Abstract
Contents of eight mineral elements in maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) from China and Peru were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Cu contents in maca samples from China (2.5–31 mg kg−1 dry weight, dw) were higher than the samples from Peru (<2.1 mg kg−1 dw). Na in two samples from China was found to be significantly of high content (2400 and 2600 mg kg−1 dw). The contents (mg kg−1 dw) of B, Co, Cr, Li, Ni, and Zn were, respectively, 8.1–21, <0.023, <1.1~3.5, 0.020–0.17, 0.085–4.5, and 10–39 for the samples from China, while being 6.6–12, <0.023, <1.1~2.3, 0.035–0.063, 0.68–1.7, and 27–39 for the samples from Peru.
1. Introduction
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) is an endemic highland crop of the Central Andes which is grown from central Peru to Bolivia and northwestern Argentina [1, 2]. This plant has great potential as an adaptogen and appears to be promising as a nutraceutical in the prevention of several diseases [3]. Maca roots have been traditionally used to increase the rate of fertility in both humans and livestock [4]. Over the past 20 years, interest in maca has increased in many parts of the world [5]. Commercial maca products have gained popularity as dietary supplements for aphrodisiac purposes and for increasing fertility and stamina [6]. Recently, maca industry develops fast in Yunnan Province, China. In Yunnan, until the end of 2010, maca growing and promotion areas reached 175 hm2 and maca yield achieved 780 t, taking up to 90% and 93%, nationwide [7].
Mineral elements in food are very important because the quality of many functional foods and medicines depends on the content and type of minerals [8]. In the US, national surveys show that micronutrient inadequacies are widespread and mineral supplement helps fulfill micronutrient requirements in adults and children [9]. Up to now, only limited studies on selected elements in maca from different origins have been carried out [10, 11]. Moreover, in some studies, no reference material had been certified for elemental analysis, so there has been doubt about accuracy of the determination.
In the present study, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to determine the contents of eight elements (B, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Na, Ni, and Zn) in maca samples, and a comparison was made between the samples from China and Peru.
2. Materials and Methods
All reagents used in the present work were of analytical reagent grade. Maca sample digests were prepared using HNO3 and H2O2 of ultrapure grade. Standard sample solutions of B, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Na, Ni, and Zn obtained from Standard Material Center of China were used to make a mixed calibration curve in the range of 0–400 μg mL−1.
Ten maca samples were collected from four places of Yunnan, China, and four samples were from Peru. These samples were washed with deionized water thoroughly, dried to a constant weight, grounded into powder using an agate mortar, passed through a 60-mesh sieve, and stored in the plastic bags. 500 mg of each maca sample was weighed into an acid washed Teflon digestion tube. 8 mL of HNO3, 2 mL of H2O2, and 1 mL ultrapure water were added to the vessel.
Samples were digested in a microwave dissolver (Ethos One, Milestone, Italy) equipped with PTFE vessels. A three-step program was applied to the samples (Table 1). The extract was transferred into a cuvette and made up to 25 mL with ultrapure water.
Table 1.
Microwave digestion parameters.
| Step | Power (W) | Rising temperature time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Running time (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1800 | 5 | 120 | 5 |
| 2 | 1800 | 5 | 170 | 10 |
| 4 | 1800 | 5 | 180 | 55 |
Simultaneous multielement detection of B, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Na, Ni, and Zn was performed with ICP-OES (ICPE-9000, Shimazu, Japan). The optimal instrumental conditions for ICP-OES are shown in Table 2. The emission wavelengths and detection limits for each element are shown in Table 3. Every sample was measured with three replicates. Blank experiments were prepared in the same way.
Table 2.
Operating conditions of ICP-OES.
| Instrument | ICPE-9000 |
|---|---|
| Spectrometer | Echelle grating |
| CCD detector | |
|
| |
| Power | 1.20 kW |
|
| |
| Output power | 1.2 kW |
|
| |
| Argon flow | Cooling gas: 10 L/min |
| Auxiliary: 0.6 L/min | |
| Carrier gas: 0.8 L/min | |
|
| |
| Nebuliser | Pneumatic (glass concentric) |
|
| |
| Spray chamber | Glass cyclonic |
|
| |
| Plasma viewing | Axial |
|
| |
| Replicates for each analysis run | 3 |
|
| |
| Sample uptake delay | 30 s |
Table 3.
Wavelength and the detection limit for elemental analysis.
| Element | Wavelength (nm) | Detection limits (mg kg−1) |
|---|---|---|
| B | 249.773 | 1.135 |
| Co | 228.616 | 0.023 |
| Cr | 205.552 | 1.089 |
| Cu | 224.700 | 2.085 |
| Li | 670.784 | 0.0146 |
| Na | 330.232 | 29.95 |
| Ni | 231.604 | 0.0585 |
| Zn | 213.856 | 0.1595 |
To ensure the precision of the experiment, the certified reference material GBW10028 (dried herb powder Astragalus membranaceus) was used for validation of the method (Table 4). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be below 8%, and the recoveries range from 92% to 109%, which proved that this method was accurate and precise.
Table 4.
Determined and certified values of elements in GBW10028 (Astragalus membranaceus), n = 4.
| Element | Certified value (mg kg−1) | Determined value (mg kg−1) | Recovery (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | 16.8 ± 1.6 | 18.3 ± 0.8 | 108.9 |
| Co | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 97.7 |
| Cr | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 103.2 |
| Cu | 8.5 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 97.0 |
| Li | 1.25 ± 0.12 | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 92.0 |
| Na | 1460 ± 190 | 1570 ± 46 | 107.5 |
| Ni | 2.26 ± 0.15 | 2.22 ± 0.01 | 98.3 |
| Zn | 22.3 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 1.5 | 103.1 |
3. Results and Discussion
Contents of B, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Na, Ni, and Zn in maca samples are shown in Table 5. All element contents were determined on a dry weight basis.
Table 5.
Element contents of maca samples, n = 3.
| Number | Site | Element (mg kg−1 dw) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Co | Cr | Cu | Li | Na | Ni | Zn | ||
| 1 | Shangri-la, China | 13 ± 2 | nd | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 0.028 ± 0.014 | nd | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 20 ± 2 |
| 2 | Shangri-la, China | 12 ± 1 | nd | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 7.6 ± 3.3 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 31 ± 23 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 25 ± 3 |
| 3 | Shangri-la, China | 13 ± 1 | nd | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 4.2 | 0.047 ± 0.028 | 170 ± 60 | 0.85 ± 0.61 | 23 ± 1 |
| 4 | Zhaotong, China | 9.0 ± 1.0 | nd | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 0.051 ± 0.011 | 190 ± 180 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 19 ± 2 |
| 5 | Zhaotong, China | 20 ± 1 | nd | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 2600 ± 50 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 34 ± 1 |
| 6 | Zhaotong, China | 21 ± 1 | nd | nd | 9.3 ± 1.7 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 2400 ± 300 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 33 ± 2 |
| 7 | Dongchuan, China | 12 ± 0.4 | nd | 3.5 ± 2.0 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 0.085 ± 0.009 | 59 ± 28 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 29 ± 1 |
| 8 | Dongchuan, China | 9.7 ± 0.3 | nd | nd | 12 ± 1 | 0.043 ± 0.092 | 100 ± 60 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 29 ± 0.4 |
| 9 | Lijiang, China | 8.1 ± 0.4 | nd | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 0.020 ± 0.010 | nd | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 22 ± 1 |
| 10 | Lijiang, China | 13 ± 1 | nd | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 31 ± 3 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 43 ± 25 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 39 ± 4 |
| 11 | Peru | 11 ± 0.1 | nd | nd | nd | 0.050 ± 0.010 | 37 ± 2 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 27 ± 1 |
| 12 | Peru | 6.6 ± 0.1 | nd | nd | nd | 0.063 ± 0.010 | nd | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 35 ± 2 |
| 13 | Peru | 11 ± 0.1 | nd | 2.1 ± 1.7 | nd | 0.040 ± 0.010 | 41 ± 37 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 34 ± 1 |
| 14 | Peru | 12 ± 0.2 | nd | 2.3 ± 2.1 | nd | 0.035 ± 0.009 | nd | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 39 ± 2 |
Note: samples 1–10 were from China, while samples 11–14 were from Peru. “nd” means not detected.
Boron is essential for humans. Boron affects fat and lipid metabolism, minerals and mineral metabolism, vitamin D, and bone development [12]. Our B values in maca from China and Peru were 8.1–21 mg kg−1 dw and 6.6–12 mg kg−1 dw, respectively, which were in agreement with that reported in the literature (8.8 mg kg−1 dw) [13].
Cobalt is an essential micronutrient in the form of vitamin B12, but cobalt is toxic in larger doses or long-term exposure at a low level. The adverse effects of cobalt relate to various organs and tissues and may include a possible carcinogenic potential [14]. Chromium can induce the oxidative stress and genotoxicity in chromium exposed population [15]. Lithium appears to play an especially important role during the early fetal development [16]. The contents (mg kg−1 dw) of Co, Cr, and Li were, respectively, <0.023, <1.1–3.5, and 0.020–0.17 for the samples from China and <0.023, <1.1–2.3, and 0.035–0.063 from Peru. Up to now, there was no other report on the contents of Co, Cr, and Li in maca.
Copper plays role as a cofactor for numerous enzymes in humans. Its compounds show vast array of biological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and biocidal activities [17]. Cu contents in the samples from China (2.5–31 mg kg−1 dw) were higher than the samples from Peru (<2.1 mg kg−1 dw). Published data available on Cu in maca from China were 4.0–32 mg kg−1 dw [10, 11, 13, 18], while those from Peru were 1.5–62 mg kg−1 dw [10, 11, 19–22].
Sodium is an essential element. In mammals, sodium concentrations in blood are held high by strict homeostatic mechanisms [23]. Na in the samples from China was in the range <30–2600 mg kg−1 dw which is similar to the value (67–2400 mg kg−1 dw) in maca from China in literatures [11, 13, 18]. However, our data on Na in the samples from Peru (<30–41 mg kg−1 dw) are lower than the values reported (110–190 mg kg−1 dw) in the literatures [11, 19–22].
Nickel compounds have showed an increased risk of lung and nasal cancer in humans [24]. The contents of Ni in the samples were 0.085–4.5 mg kg−1 dw from China and 0.68–1.7 mg kg−1 dw from Peru. However, higher value (11.3 mg kg−1 dw) was found in the literature on the maca from China [13].
Zinc is essential for a number of physiological functions and plays a significant role in many enzyme actions in the living systems [25]. Zn contents in samples were found to be 19–39 mg kg−1 dw from China and 27–39 mg kg−1 dw from Peru, which were in accordance with the values for maca in literature available (25–89 mg kg−1 dw from China and 16–58 mg kg−1 dw from Peru) [10, 11, 13, 18–22].
4. Conclusions
The contents of eight elements of maca collected from China and Peru were determined. Cu contents in all of the maca samples from China, as well as Na contents in two samples from China, were remarkably higher than those values in other samples.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 31460538 and 81260608 and Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant 2013FZ150.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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