0.96 | 56.56±0.73 |
| MCH ρg | 19.40±0.21 | 19.93±0.24 | 20.13±0.35 | 20.25±0.34 | 19.84±0.18 |
| MCHC g/dL | 34.68±0.23 | 34.15±0.28 | 33.85±0.39 | 35.20±0.17 | 35.08±0.24 |
| WBC ×103/µL | 11.08±2.34 | 12.35±1.33 | 12.70±1.88 | 15.53±0.90 | 13.94±2.32 |
| Neutrophil×103/µL | 0.78±0.41 | 0.56±0.87 | 0.63±1.35 | 0.78±0.00 | 1.42±3.60 |
| Lymphocytes×103/µL | 8.84±1.25 | 10.71±1.65 | 10.80±3.19 | 13.39±0.75 | 10.9±5.09 |
| Monocytes ×103/µL | 0.64±0.63 | 0.43±0.50 | 0.51±1.08 | 0.54±0.50 | 0.70±0.84 |
| Eosinophils ×103/µL | 0.91±0.48 | 0.81±0.87 | 0.76±0.82 | 0.81±0.25* | 0.73±0.48* |
| Platelets ×103/µL | 1042.25±61.65 | 729.25±52.32* | 717.00±42.80* | 725.50±37.74* | 592.40±56.03* |
Significantly different from control at p< 0.05
TABLE 3.
Effect of Viscum album (mistletoe) extract from cocoa (Theobromae cacao) on hematological parameters in rats
| Parameters | Doses mg/kg body weight | ||||
| Control (A) | 400 (B) | 800 (C) | 1600 (D) | 3200 (E) | |
| PCV % | 44.75±1.97 | 44.80±1.46 | 43.20±0.58 | 40.50±1.32 | 40.00±1.47* |
| RBC ×106/µL | 7.98±0.30 | 7.84±0.33 | 7.96±0.15 | 7.43±0.22 | 7.60±0.23 |
| Hb g/Dl | 15.43±0.63 | 15.32±0.49 | 14.96±0.27 | 14.10±0.55 | 14.10±0.33 |
| MCV Fl | 55.90±0.87 | 57.34±1.36 | 54.16±0.58 | 53.85±0.90 | 53.38±0.62 |
| MCH ρg | 19.40±0.21 | 19.54±0.22 | 18.80±0.21 | 19.00±0.41 | 18.55±0.39 |
| MCHC g/dL | 34.68±0.23 | 34.14±0.60 | 34.76±0.52 | 35.25±0.21 | 35.20±0.84 |
| WBC ×103/µL | 11.08±2.34 | 10.04±1.37 | 11.84±1.07 | 16.23±1.62 | 14.08±1.24 |
| Neutrophil×103/µL | 0.78±0.41 | 0.66±1.29 | 0.78±1.50 | 1.30±2.27 | 0.01±6.01 |
| Lymphocytes×103/µL | 8.84±1.25 | 8.33±2.53 | 9.78±2.56 | 12.90±3.75 | 9.82±7.67 |
| Monocytes ×103/µL | 0.64±0.63 | 0.44±0.68 | 0.50±0.58 | 0.85±0.95 | 1.06±1.04 |
| Eosinophils ×103/µL | 0.91±0.48 | 0.60±0.63* | 0.76±0.68 | 1.26±1.03 | 1.33±0.65 |
| Platelets ×103/µL | 1042.25±61.65 | 774.40±33.67* | 820.60±45.46* | 843.25±71.60* | 924.50±56.94 |
Significantly different from control at p< 0.05
Also mistletoe extract from cocoa and coffee led to reduction in hemoglobin concentration in rats, although there was no significant change in hemoglobin of rats administered mistletoe from kola (Tables 1, 2 and 3). This reduction in hemoglobin concentration was concentration dependent and statistically significant (p<0.05) in rats administered mistletoe from coffee at doses of 1600mg/kg and 3200mg/kg respectively. This implies that mistletoe from cocoa and coffee could disrupt hemoglobin production at high doses. Failure to produce hemoglobin occurs in many diseases, including iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia (an inherited disease in which globin chain production is deficient), and anemias associated with chronic infection or disease. Iron is an essential component of many enzymes in cells and is also part of the heme group in hemoglobin (which consists of a porphyrin ring containing iron). Much of the body's iron stores are within red blood cells where iron is critical for hemoglobin synthesis. Iron deficiency could be due to inadequate intake or absorption of iron, excessive loss with external hemorrhage, or interference with iron metabolism23,24,.
Also reductions in packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) were also observed in rats administered mistletoe from the three host plants (Tables 1, 2 and 3). This implies that mistletoe extract could cause disturbances in osmoregulatory system of the blood cells and/or oxidative injury to the cell membrane. The extract could suppress the haemopoietic system. The reduction may have occurred due to lysis of blood cells. Sule et al, 201225 also observed decrease in RBC, PCV, hemoglobin and lymphocytes in rats fed with extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. Reduction in PCV was statistically significant in rats administered 3200 mg/kg of mistletoe from cocoa and coffee and the reduction in RBC was significant in rats administered 1600mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg of mistletoe from coffee. The observed decrease in PCV is believed to be as a result of the decreased RBC. Decrease in haematological indices in exposed animals indicates destruction of erythrocyte26.
This is an indication that the extract could affect erythropoiesis in animals. The observed decrease in RBC count, Hb and PCV may therefore be assumed to be associated with retarded haemopoeisis, destruction and shrinkage of RBC. Also, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues could be affected following the extract administration since RBC and Hb are very important in transferring respiratory gases27. These results suggest that chronic administration of mistletoe extract may induce some level of anemia.
Increase in white blood cells (WBC) was also observed in rats after administration of mistletoe, although the increase was not statistically significant. The crucial role of WBC in defending the body against infection and tissue damage is well known. This supports previous reports that mistletoe and some commonly prescribed medicinal plants contains agents that stimulate the production of leucocytes28,29. This suggests that the extract may have immune boosting effect on the animals. Such effects may also be due to increase in vascular permeability. Administration of the mistletoe extract appears to exhibit stimulatory effect on the effectors cells of the immune system. Immune boosters are usually recommended to strengthen and harmonize degenerative body systems and assist the immune system to fight invading agents such as bacteria and viruses28,30.
There were no statistically significant changes in MCV,
MCH and MCHC values in rat administered mistletoe from the three host plants when compared with control. It could be concluded from this study that although mistletoe from the three host plants had no significant effect on most of the hematological parameters in rats but the administration of the extract caused reductions in PCV, RBC, platelets, and hemoglobin in rats. This suggests that the use of this extract especially at high doses could suppress the haemopoetic system.
Conclusion
It is therefore advisable that the use of this extract in herbal medicine should be with some cautious measures to avoid the risk of anemia in patients treated with the extract. Also, the increase in the WBC count observed in rats administered mistletoe from the three host plants suggests that mistletoe extract contains agents that could stimulate the production of leucocytes, therefore the plant extracts could serve as immune booster.
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