Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated functional capacity, physical activity, and respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in different functional classes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) compared with healthy subjects. [Subjects and Methods] This study included 31 patients with class II (n = 16) or class III (n = 15) PAH, classified according to the World Health Organization. Fifteen healthy subjects served as controls. Functional capacity was assessed using the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Physical activity was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Respiratory muscle strength was measured using a mouth pressure device. Peripheral muscle strength was evaluated using a dynamometer. [Results] The 3 groups had similar demographic variables (p > 0.05). There were significant differences in 6MWT distance, maximal inspiratory pressure, and IPAQ categorical classification between the 3 groups (p < 0.05). Maximal expiratory pressure; total IPAQ score; and knee extensor, shoulder abductor, and hand grip strength were significantly lower in PAH patients (classes II and III) than in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). [Conclusion] As PAH progresses, respiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and physical activity decrease. Functional class should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation programs for this patient group.
Key words: Pulmonary hypertension, Functional capacity, Physical activity
INTRODUCTION
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined by a resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure over 25 mmHg, confirmed by right heart catheterization1, 2). PAH is a rare and progressive disorder of the pulmonary circulation that leads to deterioration in cardiopulmonary function, and, ultimately, to right ventricular failure and death3). Patients with PAH experience progressive dyspnea, fatigue, syncope, and chest pain. These symptoms lead to impaired exercise capacity, physical function, and quality of life4, 5).
PAH severity is classified according to a system originally developed for heart failure by the New York Heart Association (NYHA)6), which was later modified for PAH by the World Health Organization (WHO)1, 7). This system grades clinical severity according to functional status. Grades range from class I, in which the disease does not affect the patient’s day-to-day activities, to class IV, in which the patient is severely functionally impaired, even at rest4, 8). The WHO functional classification system links symptoms with activity limitations, and is important for assessing disease progression or monitoring the disease, as well as highlighting the need for specific treatment regimens irrespective of the underlying etiology of PAH4, 9, 10).
There have been no studies regarding the relationships between functional class (FC) and impairments in functional capacity, physical activity, and respiratory and peripheral muscle strength. Therefore, this study was designed to compare these variables between healthy controls and patients with PAH of different FCs according to disease severity.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
This study was performed prospectively at a single center. Thirty-one patients with PAH were included in the study; 16 had class II PAH (PAH-II) and 15 had class III PAH (PAH-III), based on the WHO classification system. All patients were clinically stable with no infection and no change in disease-targeted medications in the 3 months prior to the study. All patients had a negative acute reactivity test and were treated with endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors. Patients with severe obstructive and restrictive lung disease, severe ischemic heart disease, left heart failure, cor pulmonale, cognitive disorders, or orthopedic problems were excluded. The control group comprised 15 healthy age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched subjects.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hacettepe University, and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.
The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed to assess functional capacity in all PAH patients and healthy subjects following American Thoracic Society guidelines11). Participants walked along an enclosed 30-m corridor, and were instructed to walk at their own pace to cover as much distance as possible in 6 minutes. Subjects were allowed to stop and rest if needed. All PAH patients and healthy controls performed the test twice to account for any learning effects. Dyspnea and fatigue perception were evaluated using the modified Borg scale. Heart rate (Polar heart rate monitor, PF3000; Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) and oxygen saturation (KTPS-01; KTMed, Seoul, Korea) also were recorded12).
The physical activity level was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF)—a 7-item questionnaire in which respondents estimate the frequency and duration of various activities engaged in during the previous 7 days. Scores for moderate activities, vigorous activities, and walking were calculated as durations multiplied by known metabolic equivalents (MET) per activity. MET-min scores were converted to kilocalories using the following equation: MET-min × (weight [kg] / 60 kg). The sitting question is a separate score, and was not included in the physical activity score. We also used the IPAQ categorical score, which defines 3 levels of physical activity: inactive, minimally active, and sufficiently active13, 14). The IPAQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire used for various conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and left heart failure.
Respiratory muscle strength was determined by measuring maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) generated at the mouth using a mouth pressure device (MicroRPM; Micromedical, Kent, United Kingdom)15). MIP was measured as residual volume after a maximal expiration, while MEP was measured as total lung capacity after a maximal inspiration. Tests were repeated until no further improvements were observed and there was no more than 5% difference between the 2 best values. The best value was recorded16). Normal values for respiratory muscle strength were calculated using regression equations according to age and sex17).
Isometric muscle strength was measured bilaterally with subjects in a standard position using a handheld dynamometer (Medical Commander Powertrack II; JTECH, Salt Lake City, UT, USA). Measurements were taken for 3 peripheral muscle groups: shoulder abductors, hand grip, and knee extensors. Each muscle group was tested 3 times, and the highest value was recorded18).
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± SD, while frequency was expressed as a percentage. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare mean values between PAH-II patients, PAH-III patients, and healthy controls. Post hoc analyses for the 3 groups were performed using Tukey’s technique. The χ2 test was used to compare qualitative variables. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Participants’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. Sixteen patients were classified as having WHO FC II PAH (PAH-II group) and 15 were classified as having WHO FC III PAH (PAH-III group). PAH patients and healthy controls were well matched for age, sex, height, weight, and body mass index. Moreover, etiology and disease duration were similar between the PAH-II and PAH-III groups (p > 0.05).
Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants.
| PAH-II (n = 16) |
PAH-III (n = 15) |
Healthy controls (n = 15) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 48.5±12.8 | 51.8±12.4 | 46.7±11.2 |
| Gender, F/M, n | 14/2 | 11/4 | 8/7 |
| Height, cm | 160.1±6.2 | 160.2±8.5 | 163.7±8.2 |
| Weight, kg | 65.8±11.9 | 71.8±20.9 | 75±13.8 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6±3.8 | 27.9±7.8 | 28.1±5.6 |
| PH etiology, n (%) | |||
| Idiopathic PH | 5 (31) | 4 (27) | NA |
| Associated PH | 11 (69) | 11 (73) | NA |
| mPAP, mmHg | 61.3±35.3 | 73.8±27.1 | NA |
| Disease duration, y | 5.4±4.5 | 6.1±6.1 | NA |
Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise noted. BMI: body mass index; F: female; M: male; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PH: pulmonary hypertension; NA: not applicable
Clinical features of PAH patients and healthy controls are shown in Table 2. 6MWT distance was significantly lower in PAH patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.05). The distance also significantly decreased in proportion to PAH severity (p < 0.05). 6MWT distance values of 14 PAH-II patients (87.5%) and 15 PAH-III patients (100%) were lower than the 95% confidence interval (CI) of healthy subjects (570.1–638 m).
Table 2. Comparison of clinical features of PAH patients and healthy controls.
| PAH-II (n = 16) |
PAH-III (n = 15) |
Healthy controls (n = 15) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Functional capacity | |||
| 6MWT distance, m | 438.5±113.3* | 338.4±113.5β§ | 604±61.3 |
| ΔSaO2, % | −8.2±10.1* | −12.6±13.2β | −0.4±0.7 |
| Maximum heart rate, % | 71.2±13.4 | 67.4±8.7 | 68.7±7.2 |
| ΔDyspnea, Borg | 3.9±2.7* | 4.6±3.2β | 0.1±0.3 |
| ΔFatigue, Borg | 3.7±2.2* | 4.3±2.8β | 0.2±0.4 |
| Muscle strength | |||
| MIP, cmH2O | 78.9±21.2* | 63.5±17.1β§ | 108.7±21.9 |
| MIP, % | 83.4±27.9* | 72.2±14.3β | 115.1±24.2 |
| MEP, cmH2O | 108.8±28.9* | 89.4±26.6β | 149.1±40.1 |
| MEP, % | 69.7±12.9* | 59.4±12.8β | 84±15.1 |
| Shoulder abductors, N | 101.7±18.6* | 92.5±29.9β | 156.6±38.7 |
| Hand grip, N | 137.3±38.7* | 125.2±29.9β | 170±41.2 |
| Knee extensors, N | 225.1±84.9* | 197.6±55.6β | 279.9±52.5 |
| Physical activity | |||
| IPAQ total PA, kcal/d | 193.5±146.8* | 169.3±155.9β | 502.6±542.6 |
| IPAQ vigorous PA, kcal/d | 0±0 | 0±0 | 146.4±397.8 |
| IPAQ moderate PA, kcal/d | 91.4±114.8 | 76.4±144.7 | 161.3±162.9 |
| IPAQ walking, kcal/d | 102.9±80.7 | 92.9±66.2β | 194.9±160.9 |
| IPAQ sitting, min/d | 608.6±107.5* | 560±118.2β | 440±139.2 |
Values are mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, PAH-II vs. healthy controls. βp < 0.05, PAH-III vs. healthy controls. §p < 0.05, PAH-II vs. PAH-III. 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; cmH2O: centimeter of water; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MEP: maximal expiratory pressure; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; N: Newton; PA: physical activity; SaO2: oxygen saturation
Differences in oxygen desaturation, dyspnea, and fatigue perception in the 6MWT were significantly higher in PAH patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.05).
MIP, MEP, and percentages of each were significantly lower in PAH patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). MIP also significantly decreased between PAH-II and PAH-III groups (p < 0.05). MIP values of 11 PAH-II patients (68.8%) and 15 PAH-III patients (100%) were lower than the 95% CI of healthy subjects (96.5–120.8 cmH2O). MEP values of 12 PAH-II patients (75%) and 14 PAH-III patients (93.3%) were lower than the 95% CI of healthy subjects (126.8–171.3 cmH2O).
Peripheral muscle strength of the shoulder abductors, hand grip, and knee extensors was significantly lower in PAH patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Unsurprisingly, the greatest peripheral muscle weakness was observed in the PAH-III group; however, there was no significant difference between the PAH-II and PAH-III groups (p > 0.05). Shoulder abductor strength in 15 PAH-II patients (93.8%) and 14 PAH-III patients (93.3%) was lower than the 95% CI of healthy subjects (135.1–178 N). Knee extensor muscle strength in 10 PAH-II patients (62.5%) and 13 PAH-III patients (85.7%) was lower than the 95% CI of healthy subjects (250.8–309 N). Hand grip strength in 9 PAH-II patients (56.3%) and 12 PAH-III patients (80%) was lower than the 95% CI of healthy subjects (147.2–192.8 N).
Total energy expenditure, estimated by using the IPAQ-SF, was significantly lower, and total sitting time was significantly higher in PAH patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.05). Energy expenditure in walking was significantly different between PAH-III patients and healthy controls (p < 0.05).
According to IPAQ categorical classification, 10 PAH-III patients (66.7%) were inactive and 5 (33.3%) were minimally active. Among PAH-II patients, 4 (25%) were inactive and 12 (75%) were minimally active. In the healthy control group, 4 subjects (26.7%) were inactive, 7 (46.7%) were minimally active, and 4 (26.7%) were sufficiently active (p < 0.05).
DISCUSSION
The present study investigated functional capacity, muscle strength, and physical activity in PAH patients in relation to disease severity according to WHO FC. The major finding was that functional exercise capacity, physical activity level, and respiratory and peripheral muscle strength were significantly reduced in PAH patients compared with healthy matched controls.
Functional exercise capacity, evaluated by using the 6MWT, was significantly decreased with increasing PAH severity. A previous study of PAH patients also demonstrated a decline in submaximal exercise capacity according to NYHA classification system8). The WHO FC system is able to distinguish between classes I and IV; however, it is difficult to differentiate classes II and III.
Symptoms after the exercise test were worse in PAH patients than in healthy subjects. Patients’ functional status was more related to submaximal exercise capacity than to hemodynamics. However, the WHO classification system does not identify the differences between classes II and III.
Previous studies have demonstrated respiratory muscle weakness, especially loss of inspiratory muscle strength, in patients with PAH19, 20). The present study provides evidence that inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength are reduced in patients with PAH compared with healthy controls. Inspiratory muscle strength also declined from WHO FC II to WHO FC III. In contrast, Meyer et al. showed that respiratory muscle strength was independent of WHO FC19). Our findings indicate that WHO FC can effectively identify changes in MIP.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine proximal upper extremity muscle strength in PAH patients in addition to the knee extensors and hand grip force21, 22). Skeletal muscle strength was significantly reduced in PAH patients compared with controls, but no significant difference could be detected between patients with WHO FCs II and III, indicating that reduction in peripheral muscle strength was independent of PAH severity.
The physical activity level was lower in PAH patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, frequency of sedentary lifestyle, determined by sitting time per day, was higher among PAH patients. According to categorical classification, physical activity decreased with WHO FC progression. Two other studies also showed decline in physical activity and increase in sedentary time in PAH patients according to NYHA FC23, 24). Physical activity measurement is an important outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease25). Like the 6MWT and FC, physical activity also should be routinely assessed and used as an endpoint when evaluating pulmonary rehabilitation programs, especially for patients with a sedentary lifestyle.
This study has some limitations. The sample size was relatively small due to the low incidence of PAH, and the sample of PAH patients was heterogeneous. Future studies are needed to compare functional capacity, physical activity, and respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in the other FCs (I and IV) in various forms of PAH.
In conclusion, the major finding of our study is that as PAH progresses, inspiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and physical activity decline. The 6MWT, MIP, and IPAQ categorical classification can detect clinically significant changes when comparing patients with WHO FC II and III PAH. Functional capacity, physical activity, and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength are significantly reduced in PAH patients compared with healthy controls. FC and disease severity should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation programs for patients with PAH.
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