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. 2015 Jun 24;7(7):5065–5087. doi: 10.3390/nu7075065

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extract (HLE) on LNCaP tumor growth in the xenograft model. LNCaP cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. At the same time, one of the groups was orally treated with HLE (1.0%). The mice were sacrificed after 42 days, and tumors were collected for analysis. (A) Tumor volume of athymic nude mice at indicative day after tumor inoculation. The values are represented as mean ± SD. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 compared with day 0 of the LNCaP alone group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with the respective time point of the LNCaP alone group. (B) Western blot analysis of PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, NF-κB, and active MMP-9 protein expressions was carried out with tumor tissue extracts. β-actin was served as an internal control of protein level. Determined expression of the protein was subsequently quantified by densitometric analysis with that of control being 100% as shown just below the gel data. (C) A proposed model for the HLE-mediated inhibition of human prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.

Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extract (HLE) on LNCaP tumor growth in the xenograft model. LNCaP cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. At the same time, one of the groups was orally treated with HLE (1.0%). The mice were sacrificed after 42 days, and tumors were collected for analysis. (A) Tumor volume of athymic nude mice at indicative day after tumor inoculation. The values are represented as mean ± SD. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 compared with day 0 of the LNCaP alone group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with the respective time point of the LNCaP alone group. (B) Western blot analysis of PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, NF-κB, and active MMP-9 protein expressions was carried out with tumor tissue extracts. β-actin was served as an internal control of protein level. Determined expression of the protein was subsequently quantified by densitometric analysis with that of control being 100% as shown just below the gel data. (C) A proposed model for the HLE-mediated inhibition of human prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.