Navigation liver surgery for complex hydatid cyst with biliary tree communication

Highlights

• •The liver surgery navigation system may guide the surgeon during the resection for benign diseases such as hydatidosis.

Abstract

Introduction

Today, liver surgery navigation is utilized only in high-specialized centers for patients affected by malignant diseases. However, navigated surgery may also be of great interest for benign diseases such as hydatidosis in particular if the hydatid cyst is communicating with the biliary tree. With navigation we know exactly in each moment during the surgery the relationship of the cyst with the vascular/biliary structures around it.

Presentation of case

Herein, we report a case of a 20-year-old W/M affected by hepatic hydatid cyst communicating with the right bile duct, causing recurrent cholangitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The liver cystectomy was easily performed using a navigation system incorporating instrument tracking and three-dimensional CT-reconstruction, thus permitting a selective suture of the bile duct communicating with the cyst.

Conclusions

The navigated system may guide the surgeon in patients with severe and complicated hydatid cysts.

1. Introduction

In general navigation systems could be of great importance in guiding in real time the surgeon during various procedures for different diseases. These navigations systems represent a major innovation in the field of liver surgery during the last five years. Their application is reserved quite exclusively to malignant diseases due to the high costs [1]. However, some severe benign disease could be more easily treated using these innovations. An example of a possible application is the guidance of procedures in case of complicated hydatic cyst.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus and is endemic in Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean coast, and South Africa. The liver is the organ most frequently affected (50–70%) [2,3].

The complications of hydatid disease include rupture, infection, or anaphylaxis. Rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver is the most common complication [4,5]. Furthermore, the liver hydatid cyst could communicate with any part of biliary tree, causing potentially acute cholangitis or jaundice, this could occurs in only 5–15% of cases [6,7].

Despite many advances in medical treatment and radiological intervention methods, the main therapy is still surgery [5]. The surgical treatment depends on the patient’s general condition, the location and number of cysts, and the surgeon’s experience. The main complications of the surgery are cyst rupture with anaphylactic shock or dissemination, uncontrolled bleeding and bile leakage [5]. Image-guided surgery (IGS) provides guidance information via the display of tracking surgical devices overlaid on preoperative tomograms, such as those provided by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are 3-D in nature and of high resolution. Herein, we present a case of hydatid cyst of the liver with communication with the biliary tree causing recurrent cholangitis successfully operated with IGS devices.

2. Presentation of case

A 20-year-old W/M patient (of Armenian origin) was admitted to the hospital complaining of abdominal pain and jaundice since 8 days with no fever. Physical examination revealed yellowish discoloration of the sclera and abdominal tenderness in the right subcostal area.

On day 9 he had fever with chills and highly colored urine. Liver function test showed a total bilirubin of 12 mg/dl, ALT 82 U/L, and ALP 125 U/L. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a 110 × 98 mm cystic mass in the right lobe.

CT-scan showed a uniloculated cyst of the right liver, contiguous with the retro-hepatic vena cava and the right hepatic vein (Fig. 1a). Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conducted the same day showed a unioculated mass that was hypointense on T1-weighted images, with no contrast uptake in T2 hyperintense secants with a suspected biliary fistula (Fig. 1b). The ERCP cholangiopancreatography showed communication of the hidatic cyst with the right biliary tree and the absence of parasites in the common bile duct.

Fig. 1.

(a–b) CT-scan before surgery, (c–d) MRI confirms the vascular rapport of the cyst and its communication between with the biliary tree (d). CYST: hydatid cyst, IVC: inferior vena cava; RHV: right hepatic vein.

The serological investigation was positive for hydatid disease and surgical intervention was planned for peri-cystectomy to reduce the risks of rupture and parasitic dissemination. The surgery was performed with the aid of the liver navigation system during the open surgery. The follow up was uneventful, and the radiologic post-operative study (CT-scan) was good (Fig. 5). The patient was discharged on postoperative day 15 and albendazole wasadministered for 3 months. Histological investigation confirmed a hydatid cyst.

Fig. 5.

(a) Specimen (entire hydatid cyst), (b) CT-scan after surgery.

3. Surgical innovation

3.1. Preoperative planning

Prior to surgery, a commercially available software package (MeVis Medical Solutions AG, Caroline-Herschel-Str. 1, Bremen, Deutschland) was used to generate 3-D surfaces of anatomic structures from preoperative images producing semi-automatic segmentation of the liver, portal, hepatic veins, biliary tree and liver volumetry (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Pre-operative imaging planning. CYST: hydatid cyst, IVC: inferior vena cava; RHV: right hepatic vein; PV: portal vein. Volumetry of the liver (right below).

To aid in intraoperative navigation, identification of salient anatomic features including the falciform ligament and inferior ridges (segments III, IVb, V and VI), is performed by the experienced surgeon. Finally, the re-constructed images were transferred to the navigation system via USB drive.

3.2. Intraoperative set-up

The navigation system set-up requires the presence of one additional person in the operating room (OR) to control the operating interface. Initial setup takes a few minutes and comprises placement of the system, camera carts and cable connections.

A passive optical tracking system is utilized in conjunction with the IGS platform (CAScination AG, Stauffacherstrasse 78, Bern) and a set of disposable surgical tools (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

(a) Navigation platform, (b) navigated instruments and (c) operating room setup.

3.3. Intraoperative ultrasound

An optically tracked adapter is attached to the instrument via a universal clamp and a tracking calibration is performed via a reference device (Fig. 4). When the surgeon is ready to utilize navigation, the liver is prepared so that movement is minimized. Tracking adapters are placed on the relevant surgical instruments.

Fig. 4.

(a) Intraoperative ultrasound (right upper: vascular rapport of the cyst), (b) surgical device (dissectron) guided by imaging navigation. CYST: hydatid cyst, IVC: inferior vena cava; RHV: right hepatic vein.

In the OR, Navigated US projected both the standard B-mode US view and the analogous CT scan slice. The cyst was visualized on the CT plane projected by the navigation system onto the 3-D model, thus confirming that the US transducer was in the correct position to assist with visualization of the cyst once detected.

3.4. Surgical procedure

(1) Mobilization of the right liver utilizing a monopolar scalpel, (2) vascular control of the hepatic pedicle and of the right hepatic vein, (3) parenchymal dissection of the liver utilizing a guided-Cavitron^® CUSA (Dissectron^®, Integra NeuroSciences Limited Newbury Road Andover – Hampshire SP10 DR, UK) device connected to the IGS system, (4) liver cut surface hemostasis by bipolar grasper, (5) intra-hepatic ligature of the vascular elements (artery, portal and hepatic veins), (6) selective ligature of the intra-hepatic bile ducts communicating with the hydatid cyst.

3.5. Postoperative complications and their management

The postoperative period was uneventful. A right subcostal abdominal pain and a pleural effusion were reported and medically treated.

4. Discussion

This navigation device can be safely utilized to guide the surgeon to remove complicated liver hydatic cyst minimizing the risks of this procedure. Furthermore, in case of communication between the cyst and the biliary tree the IGS may reduce the risks of bile leakage. Today, we routinely perform hepatectomies without a hepatic pedicle control, therefore the utilization of a IGS device may contribute to decrease the risks of vascular and biliary injury. The “static” images (CT-scan or MRI) traditionally used to guide the surgeon during the hepatectomy are not in real-time and so easy to manipulate by the surgeon during the surgery. During a surgical procedure guided by an IGS device we know in advance real time the vascular/biliary structures that we are approaching.

Despite advances in medical treatment and radiological interventions, the main treatment remains surgery [5,8,9]. Surgical procedures range from simple drainage to complex resections and transplantation [8–17]. In all procedures, the objective is to remove the entire hydatid mass without causing any spillage [12,13].

Although drainage procedures are widely used, the results are controversial [8,12,15]. Some authors recommend more radical interventions, such as cystectomy or hepatectomy, especially for smaller, peripherally located cysts [12]. With these procedures, the morbidity and mortality are expected to be more favorable [12,17].

Recent progress in computer science enables the use of instrument guidance systems for open and endoscopic liver surgery [18–20]. These real-time guided surgery systems combine 3 dimensional preoperative reconstruction images (CT-scan, MRI) with an intraoperative echography. Currently, the utilization of the IGS devices is limited to the surgery of the solid organs (kidney, liver) due to their limits. In fact, IGS system reflects the relative positions of anatomic structures acquired in preoperative scanning and thus does not take into account deformations caused by posture or surgical traction or changes in anatomy since tomographic scan acquisition [19,20]. However, the challenge remains when precise alignment between the pre-operative image data and the intra-operative situation is required, since the liver is subject to deformation and movements during the surgical treatment. A fusion of intra-operative navigated US with the pre-operative data is one solution to improve this situation.

Our first experience is that navigation technology for hydatid liver surgery appears to be a promising approach. In fact, the IGS enabled real-time control of dissection planes will lead to a greater precision in resection margins and ensure total resection of the cyst sparing the vascular and biliary structures, thus limiting the complications.

Conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.