Table 1.
Main baseline characteristics of patients aged ≥66 with heart failure by exposure status (use of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)) in primary cohort. Figures are numbers (percentage) of patients unless stated otherwise
| No ICD (n=17 853) | ICD (n=5258) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 80.0 (7.8) | 75.5 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Men | 9321 (52) | 3763 (72) | <0.001 |
| White | 15 068 (84) | 4392 (84) | 0.13 |
| Median (IQR) ejection fraction (%) | 29 (20-33) | 25 (20-30) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) Charlson scores | 3 (1-4) | 3 (1-4) | 0.68 |
| Patients with ≥1 hospital admission by cause: | |||
| Any causes | 9168 (51) | 2912 (55) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 2844 (16) | 1139 (22) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | 203 (1) | 84 (2) | 0.01 |
| Non-MI ischemic heart disease | 104 (1) | 74 (1) | <0.001 |
| Other cardiac disease | 51 (0) | 39 (1) | <0.001 |
| Non-cardiac causes | 6501 (36) | 1673 (32) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) No of prior outpatient visits | 10.3 (9.4) | 11.7 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| ≥1 prior outpatient visit | 16 167 (91) | 4974 (95) | <0.001 |
| ≥1 prior skilled nursing facility admission | 2679 (15) | 375 (7) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure due to ischemic causes | 14 165 (79) | 4587 (87) | <0.001 |
| Any cerebrovascular disease | 3860 (22) | 1224 (23) | 0.01 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 198 (1) | 93 (2) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 1376 (8) | 462 (9) | 0.01 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 1175 (7) | 424 (8) | <0.001 |
| Other cerebrovascular disease | 2741 (15) | 816 (16) | 0.78 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4147 (23) | 1279 (24) | 0.10 |
| Dementia | 3503 (20) | 584 (11) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 2821 (16) | 662 (13) | <0.001 |
| Any liver disease | 1118 (6) | 323 (6) | 0.77 |
| Gastrointestinal ulcer/bleeding | 2755 (15) | 736 (14) | 0.01 |
| Dialysis | 527 (3) | 151 (3) | 0.78 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8009 (45) | 2201 (42) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8283 (46) | 2436 (46) | 0.93 |
| Cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer) | 3020 (17) | 898 (17) | 0.79 |
| Metastatic cancer | 566 (3) | 100 (2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 8648 (48) | 2800 (53) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) systolic blood pressure (SBP) | 133 (116-152) | 130 (115-146) | <0.001 |
| SBP missing | 9230 (52) | 70 (1) | — |
| Median (IQR) serum sodium | 138 (136-141) | 138 (136-140) | 0.004 |
| Sodium missing | 12 032 (67) | 29 (1) | — |
| Median (IQR) serum B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) | 1249 (657-2258) | 760 (336-1590) | <0.001 |
| BNP missing | 12 810 (72) | 3167 (60) | — |
| Median (IQR) serum creatinine (SCr) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | <0.001 |
| SCr missing | 11 488 (64) | 22 (0) | — |
| Median (IQR) estimated glomerular filtration rate | 47 (32-64) | 56 (41-72) | <0.001 |
IQR=interquartile range