Table 3.

Hierarchical logistic regression of characteristics predicting since-disaster comorbid PTSD, MDE, and SUD in adolescents.

	Step					Final model
Risk factor	B	SE	W	OR	95% CI	B	SE	W	OR	95% CI
Regression A: PTSD+MDE (n=1,561)
Step 1
Gender	−.40	.26	2.37	.67	[.41–1.12]	−.75	.28	7.08	.47**	[.27-.82]
Age	.06	.07	.66	1.06	[.92–1.22]	−.02	.08	.08	.98	[.84–1.14]
African-American	.64	.28	5.35	1.90*	[1.10–3.29]	.24	.31	.62	1.27	[.70–2.32]
Other race	.48	.54	.81	1.62	[.57–4.65]	.19	.57	.12	1.21	[.40–3.66]
Income <$20,000	−.42	.28	2.29	.66	[.38–1.13]	.08	.31	.07	1.09	[.59–2.00]
Step 2
Prior natural disaster	−.51	.31	2.73	.60	[.33–1.10]	−.53	.32	2.73	.59	[.31–1.11]
Prior traumatic events	.87	.11	58.24	2.38***	[1.91–2.98]	.92	.12	58.15	2.51***	[1.98–3.18]
Step 3
Time since tornado						.04	.06	.46	1.04	[.93–1.16]
Present during tornado						−.50	.46	1.18	.61	[.25–1.49]
Physical injury						2.17	.53	17.01	8.80**	[3.13–24.72]
Concerned about others						.90	.41	4.83	2.45*	[1.10–5.45]
Displacement						.05	.51	.01	1.06	[.39–2.88]
Property damage						−.04	.10	.14	.96	[.79–1.17]
Loss of services						.15	.13	1.29	1.16	[.90–1.50]
Regression B: PTSD+SUD (n=1,566)
Step 1
Gender	−.35	.63	.30	.71	[.21–2.45]	−.64	.73	.78	.53	[.13–2.19]
Age	.24	.19	1.64	1.28	[.88–1.85]	.11	.23	.22	1.11	[.71–1.75]
African-American	−.64	.84	.59	.53	[.10–2.73]	−.96	.93	1.07	.38	[.06–2.37]
Other race	1.68	.75	5.06	5.35*	[1.24–23.06]	1.93	.86	5.05	6.87*	[1.28–36.88]
Income <$20,000	−1.29	.64	4.08	.28*	[.08-.96]	−.79	.74	1.16	.45	[.11–1.92]
Step 2
Prior natural disaster	−.30	.75	.16	.74	[.17–3.21]	−.36	.83	.18	.70	[.14–3.58]
Prior traumatic events	1.27	.29	18.76	3.54***	[2.00–6.28]	1.39	.34	17.22	4.01***	[2.08–7.74]
Step 3
Time since tornado						−.03	.13	.06	.97	[.76–1.24]
Present during tornado						−1.92	.93	4.22	.15*	[.02-.92]
Physical injury						−15.09	>50	.00	–	–
Concerned about others						.64	.97	.43	1.90	[.28–12.71]
Displacement						.45	1.62	.08	1.57	[.07–37.64]
Property damage						−.53	.32	2.66	.59	[.31–1.11]
Loss of services						.49	.33	2.10	1.62	[.84–3.13]
Regression C: MDE+SUD (n=1,566)
Step 1
Gender	−1.74	.92	3.62	.18	[.03–1.06]	−2.17	.96	5.12	.11*	[.02-.75]
Age	.35	.20	3.00	1.42	[.96–2.10]	.25	.23	1.20	1.29	[.82–2.03]
African-American	.42	.67	.39	1.52	[.41–5.69]	.37	.72	.27	1.45	[.35–5.94]
Other race	.40	1.29	.09	1.49	[.12–18.53]	−.27	1.38	.04	.77	[.05–11.44]
Income <$20,000	−.86	.65	1.74	.42	[.12–1.52]	.00	.76	.00	1.00	[.23–4.40]
Step 2
Prior natural disaster	−.92	.73	1.59	.40	[.09–1.67]	−1.11	.82	1.82	.33	[.07–1.65]
Prior traumatic events	1.09	.26	17.06	2.96***	[1.77–4.96]	1.19	.29	17.55	3.29***	[1.89–5.75]
Step 3
Time since tornado						−.13	.13	.93	.88	[.68–1.14]
Present during tornado						−1.89	.92	4.21	.15*	[.03-.92]
Physical injury						−14.61	>50	.00	–	–
Concerned about others						.03	.87	.00	1.04	[.19–5.66]
Displacement						−15.62	>50	.00	–	–
Property damage						−.54	.34	2.54	.58	[.30–1.13]
Loss of services						.67	.31	4.58	1.95*	[1.06–3.59]
Regression D: PTSD+MDE+SUD (n=1,567)
Step 1
Gender	−1.36	.95	2.04	.26	[.04–1.65]	−1.91	1.06	3.27	.15	[.02–1.18]
Age	.23	.23	1.08	1.26	[.81–1.97]	.10	.30	.11	1.11	[.62–1.98]
African-American	−.32	.88	.13	.73	[.13–4.12]	−.33	.97	.12	.72	[.11–4.82]
Other race	.54	1.30	.17	1.71	[.14–21.81]	.20	1.49	.02	1.22	[.07–22.56]
Income <$20,000	−.95	.78	1.48	.39	[.08–1.79]	.35	1.02	.12	1.42	[.19–10.44]
Step 2
Prior natural disaster	−.57	.87	.42	.57	[.10–3.15]	−53	1.00	.28	.59	[.08–4.18]
Prior traumatic events	1.40	.36	15.53	4.06***	[2.02–8.14]	1.57	.42	13.97	4.78***	[2.10–10.86]
Step 3
Time since tornado						−.10	.16	.40	.90	[.66–1.24]
Present during tornado						−2.96	1.07	7.68	.05**	[.01-.42]
Physical injury						−13.85	>50	.00	–	–
Concerned about others						−.02	1.13	.00	.98	[.11–8.92]
Displacement						−15.60	>50	.00	–	–
Property damage						−.38	.39	.93	.68	[.32–1.48]
Loss of services						.86	.37	5.39	2.36*	[1.14–4.88]

Note. W=Wald statistic; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; PTSD=posttraumatic stress disorder; MDE=major depressive episode; SUD=substance use disorder. n’s vary across models due missing data.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.