Table 1.
* Demographic, Birth Weight Z-Score, Birth Order, Maternal Feeding, and Child Eating Characteristics of the Full Sample and Differences by Overweight/Obese status
| Variables | Total n = 274 | BMI < 85th Percentile n = 158 | BMI ≥ 85th Percentile n = 116 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 139 (50.7) | 88 (55.7) | 51 (44) | 0.06 |
| Female | 135 (49.3) | 70 (44.3) | 65 (56) | |
| Child Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 147 (53.6) | 91 (57.6) | 56 (48.3) | 0.13 |
| Hispanic or not white | 127 (46.4) | 67 (42.4) | 60 (51.7) | |
| Birth Order, n (%) | ||||
| Only child | 39 (14.2) | 16 (10.1) | 23 (19.8) | 0.02 |
| Youngest sibling | 100 (36.5) | 53 (33.5) | 46 (39.7) | |
| Middle sibling | 66 (24.1) | 41 (25.9) | 25 (21.6) | |
| Oldest sibling | 69 (25.2) | 48 (30.4) | 21 (18.1) | |
| Birth weight z score, M (SD) | −0.27 (1.02) | −0.44 (0.91) | −0.042 (1.12) | 0.00 |
| Maternal Age, M (SD) | 30.3 (5.8) | 30.5 (6.3) | 30.02 (5.2) | 0.47 |
| Maternal Education, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ High school education | 130 (47.4) | 99(62.7) | 51(44) | 0.27 |
| > High school education | 144 (52.6) | 59(37.3) | 65(56) | |
| Maternal feeding behaviors1, M (SD) Observed | ||||
| Verbal Encouragement | 10.24 (8.53) | 10.63 (8.94) | 9.74 (7.97) | 0.45 |
| Verbal Discouragement | 3.01 (4.30) | 2.52 (3.45) | 3.66(5.17) | 0.05 |
| Self-Reported (CFSQ) | ||||
| Verbal Direction | 2.79 (0.81) | 2.88 (0.78) | 2.66 (0.83) | 0.02 |
| Coercion | 2.12 (0.82) | 2.19 (0.82) | 2.03 (0.83) | 0.11 |
| Praise | 3.94 (0.91) | 4.03 (0.86) | 3.81 (0.97) | 0.06 |
| Child eating behavior (CEBQ)2, M (SD) | ||||
| Satiety Responsiveness | 2.80 (0.64) | 2.89 (0.63) | 2.67 (0.63) | 0.00 |
| Slowness in Eating | 2.83 (0.73) | 2.89 (0.74) | 2.74 (0.72) | 0.09 |
| Food Fussiness | 2.70 (0.76) | 2.80 (0.72) | 2.58 (0.79) | 0.02 |
*
Table showing means (M) and standard deviations (SD) or counts (n) and percentages (%). Differences by overweight/obese status tested using t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables.
1
Observed maternal feeding behavior was coded from the structured eating protocol attended by each child-mother dyad.
Verbal Encouragement range= 46, Verbal Discouragement range= 27, Verbal Direction range=4, Coercion range=4, Praise range=4.
2
Satiety Responsiveness range=4, Slowness in Eating range=4, Food Fussiness range=4.