Fig. 2.

Gene-expression profiles in cord blood cells.

Affymetrix analysis of the gene-expression profiles of CD3⁺ T cells from zidovudine (azidothymidine)-exposed (ZDV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-exposed (TDF) and control groups. Significant differences are based on a 1.5-fold difference in expression and P less than 0.05. (a) The heat map. (b) Enrichment plots and heat maps for telomere maintenance and DNA repair gene sets in GSEA are shown for CD34⁺ HSPCs. Top left panel: the running enrichment score for the gene set as the analysis walks along the ranked list. Middle left panel: location of the genes from the telomere maintenance reactome within the ranked list. Bottom left panel: a plot of the ranked list of genes. Right panel: a heat map of the core enrichment genes (genes that appear in the ranked list before or at the peak in the enrichment score). The range of colors (red to blue) shows the range of expression values (high to low). (c) Validation of mRNA profiles by qPCR in CD34⁺ HSPCs (left graph) and CD3⁺ T cells (right graph) is shown for genes that are differentially expressed in the TDF and ZDV groups. The relative expression (mean ± SD) of genes differentially expressed in ZDV-exposed (dotted bars) and TDF-exposed (hatched bars) groups vs. control group (white bars) is shown. (∗) P < 0.05; (∗∗) P < 0.01. GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; HSPC, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell; qPCR, quantitative PCR.