Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this case study was to identify the effects of joint mobilization using Kaltenborn-Evjenth orthopedic manual therapy (KEOMT) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques on a patient with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and a lumbar transitional vertebra. [Methods] The intervention methods were joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF techniques. The program consisted of 40-min sessions 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The spinal motion (thoracic and lumbar vertebrae), pain, and thickness of the multifidus were measured. [Results] The angle of spinal curvature increased, and the range of motions (ROMs) flexion and extension increased in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The pain score as measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) score decreased. The thickness of the multifidus (L4) increased on the left and right sides. [Conclusion] These results suggest that joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF techniques had a positive effect on the spinal motion, pain, and thickness of the multifidus of a patient with chronic low back pain and a lumbar transitional vertebra.
Key words: Lumbar transitional vertebra, Joint mobilization, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
INTRODUCTION
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) refers to chronic pain around the lumbar vertebra sustained for over three months without serious pathological characteristics, regardless of the existence of sciatalgia1). CLBP causes pain and changes in the muscles, as well as decreases in contractile force and muscle activity. It also affects vertebral movement2,3,4). Studies of therapeutic approaches to CLBP pain reduction, muscular strength improvement, and spinal movement enhancement have investigated the effects of myofacial release, osteopathy, massage, lumbar stabilization exercises, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)5,6,7).
Among these therapeutic approaches, joint mobilization using PNF has a positive effect on pain, muscle strength, and range of motion (ROM)8, 9). Joint mobilization is an effective method for improving ROM and body alignment. It is applied as a passive movement by therapists10, 11). In particular, Kaltenborn-Evjenth orthopedic manual therapy (KEOMT) is an effective treatment for improving ROM and pain. KEOMT is a safe and well-established procedure that slowly utilizes the convex-concave rule (traction or gliding on the treatment side)10, 12).
The PNF technique is an effective therapy for relieving lumbar back pain. Hindle et al. reported PNF is effective at improving ROM and muscular strength13). Kim et al. reported that lumbar stabilization therapy using PNF for CLBP significantly improved the thicknesses of the external oblique and multifidus muscles, and the functional level8). In addition, PNF has been used to improve the muscular strength of athletes14).
This case study was a single patient with CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra who has six lumbar vertebrae (not five). A lumbar transitional vertebra is defined as a congenital malformation that appears as a deformation of the fifth lumbar (L5) or first sacrum (S1) vertebra15). Vergauwen reported that lumbar transitional vertebrae patients more commonly experience disc protrusion, degeneration, and spinal stenosis than patients without lumbar transitional vertebrae16).
Few studies have investigated CLBP with a lumbar transitional vertebra. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF on a patient with CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra. We evaluated spinal motion, pain, and the thickness of the multifidus.
SUBJECT AND METHODS
The subject was selected from among the patients of Sarang Hospital (Yongin, South Korea). This study conformed to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The subject agreed to participate in the study after receiving explanations regarding the purpose and procedures of the experiment, and signed an informed consent statement before participation. The protocol for this study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Namseoul University of Cheonan.
The subject was diagnosed as having CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra. Computer tomography (CT) showed six lumbar vertebrae, which is one more lumbar vertebra than a normal person (Fig. 1). This indicates the first sacrum is not completely integrated. The subject was aged 29, and had a weight of 67 kg, a height of 158 cm, and a BMI of 26.90.
Fig. 1.
Lumbar transitional vertebrae
The subject was a nulliparous married woman. The subject had been working as a nurse for ten years. The initial symptom developed about two years earlier, and at the time of the study the subject was not receiving any medical or physical therapy. The major complaint of the subject was a numb feeling, especially in the hind part of the left leg. She also complained of a stinging pain during daily activities, such as lifting, lumbar twist, and flexion.
The program consisted of a 40-min session, 3 days a week for 4 weeks (October 1–31, 2014), during which joint mobilization was performed using KEOMT and PNF techniques.
Joint mobilization using KEOMT lasted 20 min, and it included lumbar segmental traction and lumbar segmental mobilization (flexion, extension) in a side-lying position. The gliding therapy applied was grade III10, 12). It was performed by a therapist who had completed a KEOMT Spine advance course.
The PNF therapy lasted 20 min. The PNF exercise included shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation in a supine position, and dynamic reversal of the antagonist was performed17), which indirectly exercised the abdominal muscle through irradiation of the shoulder muscle. It was performed by a therapist who had completed the PNF level I, II courses.
The subject was assessed for spinal motion, low back pain, and thickness of the multifidus. Spinal motion was assessed using a spinal mouse (Idiag, Swiss), which measures the spinal curvature, flexion, and extension (thoracic and lumbar vertebrae). Low back pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). The VAS assesses subjective pain through a which has a possible range of 0 to 10. This measurement has a high reliability (ICC = 0.9)18). The ODI assesses low back pain, and has a possible range of 0 to 100%. It is composed of ten items, including pain severity, self-management, lifting, sitting, standing, sleeping, etc. This study used the Korean version ODI19). Higher VAS and ODI scores indicate more severe pain. The thickness of the multifidus was measured using CT (General Electric, Korea). The multifidus muscles of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4)20) was scanned by a radiological thechnician at Sarang Hospital.
RESULTS
The spinal curvature, flexion, and extension of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were measured. In the thoracic vertebra, the angle of spinal curvature increased from 26° to 32° after the intervention. The ROM of flexion increased from 14° to 20°, and the ROM of extension increased from 1° to 4°. In the lumbar vertebra, the angle of spinal curvature increased from 12° to 20°. The ROM in flexion increased from 33° to 47°, and the ROM of extension increased from 2° to 7° (Table 1).
Table 1. Change of thoracic and lumbar movement.
| Variable | Curvature (°) | Flexion (°) | Extension (°) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | |
| Thoracic | 26 | 32 | 14 | 20 | 1 | 4 |
| Lumbar | 12 | 20 | 33 | 47 | 2 | 7 |
The VAS score decreased from 7.5 to 3. The subject mentioned she was less uncomfortable in daily life, e.g. during face washing, dishwashing, hair washing, etc. The ODI percentage score decreased from 48.88 to 24.44 (Table 2).
Table 2. Change of VAS and ODI.
| Variable | VAS (Score) | ODI (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | |
| 7.5 | 3 | 48.88 | 24.44 | |
The thickness of the multifidus was measured at the fourth lumbar vertebra (left and right). The left multifidus increased from 572.09 to 662.09 mm2, and the right multifidus increased from 479.84 to 530.90 mm2 (Table 3). Figures 2 and 3 show the multifidus thickness on a CT.
Table 3. Change of multifidus thickness.
| Variable | Pre | Post |
|---|---|---|
| multifidus (mm2) | L : 572.09 | L : 662.09 |
| R : 479.84 | R : 530.90 |
L: left; R: right
Fig. 2.
Multifidus thickness on a CT (Pre)
Fig. 3.
Multifidus thickness on a CT (Post)
DISCUSSION
This study was a case study of a single patient with CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF techniques in a patient with CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra. The spinal motion, pain, and thickness of the multifidus were evaluated and compared between pre- and post-assessment.
The subject was a 29 year-old nurse. Nurses have a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Florentino et al. reported that most nurses possess at least one musculoskeletal disorder, among which low back pain is the most frequent (60.9%)21).
After the intervention, the angle of spinal curvature increased, and the ROMs of flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae also increased, indication that joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF had a positive effect on spinal motion. Ko et al. reported that CLBP patients in a thoracic joint mobilization group showed greater improvements in spinal motion and pain reduction than a William exercise group22). Our present results were similar, suggesting that joint mobilization has a positive effect on spinal motion.
Pain was assessed using the VAS and ODI. After the intervention, the VAS score decreased from 7.5 to 3, and the ODI score decreased from 48.88% to 24.44%. Orthopedic manual therapy has positive effects on the spinal function of CLBP patients6), especially items of self-management, such as bathing, dressing, and sleeping. Passive joint accessory mobilization was used to reduce pain. Villafañe et al. reported pain reduction after joint mobilization using KEOMT was performed for osteoarthritic elderly people23), and López et al. reported joint postero-anterior mobilization had an effect on the pain and ROM of CLBP patients9).
Lee reported a PNF group demonstrated greater pain reduction and increased muscle activity than a ball training group, and Jung reported PNF reduced the pain of CLBP patients24, 25). In addition, PNF was effective at increasing muscular endurance and spinal mobility26). Therefore, the results of previous studies agree with those of the present study.
Spinal alignment and muscle strength are important for spinal stability27). The spinal muscle contracts prior to motion and controls the movement28). In particular, the multifidus muscle is important for lumbar stabilization. The superficial multifidus plays a role in spinal direction control, and the deep multifidus plays a role in intervertebral movement control29). This study measured the thickness of the multifidus on both sides. After the intervention, the left multifidus increased from 572.09 to 662.09 mm2, and the right multifidus was increased from 479.84 to 530.90 mm2. Kim et al. reported a PNF group showed greater increases in the thicknesses of the multifidus and external oblique muscles than a general physiotherapy group and a lumbar stabilization group8). In addition, a resistance exercise using PNF not only reinforced muscular strength causing maximal muscular contraction, but it also stabilized the body position30). These results indicate PNF has a positive effect on the thickness of the multifidus.
According to our present results, joint mobilization using KEOMT and PNF had a positive effect on the spinal motion, pain, and thickness of the multifidus of a patient with CLBP and a lumbar transitional vertebra. This study was a single subject case study, but it is meaningful in that it presented spinal motion, pain, and muscle activity in a patient with a lumbar transitional vertebra. A larger number of patients will need to be studied in the future.
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