The effect of carvedilol and propranolol on portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Purpose

Several randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the role of carvedilol and propranolol on the effect of portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis, leading to controversial results. Current meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of the two drugs on portal pressure.

Patients and methods

Two-hundred and ninety eligible patients were recruited. Published studies were selected based on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, and Wanfang Database. The outcome measurements included the mean difference (MD) in the percentage of hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction (%HVPG reduction), the risk ratio (RR) of nonresponders in hemodynamic assessment, and the percentage of mean arterial pressure reduction (%MAP reduction). Subgroup analysis was performed.

Results

Seven trials were identified (including five acute and three long-term drug administration randomized controlled trials). A summary of pooled MD between the %HVPG reduction is as follows: overall −8.62 (confidence interval [CI] −11.76, −5.48, P<0.00001), acute −10.05 (CI −14.24, −5.86, P<0.00001), and long term −6.80 (CI −11.53, −2.07, P=0.005), while summary of pooled RR of hemodynamic nonresponders with carvedilol was as follows: overall 0.64 (CI 0.51, 0.81, P=0.0002), acute 0.63 (CI 0.47, 0.85, P=0.002), and long term 0.67 (CI 0.47, 0.97, P=0.03). Both of the outcome measurements favored carvedilol. Significant heterogeneity (P<0.1, I²=92%) existed between the two treatment groups in %MAP reduction. No considerable difference could be observed in the %MAP reduction through the poor overlapping CI boundaries.

Conclusion

Carvedilol has a greater portal hypertensive effect than propranolol. Further comparative trials of the two drugs are required to identify the effect of MAP reduction.

Introduction

It has already been acknowledged that portal hypertension is an unavoidable complication of cirrhosis, and variceal bleeding is the most serious consequence, resulting in a significant mortality of 7%–15%.^1–3 Hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG) is regarded as the gold standard for the assessment of treatment effects of portal hypertension. Measurement of HVPG can accurately reflect the pressure in patients with portal hypertension.⁴ It has been shown that the HVPG should increase to above 12 mmHg for variceal bleeding.⁵ A good hemodynamic response is defined as the reduction of HVPG to a value <12 mmHg or by ≥20% from baseline, which can significantly decrease the risk of bleeding or mortality, presenting a better outcome than hemodynamic nonresponders.^6,7

The nonselective beta-blockers (especially propranolol and nadolol) or the endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is currently recommended as the first-line therapy to prevent variceal bleeding.^8,9 However, only a few patients show a substantial HVPG reduction after propranolol administration. When it comes to EVL, its invasiveness and costs have resulted in variable application. Carvedilol, having been proposed to be used in clinical practice in recent years, is a promising nonselective beta-blocker with intrinsic anti-alpha1 adrenergic activity (one-tenth of its beta-blocker activity),¹⁰ giving the drug a potential for a higher portal pressure reduction compared to propranolol. There have been several randomized controlled clinical trials exploring the efficacy of carvedilol and propranolol in patients with portal hypertension, yielding controversial results.

The aim of the present meta-analysis was to assess the hemodynamic effectiveness of carvedilol and propranolol on the effect of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. We have made extensive efforts to find all relevant studies by means of computerized and manual search, and the treatment effect is combined across all studies.

Methods

Data retrieval

Pertinent studies were retrieved between January 1995 and December 2013 in the Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, and Wanfang Database with the keywords carvedilol, propranolol, portal hypertension, randomized controlled clinical trials in both English (from the index Medicus Medical Subject Headings list) and Chinese. A manual search of the reference lists of pertinent studies was also performed. When the results of a single study were reported in more than one publication, only the most recent and complete data were included. Unpublished studies were not referred to in this meta-analysis.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

To be included in this meta-analysis, a study had to meet the following criteria. 1) The published study was randomized controlled trial (RCT). 2) The percentage of HPVG reduction (%HVPG reduction) was a main outcome measure of the treatment effect. Secondary outcome measures included number of responders in hemodynamic evaluation and the percentage of mean arterial pressure reduction (%MAP reduction). 3) The participants were patients with clinically significant portal hypertension. Randomized trials were included irrespective of blinding or language.

The criteria for the selection of a study were established before this meta-analysis was designed.

Data collection

Data were extracted by two independent authors (Liu and Yang), and disagreements were solved by discussion. For each study, the following data were extracted: 1) patients’ characteristics, including number of patients, mean age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh score, and proportion of patients with previous variceal bleeding and 2) outcome measures, including the %HVPG reduction, the number of hemodynamic responders, and the %MAP reduction.

Outcome measures

The main outcome measure was %HVPG reduction; secondary outcome measures included the number of patients achieving a hemodynamic response and the outcome related to main adverse events, such as %MAP reduction.

Statistical analysis

Studies and patient characteristics were reported as number of observations, proportions, or means ± standard deviations.

Analyses were performed by fixed-effects model and RevMan software (Cochrane Collaboration, Canada, Version 5.2.7). Inverse variance was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) of the %HVPG reduction and the %MAP reduction. The Mantel–Haenszel was used to assess the hemodynamic responders using the risk ratio (RR). Statistical data were expressed as 95% confidence interval (CI). A level of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Adverse effect of the meta-analysis was performed by random-effects model.

Heterogeneity was evaluated by a chi-square test and was reported using I² values. If pronounced heterogeneity was found, potential reasons were explored and the combinability of trials was reconsidered. The significant level for heterogeneity test was P=0.1. Methodological quality assessment was conducted using a validated table derived from the Cochrane Handbook, version 5.1.0, and Fisher’s exact probability test was conducted to calculate the difference levels between qualitative variables. The studies might be measured by acute and long-term hemodynamic effects under clinical treatment, so subgroup analysis was implemented. However, if the combinability of trials was inappropriate, separate analysis was also undertaken.

Analyses were conducted following the intention-to-treat principle and included all patients randomized as they were reported in each single trial.

Results

Analysis of retrieval results

Overall, 44 pertinent studies were identified. Thirty-one were excluded by reading the abstract because they did not include randomized clinical trials. The remaining eleven were RCTs and were assessed for inclusion in the present meta-analysis (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Study flow diagram of the identification process of RCTs for inclusion in this meta-analysis.

Abbreviation: RCTs, randomized controlled trials.

Among these eleven, three were excluded as they did not compare carvedilol with propranolol and did not include hemodynamic measurements;^11–13 another randomized controlled trial incorporated the HVPG as a main measurement¹⁴ but was excluded because the %HVPG reduction was given in a way that made it difficult to assess the pooled effect using current software. The remaining seven studies^15–21 corresponded to our inclusion criteria and were included in the present study. All included studies had been published. The characteristics of them are summarized in Table 1. Among the seven, four^15,18 assessed the acute hemodynamic effect and two^16,19 evaluated the long-term effect. In one¹⁷ study, both the acute hemodynamic and long-term effects were assessed after initial trial drug administration. As a result, five acute and three long-term RCTs were available for the present meta-analysis.

Table 1.

Characteristics of seven included studies

First author	Publication year	Study design	Sample size	No of patients C/P	Time of outcome assessment	No of patients with first/second HVPG measurement
						C	P
Bañares et al15	1999	RCT	28	14/14	Acute	14/14	14/14
Lin et al18	2004	RCT	22	11/11	Acute	11/11	11/11
Ren20	2012	RCT	61	30/31	Acute	30/30	31/31
Qu21	2012	RCT	54	25/29	Acute	25/25	29/29
De et al17	2002	RCT	36	18/18	Acute Long-term	18/18 18/17	18/18 18/16
Bañares et al16	2002	RCT	51	26/25	Long-term	26/24	25/22
Hobolth et al19	2012	RCT	38	21/17	Long-term	21/21	17/17

Abbreviations: No, number; C, carvedilol; P, propranolol; HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient; RCT, randomized controlled trial.

A total of 290 eligible patients were recruited in the seven trials, 145 in the carvedilol group and 145 in the propranolol group. The characteristics of patients in the seven studies are summarized in Table 2, and none of the parameters differed significantly between the two groups across the seven studies.

Table 2.

Characteristics of patients in seven included studies

	Treatment group	Patients (N)	Age (mean ± SD)	Males (N)	Alcoholic/viral etiology (N)	Child-Pugh class A/B/C (N)	Previous variceal bleeding (N)
Bañares et al15	C	14	54.6±8.8	NM	8/NM	8/4/2	9
	P	14	51.4±8.5	NM	8/NM	5/6/3	9
Lin et al18	C	11	59±13.3	8	0/11	8.7±3.0a	NM
	P	11	61±13.3	9	0/11	7.3±2.7a	NM
Ren20	C	30	50.12±9.28	23	3/9	16/12/2	15
	P	31	52.93±13.06	21	2/21	22/7/2	18
Qu21	C	25	48.4±9.8	20	1/18	12/13/1	14
	P	29	53.7±12.9	20	3/17	9/17/2	16
De et al17	C	18	42.3±11.9	15	5/9	5/9/4	7
	P	18	47.3±12.9	17	10/5	0/13/5	7
Bañares et al16	C	26	57.9±7.6	19	6/18	13/10/3	0
	P	25	58.4±11	15	9/16	15/6/4	0
Hobolth et al19	C	21	58.2±6.8	12	2/18	8/7/6	5
	P	17	56.2±6.1	12	12/1	6/6/4	5

Note:

^aChild-Pugh score, mean ± SD (derived from the standard error reported in the study).

Abbreviations: N, number; SD, standard deviation; C, carvedilol; NM, not mentioned; P, propranolol.

Methodological quality assessment

Methodological quality of each selected RCT was assessed in terms of the following six domains^22,23: 1) random sequence generation; 2) allocation concealment; 3) blinding of participants and personnel; 4) blinding of outcome assessment; 5) incomplete outcome data; and 6) selective reporting. The quality of seven studies included was relatively unsatisfactory (Table 3). The risk of bias is summarized in Figure 2.

Table 3.

Methodological quality assessment of included studies

	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants and personnel	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting
Bañares et al15	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Bañares et al16	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
De et al17 (acute)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
De et al17 (long-term)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Hobolth et al14	Unclear risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Lin et al18	Low risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Unclear risk	Low risk	High risk
Ren20	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk
Qu21	Low risk	High risk	High risk	High risk	Low risk	Low risk

Figure 2.

Risk of bias summary. Green dot, low risk; red dot, high risk; empty cell, unclear risk.

Meta-analysis

Main outcome

%HVPG reduction

Mean baseline HVPG was 16.4 mmHg (median 16.6 mmHg) in the propranolol-treated group and 16.8 mmHg (median 18.9 mmHg) in the carvedilol-treated group. The mean %HVPG reduction was 12.5% (median 12.4%) with propranolol and 23.9% (median 26.4%) with carvedilol (including patients with both acute and long-term assessments) (Table 4).

Table 4.

Main results of the included studies

	Time of outcome assessment	Carvedilol			Propranolol
		HVPG baseline, mmHg (mean ± SDa)	%HVPG reduction (mean ± SDa)	Hemodyna respondersb mic (n/N)	HVPG baseline, mmHg (mean ± SDa)	%HVPG reduction (mean ± SDa)	Hemodynamic respondersb (n/N)
Bañares et al15	Acute	19.5±4.9	20.4±7.5	9/14	20.4±4.1	12.7±7.48	2/14
Lin et al18	Acute	18.9±6.0	18.6±11.9	NM	17.6±4.0	10.1±11.9	NM
Ren20	Acute	12.87±3.32	28.30±22.19	17/30	13.57±5.79	12.38±24.09	13/31
Qu21	Acute	12.89±3.27	26.43±22.77	15/25	12.88±5.17	1.45±34.58	9/29
De et al17	Acute	19.0±3.8	27.7±31.5	11/18	16.60±3.9	22.9±27.4	9/18
	Long-term	19.0±3.8	27.7±31.5	11/18	16.60±4.0	22.98±20.1	10/16
Bañares et al16	Long-term	19.1±5.4	19±9.8	13/24	20.3±4.2	12±9.4	5/22
Hobolth et al19	Long-term	17.6±4.2	19.3±16.1	13/21	18.4±3.6	12.5±16.7	7/17

Notes:

^aSD: in the studies by Bañares et al¹⁵,¹⁶ and by Lin et al¹⁸ the standard deviation of the mean was derived from the standard error of mean reported in the original studies.

^bHemodynamic responders were defined as patients whose HVPG reduction was ≥20% of baseline or ≤12 mmHg.

Abbreviations: HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient; SD, standard deviation; n/N, number; NM, not mentioned.

The pooled MD %HVPG reductions with the two drugs was −8.62 (CI −11.76, −5.48; fixed-effect model), denoting superiority of carvedilol (Z=5.38, P<0.00001) (Figure 3). No heterogeneity was found (P=0.46; I²=0%).

Figure 3.

Subgroup analysis (fixed-effect model) of the percentage of hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction, representing the MDs (rectangles) and 95% CI (horizontal lines) for trials that compared carvedilol and propranolol.

Notes: The size of the rectangles indicates the weight of every trial. The above diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the acute drug administration. The below diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the long-term drug administration. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient.

A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that %HVPG reduction is significantly higher in carvedilol-treated group for either the acute or the long-term treatment (Figure 3) and superiority of carvedilol hold true by excluding the studies¹⁸ with high-risk factors (MD −7.1, CI −10.64, −3.56; fixed-effect model) (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Subgroup analysis (fixed-effect model) of the percentage of hepatic vein pressure gradient reduction.

Notes: Subgroup analysis represents the MDs (rectangles) and 95% CI (horizontal lines) for trials that compared carvedilol and propranolol, excluding three trials with high-risk factor. The size of the rectangles indicates the weight of every trial. The above diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the acute drug administration. The below diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the long-term drug administration. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient.

Secondary outcome

Number of hemodynamic responders

The total number of hemodynamic responders was 55 out of 147 evaluable patients in propranolol as compared to 89 out of 149 with carvedilol (including patients with both acute and long-term assessments) (Table 4).

The pooled RR of hemodynamic nonresponse with carvedilol was 0.64 (CI 0.51–0.81; fixed-effect model), underlining superiority of carvedilol in responder rate (Z=3.71, P=0.0002). No heterogeneity was found (P=0.83; I²=0%) (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Subgroup analysis (fixed-effect model) of hemodynamic nonresponders, representing the RRs (rectangles) and 95% CI (horizontal lines) for trials that compared carvedilol and propranolol.

Notes: The size of the rectangles indicates the weight of every trial. The above diamond shows the subtotal RR and 95% CI of the acute drug administration. The below diamond shows the subtotal RR and 95% CI of the long-term drug administration. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: RRs, risk ratios; CI, confidence interval; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel; HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient.

A sensitivity analysis suggested that responder rate is significantly higher in carvedilol-treated group with either the acute or the long-term treatment (Figure 5) and superiority of carvedilol hold true by excluding the studies¹⁸ with high-risk factors (RR 0.63, CI 0.47, 0.85; fixed-effect model) (Figure 6).

Figure 6.

Subgroup analysis (fixed-effect model) of hemodynamic nonresponders.

Notes: Subgroup analysis represents the RRs (rectangles) and 95% CI (horizontal lines) for trials that compared carvedilol and propranolol excluding three studies with high-risk factor. The size of the rectangles indicates the weight of every trial. The above diamond shows the subtotal RR and 95% CI of the acute drug administration. The below diamond shows the subtotal RR and 95% CI of the long-term drug administration. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: RRs, risk ratios; CI, confidence interval; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel; HVPG, hepatic vein pressure gradient.

Adverse event

%MAP reduction

The test of heterogeneity (P<0.00001, I²=94%, random-effect model) for the reduction of %MAP (Table 5) in all studies indicated that important differences might exist. But when considering the subgroups separately, heterogeneity was significant, precluding combining the results of two drugs in %MAP reduction (Figure 7).

Table 5.

%MAP reduction of the included studies

	Time of outcome assessment	Carvedilol		Propranolol
		MAP baseline, mmHg (mean ± SDa)	%MAP reduction (mean ± SDa)	MAP baseline, mmHg (mean ± SDa)	%MAP reduction (mean ± SDa)
Bañares et al15	Acute	89±4	17.2±2.4	87±3	3.4±2.3
Lin et al18	Acute	95±4	11.3±2.9	94±3	8.9±2.2
Ren20	Acute	95.14±12.02	10.06±8.73	92.48±15.88	6.46±12.56
Qu21	Acute	93.65±13.16	9.09±8.65	90.41±17.02	3.63±15.76
De et al17	Acute	97.30±10.25	NM	91.90±16.03	NM
	Long-term	97.30±10.25	NM	91.90±16.03	NM
Bañares et al16	Long-term	91.4±2.5	11±1	88.6±4.5	5±3
Hobolth et al19	Long-term	97±13	5.1±14.9	98±8	8.2±12.5

Notes:

^aIn the studies by Bañares et al¹⁵,¹⁶ and by Lin et al¹⁸ the standard deviation of the mean was derived from the standard error of the mean reported in the original studies.

Abbreviations: MAP, mean arterial pressure reduction; SD, standard deviation; NM, not mentioned.

Figure 7.

Subgroup analysis (random-effect model) of the percentage of mean arterial pressure reduction, representing the MDs (rectangles) and 95% CI (horizontal lines) for trials that compared carvedilol and propranolol.

Notes: The size of the rectangles indicates the weight of every trial. The above diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the acute drug administration. The below diamond shows the subtotal MD and 95% CI of the long-term drug administration. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; MAP, mean arterial pressure reduction.

However, in the acute assessment, if we exclude one study¹⁵ with unclear risk, the heterogeneity would be eliminated (P=0.66, I²=0%), favoring carvedilol in decreasing MAP over propranolol (MD −2.80, CI −4.72, −0.89) (Figure 8). Nevertheless, the remaining three studies estimated were all high-risk trials. Therefore, this result should be considered with caution.

Figure 8.

MD (fixed-effect model) of the percentage of mean arterial pressure reduction (%MAP reduction) between carvedilol and propranolol in acute treatment trials, excluding one study with unclear risk. The heterogeneity test is also performed.

Abbreviations: MD, mean difference; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SD, standard deviation; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval.

Discussion

Propranolol has been utilized for the prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension for almost 30 years.²⁴ Recently, carvedilol, which causes beta-blockade as well as anti-alpha1 adrenergic activities, has been proved to decrease portal pressure both by lowering the portal blood flow (beta-blocker effect) and by decreasing the hepatic vascular resistance (alpha1-adrenergic blocker effect). As such, carvedilol has the potential to achieve greater reduction of portal pressure than the propranolol.^10,25,26 However, some earlier observations^15,16,27 demonstrated that carvedilol significantly decreased the MAP compared to baseline values and/or compared to propranolol-treated patients, leading to concerns over the use of this drug for long-term administration in patients with portal hypertension. The present meta-analysis of seven studies was conducted to compare the treatment effect on portal hypertension between carvedilol and propranolol and to evaluate the %MAP reductions caused by the two drugs.

Across all included trials, patients recruited in the two groups were comparable without pronounced differences regarding the number of patients, mean age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh score, and history of previous variceal bleeding.

The current meta-analysis reflects that in the available RCTs focusing on carvedilol and propranolol for the prevention of variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension, carvedilol reduces HVPG significantly more than propranolol, regardless of acute or long-term drug administration. The pooled MD of %HVPG reduction achieved by two drugs was −8.62 (CI −11.76, −5.48), favoring carvedilol. No heterogeneity was found. When attention was paid to the subgroups, the figures for acute and long-term drug administration were −10.05 (CI −14.24, −5.86) and −6.80 (CI −11.53, −2.07), respectively. The results were consistent with the principal assessment.

With regard to the number of hemodynamic responders, an Austria research conducted by Reiberger et al²⁸ claimed that carvedilol demonstrated great efficacy in the proportion of hemodynamic responders, which was also the case in the current review. In our meta-analysis, the number of patients achieving a reduction in HVPG to ≥20% or to ≤12 mmHg was reported in six out of the seven studies (carvedilol: 89/149 vs propranolol: 55/147). The pooled RR of hemodynamic nonresponders reached statistical significance with carvedilol at 0.64 (CI 0.51–0.81; fixed-effect model), denoting superiority of carvedilol in hemodynamic response. The subgroup results, 0.63 (CI 0.47–0.85) and 0.67 (CI 0.47–0.97) for acute and long-term drug administration, respectively, were assessed in accordance with the overall evaluation. However, the results were inconsistent with a previous meta-analysis study²⁹ published in early 2014.

As for the %MAP reduction, significant heterogeneity (P<0.1, I²=92%) existed between the two treatment groups, hampering evaluation of a pooled effect. No significant difference could be observed in the %MAP reduction between two drugs across all trials as was shown by the poor overlapping CI boundaries in our study, indicating that carvedilol and propranolol had similar effects in MAP reduction.

Interestingly, when the source of the heterogeneity was explored, we found that if one study¹⁵ with unclear risk was excluded in the acute assessment, the heterogeneity would be eliminated (P>0.1, I²=0%), suggesting that carvedilol decreased MAP in a more pronounced fashion than propranolol when administered acutely. However, the remaining three studies reviewed were all high-risk trials. Therefore, this result might conceivably be considered as a type I error.

Nevertheless, this difference was clinically meaningful. One patient with symptomatic hypotension¹⁷ over 90 minutes (recovered over the next 2 days with conservative therapy) was reported in the carvedilol group and two (necessitating cessation of treatment) in the propranolol group. A total of 15 patients developed orthostatic hypotension out of 77 patients treated by carvedilol, compared to nine out of 73 treated by propranolol (P=0.27>0.05, Fisher’s exact test) in three^16,19 out of the seven studies.

A final attention was paid to bias. We may have not included all trials comparing carvedilol and propranolol, particularly, those with negative results had been performed but not published. On the other hand, the small number of available studies and their small sample sizes precluded the achievement of a convincing estimation. Furthermore, from the results of the methodological quality assessment, high-risk factors existed in three included studies¹⁸ with one¹⁵ incorporating unclear risk, making selection bias, performance bias, and reporting bias possible (Figure 2).

Conclusion

In conclusion, this meta-analysis of the existing controlled trials suggests that carvedilol reduces HVPG significantly more than propranolol, irrespective of acute or long-term drug administration. The number of hemodynamic responders is significantly higher with carvedilol treatment, and this is supported by a recent study²⁸ confirming that carvedilol leads to a significantly greater reduction in HVPG than propranolol and is a rescue treatment for hemodynamic nonresponders to propranolol. However, conclusion that carvedilol reduces MAP more than propranolol cannot be drawn from the data in our meta-analysis. The finding that the acute administration of carvedilol decreased MAP to a greater extent than propranolol did should be viewed with caution. On the basis of the present study, carvedilol is shown to be more effective than propranolol regarding the effect of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Further comparative trials of carvedilol and propranolol are encouraged to identify the effect of the MAP.

The current meta-analysis suggests that carvedilol might be recommended for the reduction of portal hypertension in patients.²⁸ However, the MAP should be monitored.