The thiG Gene Is Required for Full Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Preventing Cell Aggregation

Xiaoyue Yu; Xiaoyu Liang; Kexue Liu; Wenxia Dong; Jianxin Wang; Ming-guo Zhou

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134237

. 2015 Jul 29;10(7):e0134237. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134237

The thiG Gene Is Required for Full Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Preventing Cell Aggregation

Xiaoyue Yu ¹, Xiaoyu Liang ¹, Kexue Liu ¹, Wenxia Dong ¹, Jianxin Wang ¹, Ming-guo Zhou ^1,^*

Editor: Dipshikha Chakravortty²

PMCID: PMC4519133 PMID: 26222282

Abstract

Bacterial blight of rice is an important serious bacterial diseases of rice in many rice-growing regions, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The thiG gene from Xoo strain ZJ173, which is involved with thiazole moiety production in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, is highly conserved among the members of Xanthomonas. The thiG deletion mutant displayed impaired virulence and growth in thiamine-free medium but maintained its normal growth rate in the rice tissues, indicating that the thiG gene is involved in Xoo virulence. Compared to the wild type strain, the formation of cell-cell aggregates was affected in thiG deletion mutants. Although biofilm formation was promoted, motility and migration in rice leaves were repressed in the thiG mutants, and therefore limited the expansion of pathogen infection in rice. Quorum sensing and extracellular substance are two key factors that contribute to the formation of cell-cell aggregates. Our study found that in the thiG mutant the expression of two genes, rpfC and rpfG, which form a two-component regulatory signal system involved in the regulation of biofilm formation by a second messenger cyclic di-GMP is down-regulated. In addition, our study showed that xanthan production was not affected but the expression of some genes associated with xanthan biosynthesis, like gumD, gumE, gumH and gumM, were up-regulated in thiG mutants. Taken together, these findings are the first to demonstrate the role of the thiazole biosynthsis gene, thiG, in virulence and the formation of aggregates in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Introduction

Thiamine, or vitamin B1, is present in animals, plants and microorganisms as free thiamine or as the phosphorylated form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The thiamine pathway is well understood in prokaryotes [1], and several enzymes in thiamine biosynthesis pathway in prokaryotes have been identified. Thiamine is formed by the coupling of two moieties, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole phosphate (HET-P) and 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine diphosphate (HMP-PP). The hydroxymethyl pyrimidine synthase (ThiC, EC: 4.1.99.17) catalyzes aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) to form hydroxymethl pyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P), and then HMP-P is phosphorylated to HMP-PP by hydroxymethyl pyrimidine (phosphate) kinase (ThiD, EC: 2.7.4.7). Another moiety HET-P is formed from cysteine, tyrosine, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate by the thiazole biosynthesis protein (ThiG, EC: 2.8.1.10). These thiazole and pyrimidine substrates then form thiamine monophosphate by thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase (ThiE, EC: 2.5.1.3), with thiamine monophosphate ultimately being phosphorylated into TPP by thiamine monophosphate kinase (ThiL, EC: 2.7.4.16).

The genus Xanthomonas comprises a group of important and ubiquitous Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria [2]. Xoo is the pathogen of bacterial blight of rice, which is the most serious bacterial disease of rice in many rice-growing regions [3]. In recent years, many studies on Xoo focus on investigating new genes or pathways associated with pathogenicity/virulence [4], and bacterium-plant interactions, but limited attention was focused on the thiamine biosynthesis related genes. By conducting extensive BLAST searches querying the available genome data base of Xoo strain PXO99A (GenBank accession number NC_010717) using the respective homologous enzymes from other organisms, we identified the open reading frames (ORFs) of ThiC (thiC, YP_001915417), ThiD (thiD, YP_001912869), ThiE (thiE, YP_001915211), ThiG (thiG, YP_001914750), and ThiL (thiL, YP_001912199) (unpublished data), which suggests there may be a de novo thiamine biosynthesis pathway in Xoo.

Recently, several studies reported additional functions for the genes involved in thiamine biosynthesis. The knockout of thiD in Listeria monocytogenes reduced the replication of the bacterium in epithelial cells and thereby inhibited its infection of host cells [5]. By screening a Tn-5 tagged library of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, thiE was listed as a virulence factor [6]. The protein encoded by thiG acts as an essential enzyme in thiazole moiety synthesis in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, and other studies revealed additional cellular functions of ThiG, such as tolerance to oxidative and heat stress in Fusarium oxysporum [7] and maintenance of mitochondrial genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [8], in addition to being required for full pathogenicity in Verticillium dahlia [9]. In this paper, we are the first to define the thiG gene as a virulence factor in Xoo, and demonstrate that the loss of virulence is caused by the formation of cell-cell aggregates, which is associated with quorum sensing and xanthan synthesis in Xoo.

Materials and Methods

Plant, bacterial and their culture conditions

Rice cultivar IR24 was grown in the greenhouse at 20–25°C. Plasmids and bacterial in this study are showed in Table 1. Xoo were grown at 28°C in NA medium (yeast extract, 1 g/L; tryptone, 5 g/L; beef extract, 3 g/L; sucrose, 10 g/L; agar,15 g/L) and NB medium (NA without agar). Escherichia coli strains were cultured in LB medium at 37°C [10]. The antibiotic kanamycin was added in LB medium at the final concentration of 25 μg/ml.

Table 1. Strains and plasmids used in this study.

Strais/plasmid	Characteristics	Reference or source
*Escherichia coli*
DH5α	F^-,Ф80dlacZ ΔM15Δ (lacZYA-argF)U169 endA1 deoR recA1 hsdR17(r_K ^-m_K ⁺) phoA supE44λ^- thi-l gyrA96 relA1	Lab collection
**Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae**
ZJ173	Laboratory wild type strain	Lab collection
ΔthiG	A thiG knock-out mutant of strain ZJ173	This study
CΔthiG	ΔthiG harboring pUFR–thiG, Km^R	This study
ΔgumE	A gumE knock-out mutant of strain ZJ173	Lab collection
ΔgumM	A gumM knock-out mutant of strain ZJ173	Lab collection
ΔgumH	A gumH knock-out mutant of strain ZJ173	Lab collection
plasmid
pKMS1	Suicide vector derivative from pK18mobGII, sacB⁺, Km^r	[41]
pK-thiG	A 1034 bp fusion cloned in pKMS1 for a 1236 bp deletion of thiG, Km^r	This study
pUFR034	IncW, Nm^R, Km^R, Mob ⁺, Mob(p), lacZ alpha, PK2 replicon, cosmid	[42]
pUFR-thiG	A 1300bp fusion cloned in pUFR034 including thiG	This study

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Km^r = kanamycin resistance

Sequence analysis

A BLASTP search of the NCBI database (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) was conducted using the amino acid sequence of ZJ173 thiG as a query. Multiple alignments of protein sequences were carried out using ClustalX2, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 4.0 [11].

Construction of thiG deletion mutant and complementation of the thiG mutant

The thiG deletion mutant was generated by non-marker homologous recombination [12], and pKMS1 was using as a suicide vector. The upstream and downstream fragments of thiG, were generated by PCR using the genomic DNA of the wild type strain ZJ173 as the template and the primers listed in S1 Table. The upstream region was digested with BamHI and KpnI, and the downstream region was digested with KpnI and SalI. The two fragments were ligated and cloned in the vector pKMS1 previously digested with BamHI and SalI, resulting in pK-ΔthiG (Table 1). This vector was transformed into ZJ173 competent cells using electroporation, and then the transformants were selected on NA plates with kanamycin but no sucrose. The positive colonies were then transferred to 30ml NB medium without sucrose. After culturing 9 h at 28°C, 200μl of suspension were plated on NA plates with 100g/L sucrose. The positive colonies that grew within 3–4 day were transferred to NA and NA with kanamycin plates, respectively. The colonies sensitive to kanamycin were potential mutants that were subsequently confirmed by PCR amplification and Southern hybridization (Roche, USA) with the primer pair in S1 Table. The confirmed mutant, ΔthiG (Table 1), was used for further study.

The complemented mutant was constructed as described previously [12], amplified products of thiG and its predicted promoter were generated from the genome DNA of ZJ173 with the primers listed in S1 Table. These fragments were digested with KpnI and BamHI and then cloned in pUFR034 previously digested with the same enzymes, resulting in the complemented plasmid pUFR–thiG (Table 1). The vector pUFR–thiG was transformed into ΔthiG competent cells using electroporation and then the complemented strains of ΔthiG were selected on NA plates with kanamycin.

Pathogenicity test

The susceptible rice cultivar IR24 is used for Xoo bacterial strain inoculation. The rice leaves were clipped with sterile scissors dipped in the bacterial suspension (OD₆₀₀ = 1.0) [13].The leaves were clipped with sterile water as control. Disease symptoms were measured on 14th day after inoculation. Each treatment has replicate plants and this experiment was performed three times.

Determination of bacterial growth in the limited nutrient medium, rich nutrient medium and in rice leaf tissues

The growth of the Xoo strains were measured both in vivo and in vitro as described previous [14]. Cells were collected when OD_600nm value reached 0.6 by centrifugation for 1 min at 10000 rpm and resuspended in same volume of sterile water, 3 ml of the cell suspension was added to 100 ml of the limited nutrient medium MMX ((NH₄)₂SO₄, 2 g/L; MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.2 g/L; KH₂PO₄, 6 g/L; K₂HPO₄, 4 g/L; trisodium citrate, 1 g/L; glucose, 5 g/L pH 7.0) and rich nutrient medium NB. The cultures were grown at 28°C and the OD_600nm value was measured every 12 h until bacterial growth reached the stationary phase. Each strain has three replicate flasks and this experiment was repeated three times.

The growth rate of Xoo strain in rice tissues used the susceptible rice cultivar IR24 as the host plant. The bacterial cell was collected by centrifugation and resuspended in equal volume sterile water. Each plant has five leaves for inoculation with Xoo strains. The infiltrated leaves were cut into 6 mm sections around the inoculation spots at different time point after inoculation. After sterilized with 70% ethanol, the leaf sections were grind in 1ml sterile water and diluted in serial concentration, and plated onto NA plates. Each plate was cultured in 28°C incubator and counted the number of colonies after 2–3 days. Each sample was plated onto three plates and this experiment was repeated three times.

Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation, bacterial migration and motility assays

Xoo strains were grown in NB medium for 72h with shaking at 175 rpm at 28°C. EPS in the supernatant was quantified by the colorimetric method used for determination of pentoses and hexoses [15], and was calculated with a standard curve constructed with known amounts of xanthan. Each strain has 3 replications and this experiment was repeated three times.

The method of biofilm formation assay was described by O’Toole and Kolter [16]. Briefly, Xoo strains were grown in NB liquid at 28°C with shaking at 175 rpm for about 24h. Cells were harvested when OD_600nm reached 0.6 by centrifugation for 1 min at 10000 rpm and resuspended in same volume of sterile water, and then 50 μl of the suspension was added to 2ml of NB in glass tubes. The cultures were kept at 28°C without shaking for 5 days. The cultures were removed from tubes and added an equal volume of 1% (w/v) crystal violet staining for 15 min. After removing the unbound dye with H₂O, 90% ethanol was utilized for dissolving the dye bounded on the glass and quantified at 590 nm by spectrophotometry.

For motility assays, 2μl suspension grown at the early logarithmic phase were inoculated on the NB plates with 0.3% (w/v) agar and cultured in 28°C incubator [17]. The motility zone was measured 48 h after incubation. Each strain has three replications and the experiment was performed three times.

The bacterial migration assays was described by Chatterjee. S and Sonti R.V. [18]. The leaves from the susceptible rice cultivar IR24 were dipped in 200ml of sterile water with 0.1% glucose to keep the detached leaves in a fresh condition and maintained for 24h at room temperature prior to inoculation with Xoo strains by leaf clip method as described above. Infected leaves were sterilized by 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and were washed twice in sterile water at 3d after inoculation. The site of inoculation was identified to be the top of the leaf, and 1cm pieces of the sterilized leaves were cut from the bottom to the top. Then these pieces were incubated on NA medium plates and cultured at 28⁰C for 3–4 days. The distance of bacterial migration was estimated by the colonies formed on NA plates. All the bacteria strain were inoculated in 15 leaves and the experiments performed three times.

Real-time Reverse Transcription PCR

The relative expression level of tested genes was measured by real-time PCR with the primers shown in S1 Table. The Xoo strains were inoculated in 30 ml NB; when the OD_600nm value of 0.6 was attained (after 24–36h) and bacterial cells were collected from 1 ml of the suspension. Total RNA of Xoo strain was extracted using the RNA prep pure Cell/Bacteria Kit (TIANGEN, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Then, reverse transcription was performed with 1 μg of each RNA sample using cDNA Synthesis kit (TaKaRa, China). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed with iTaq Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Biorad, USA) on the Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time PCR System and with the following thermal cycle conditions: denaturing at 95°C for 30 s followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 s and 60°C for 34 s. The gyrB gene was used as the endogenous control. All the experiments were repeated three times.

Results and Discussion

The thiG gene is highly conserved within the Xanthomonas genus

A phylogenetic analysis was performed by MEGA 4.0 using the neighbor-joining method [11] (Fig 1A). The amino acid sequence of the ThiG protein in the Xoo strain ZJ173 is almost identical (99% identity) to the reported ThiG protein from the genomes of the Xoo strains, PXO99A, KACC10331, and MAFF311018, indicating that the study of thiG gene in Xoo strain ZJ173 is representative of all the thiG genes in Xoo. The thiazole biosynthesis protein ThiG was highly conserved in the Xanthomonadaceae (87–99% identity), including Xanthomonas, Xylella, and Stenotrophomonas. The ThiG protein shares a lower degree of identity with homologues from E. coli (51%) and B. subtilis (55%) compared with those in Xanthomonadaceae. However, we assumed that the gene thiG in Xoo may have a similar function in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway as that reported for E. coli or B. subtilis [19]. To facilitate the functional study of this gene in Xoo, we constructed the nonpolar thiG deletion mutant, ΔthiG (Table 1), by homologous suicide plasmid integration. Putative deletion colonies were examined by PCR and Southern blotting (Fig 1B). The complemented strain, CΔthiG, was also constructed by introducing into the mutants the recombinant plasmid pUFR–thiG, which carried the entire ORF and the promoters of thiG (Table 1).

The thiG gene is required for the full virulence of Xoo in rice and suppresses growth in minimal medium but not in rice

To investigate whether thiG had an effect on the pathogenicity of Xoo, we examined the virulence of the thiG deletion mutant and its complemented strain CΔthiG on the susceptible rice cultivar IR24. Virulence was determined by lesion length at 14 days after inoculation. The data showed that the lesion length caused by ΔthiG was reduced compared to the wild-type strain ZJ173 and the complemented strain CΔthiG (Fig 2A). Although thiamine had important function in cellular metabolism and the deletion of thiG might be lethal in Xoo, the thiG deletion mutants only showed growth below that of the wild-type strain ZJ173 in the limited nutrition medium (MMX) without exogenous thiamine (Fig 2B). The growth rate of the deletion mutant was similar in the rich nutrition medium (NB), the MMX medium with thiamine supplementation (S1 Fig) and in infected rice tissue to that of the wild-type strain (Fig 2C). A similar phenomenon was also reported in the thiG mutant of Fusarium oxysporum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [7, 8]. This implies that although the growth of the mutant was partially affected in the thiamine-free medium, normal growth patterns were restored when thiamine was present in extracellular environment, such as rice-leaf tissues [20]. In addition, we also found that several thiamine biosynthesis related genes were not required for the full virulence of Xoo. For example, the thiL deletion mutant exhibit a growth deficiency in the MMX medium but had similar virulence as the wild type strain in rice (S2 Fig). The protein encoded by thiL is required for thiamine phosphorylated to form TPP, which is the biologically active form of thiamine acting as the cofactor of key enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and others [21]. In Salmonella typhimurium, a thi operon (thiBPQ) is identified as ABC transport system to uptake exogenous thiamine and TPP [22], suggesting that the interruption of the thiamine biosynthesis pathway is not responsible for the reduction in virulence due to the potential thiamine transport system in Xoo. Taken together, the results indicate that the thiG gene is required for the full virulence of Xoo and that the virulence deficiency of the thiG mutant is not caused by an abnormal condition in the thiamine pathway but is the result of other virulence associated factors. Because the thiG mutant and wild-type strain grow more quickly in rich nutrition medium than in limited medium, we used the rich nutrition medium (NB) in the subsequent studies.

Fig 2 — (A) Representative leaves 14 days after inoculation by the leaf-clipping method and lesion lengths. (B) Growth rate of *Xoo* wild type strain ZJ173, the deletion mutant *ΔthiG* and the complemented strain *CΔthiG* in MMX nutrition limited medium. OD_600nm, optical density at 600 nm. (C) Growth rate of *Xoo* wild type strain ZJ173, the deletion mutant *ΔthiG*, and the complemented strain *CΔthiG* in rice tissues. cfu, colony-forming unit. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Different letters above the data bars represents the significant value P<0.05.

Deletion of thiG in Xoo promoted the biofilm formation but suppressed the swarming motility of Xoo and bacterial migration in rice leaves

Bacteria prefer to accumulating and forming cell-cell aggregation in natural environment rather than living as single cells in the medium. Biofilm, for example, which is associated with the chronic nature of subsequent infections and an increased capacity to tolerate environmental stresses [23]. The exopolysaccharide matrix of cells in biofilms is better at catching nutrients, concentrate enzymes and increasing metabolic activity compared with the cells under planktonic conditions. Meanwhile, these exopolysaccharide matrix is working as a physical barrier to protect the bacteria from environmental, biological, or chemical stresses [24]. Here, we evaluated the biofilm formation, swarming motility and bacterial migration to define the function of thiG in cell-cell aggregation in Xoo. Biofilm production of the wild-type strain ZJ173, the thiG mutant and its complemented strain were quantified at using crystal violet (CV) staining method. The results showed that the wild-type strain and its complemented strain generated half the amount of biofilm as the mutant ΔthiG (Fig 3A). The swarming motility of the mutant was determined by inoculating the bacteria onto a semi-solid NA medium plate. The mutant showed a decrease in swarming motility compared to the wild type strain, and restored in the complemented strain (Fig 3B). The bacterial migration assay was determined by inoculating the bacteria in the detached rice leaves and quantified the distance migrated within the leaves in 3d. The data showed that the distance migrated by thiG mutant is approximately half of the distance of the wild type strain ZJ173 and the complemented strain (Fig 3C). These results suggested that the cell-cell aggregation was affected in thiG deletion mutant. As mentioned above, the lesion length was reduced but the population of ΔthiG in the host was not affected, thereby we suggested that the loss of virulence is caused by the limit of infection progression.

Fig 3 — (A) Biofilm formation was increased in *ΔthiG*, and restored in the complemented strain *CΔthiG*. (B) The swimming motility was decrease in *ΔthiG*, and restored in the complemented strain *CΔthiG*. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Different letters above the data bars represents the significant value P<0.05.

Genes homologous to thiG in microorganisms were reported to be involved in increasing colony frequency and tolerance to both heat stress and oxidative stress [5, 7]. In addition, a genome-scale study of Xac biofilm formation showed 92 genes involved in biofilm formation including thiG, although they failed to demonstrate how biofilm formation was regulated by thiG [25]. These studies further support our conclusion that thiG is involved in cell-cell aggregation of Xoo. Since quorum sensing (QS) and extracellular substance are two key factors that contribute to the formation of cell aggregates, we further investigated these two aspects.

The deletion of thiG negatively regulated the expression of other genes in thiamine biosynthesis pathway and the two-component system rpfC/rpfG

The cell aggregation and QS have closely relationship with each other. QS is a cell-cell communication mechanism that make bacteria recognize the population density by detecting the accumulation of specific signal factor which is secreted by bacteria [26]. In Xcc, diffusible signal factor (DSF) has been identified as signal molecule in QS system that regulated a lot of biological function, such as biofilm development and virulence [27]. The two-component system RpfC/RpfG has been implicated in DSF perception and signal transduction and can influence intracellular regulatory networks through c-di-GMP [28]. The Xcc mutants in the rpfC/rpfG system that growing in an aggregated fashion in culture failed to degrade c-di-GMP to two molecules of GMP leading to an increase in the cellular c-di-GMP level [29]. The alterations of c-di-GMP level may promote the binding to the cyclic-AMP receptor-like protein Clp, and then increase the production of ManA which is responsible for biofilm dispersing and repress xagABC expression which are required for exopolysaccharide synthesis [30]. Our data showed that the expression level of rpfC and rpfG were down regulated in the thiG deletion mutant compared to the wild type strain (Fig 4B), which means the RpfC/RpfG signaling system is involved in the formation of cells aggregates in the thiG deletion mutant.

Fig 4 — (A) The expression level of *thiC*, *thiD* and *thiE* in *ΔthiG* compare with the wild type strain ZJ173. (B) The expression of *rpfC* and *rpfG* in the mutant compared to the wild type strain ZJ173. Wild-type strain ZJ173 expression level was set as 1. *gyrB* was used as an internal control for data analyses. Vertical bars represent standard errors.

Then we questioned why thiG is involved in the QS genes regulation. As mentioned above, AIR is a substrate of pyrimidine moiety biosynthesis in thiamine biosynthesis pathway, which is also an intermediate product in the purine biosynthesis pathway, and this pathway also generates c-di-GMP [31]. Considering the function of thiG in thiamine biosynthesis in Xoo, we hypothesized that other genes in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway may be affected in thiG deletion mutant and then indirectly modulate the intercellular c-di-GMP level. It has been proved that the expression of thiamine biosynthesis genes are induced in the absence of thiamine, and suppressed in the presence of thiamine in prokaryote and eukaryote [32]. In our study, all the Xoo strains are cultured in rich nutrition medium which means that the expression of thiamine biosynthesis genes should be repressed in Xoo due to the exogenous thiamine. However, our data showed that the expression of thi genes were affected and exhibit different regulation extent in the thiG mutant background. The expression of thiC and thiE is down-regulated compared with the wild type strain but thiD exhibit a similar regulation extent (Fig 4A). The study in E.coli showed that there are three thiamine biosynthesis operons in the genome (thiCEFSGH, thiMD, and thiBPQ), and each operons have one thi box sequence to regulate these genes translation [33]. It may be possible that thiD and thiCE genes is belong to two operons and controlled by respective thi box for translation leading to the different regulation tendency of these genes in the thiG mutant. Further analysis the linking of c-di-GMP mediated signaling network with thiG, we hypothesi3 that the expression of other thi genes is repressed in the thiG mutant background, which may cause the alteration of the intercellular c-di-GMP level and then the c-di-GMP mediated signaling network is modulated to cooperation with this alteration.

The deletion of thiG had no effect of xanthan production but positively regulated some gum genes expression

Flemming, H. C et al. (2007) pointed out if biofilms is a “city of microbes”, then EPS is just like the “house of the biofilm cells” [34]. In Xcc, the synthesis of the EPS xanthan plays important role in the integrity of cell aggregation. The xanthan possibly works on: interchain helix formation, chain–chain entanglements, interaction of the polysaccharide molecules with surface-attached components or interactions with other polysaccharide molecules [35]. EPS plays an important role in many cellular processes in microorganisms, like adhesion, aggregation of cells, pathogenicity, and so on [36]. In the Xanthononas genus, one of the most important EPS formations is xanthan, defined as pentasaccharide repeat units of glucose–glucose–mannose–glucuronate–mannose. The polysaccharides form as strands attached to the bacterial cell surface, which form a complex network surrounding the cell [37]. To investigate whether xanthan is involved in cell-cell aggregation in the thiG mutant, we examined the xanthan production in the wild type strain ZJ173, the mutant ΔthiG and its complemented strain CΔthiG. Unexpectedly, the production of xanthan in ΔthiG showed no significant difference compared to ZJ173 and CΔthiG (Fig 5B). Although EPS may promote adherence to a wide variety of solid substrate, its structures also play a crucial role in the cells aggregation. In oral biofilms, EPS structures provide a binding location for other oral bacteria and then permit accretion of cells. The poorly water-soluble α-D-glucose molecules are secreted first and attach to the oral surfaces. Oral streptococci can then bind subsequently, therefore making glucose act as intra-molecular bridge [38]. Xanthan biosynthesis and export is regulated by the gum gene cluster, which is composed of 13 genes (gumB to gumN) in Xoo [39]. The transcriptional expression of gum genes was identified and analyzed in the thiG mutant by RT-PCR. The data showed that the expression of most of the gum genes is not significantly altered in the thiG mutant, however, the gumD, gumE, gumH and gumM genes are up-regulated more than two fold in the thiG deletion mutant compared to the wild type strain (Fig 5A). Pervious literature reports that GumD and GumM are the initial and second glycosyltransferase, which are responsible for the transfer of a glucose moiety to form a 1, 4-linked glucose-disaccharide with the lipid carrier, and that GumH transfers GDP-mannose to the disaccharide with 1, 3-glycosidic link, and that GumE is possible for the polymerase function [37]. Zhang et al. showed that the deletion of gumD down regulates the biofilm formation in Xoc [40]. Our study found that the biofilm formation in gumE, gumH and gumM deletion mutants are also repressed (Fig 5C), suggesting that gumE, gumH and gumM may positively regulate biofilm formation. The transcriptional regulation of these gum genes indicated that the structure of xanthan could be influenced in the thiG mutant even though the production was not changed, which lead to the formation of cell-cell aggregates. Whether the thiG gene regulates these genes directly or indirectly needs to be further investigated.

Fig 5 — (A) The expression level of 13 *gum* genes in the *thiG* mutant compared to the wild type strain ZJ173.Wild-type strain ZJ173 expression level was set as 1. *gyrB* was used as an internal control for data analyses. (B) The xanthan production in the mutant compare with the wild-type strain ZJ173. Wild-type strain ZJ173 was set as equal to 100%. (C) Biofilm formation is decreased in *gumE*, *gumM* and *gumH* mutants compared to the wild-type strain ZJ173. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Different letters above the data bars represents the significant value P<0.05.

Conclusion

The findings in this study demonstrated that the thiG gene, which is involved in the thiazole moiety production in thiamine biosynthesis pathway, is required for the full virulence of Xoo on rice. The knockout of thiG in Xoo caused a decrease in growth rate in limited nutrition medium, but not in the host. Meanwhile, the formation of cell-cell aggregates like biofilm formation, swarming motility and bacterial migration in rice were influenced in the thiG mutant. These results suggest that the loss of virulence maybe caused by a reduction in the infection progression in rice. Moreover, the deletion of thiG suppressed the expression level of the rpfC and rpfG, which might indirectly induce abnormal regulation of thiamine biosynthesis in the thiG mutant. Xanthan production was not changed in the mutant but the expression of some gum genes were up-regulated, but how the absence of thiG affects the regulation of gum gene expression needs further study. These results provide new insight about role of the thiG gene in Xoo virulence and serve as an example for future research to investigate alternative functions of genes in vitamin biosynthesis pathways.

Supporting Information

S1 Fig. The growth ability of the thiG mutant in the rich nutrition medium and the limited nutrition medium with thiamine supplementation.

(A) Growth rate of Xoo wild type strain ZJ173 and the deletion mutant ΔthiG in NB nutrition rich medium. (B) The growth ability of Xoo wild type strain ZJ173 and the deletion mutant ΔthiG in nutrition limited medium MMX with 0, 0.5, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml thiamine. The growth deficiency of ΔthiG is restored in MMX medium by thiamine supplementation. OD_600nm, optical density at 600 nm. Vertical bars represent standard errors.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(48KB, docx)}

S2 Fig. Effect of the thiL mutant on virulence and growth rates.

(A) Representative leaves 14 days after inoculation by the leaf-clipping method and lesion lengths. (B) Growth rate of Xoo wild type strain ZJ173, the deletion mutant ΔthiL in MMX nutrition limited medium. The thiL deletion mutant exhibit a growth deficiency in the MMX medium but had similar virulence as the wild type strain in rice. OD_600nm, optical density at 600 nm. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Different letters above the data bars represents the significant value P<0.05.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(47.4KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Primers used in this study.

(DOC)

Click here for additional data file.^{(51KB, doc)}

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Dr. Yongping Duan and Dr. Cheryl Armstrong for editing the language and Dr. Guoliang Qian for providing vector pKMS1.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program (2012BAD19B01) to MZ. The funders had the role in the study design and data analysis, decision to publish.

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7. Ruiz-Roldán C, Puerto-Galán L, Roa J, Castro A, Di Pietro A, Roncero MIG, et al. The Fusarium oxysporum sti35 gene functions in thiamine biosynthesis and oxidative stress response. Fungal genetics and biology. 2008;45(1):6–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Machado CR, Praekelt UM, de Oliveira RC, Barbosa ACC, Byrne KL, Meacock PA, et al. Dual role for the yeast THI4 gene in thiamine biosynthesis and DNA damage tolerance. Journal of molecular biology. 1997;273(1):114–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Hoppenau CE, Tran V-T, Kusch H, Aßhauer KP, Landesfeind M, Meinicke P, et al. Verticillium dahliae VdTHI4, involved in thiazole biosynthesis, stress response and DNA repair functions, is required for vascular disease induction in tomato. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2014;108:14–22. [Google Scholar]
10.Miller JH. Experiments in molecular genetics. 1972.
11. Kumar S, Nei M, Dudley J, Tamura K. MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Briefings in bioinformatics. 2008;9(4):299–306. 10.1093/bib/bbn017 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Zhao Y, Qian G, Yin F, Fan J, Zhai Z, Liu C, et al. Proteomic analysis of the regulatory function of DSF-dependent quorum sensing in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Microbial pathogenesis. 2011;50(1):48–55. 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.09.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13. Kauffman H, Reddy A, Hsieh S, Merca S. Improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae . Plant Disease Reporter. 1973. [Google Scholar]
14. Qian G, Liu C, Wu G, Yin F, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, et al. AsnB, regulated by diffusible signal factor and global regulator Clp, is involved in aspartate metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Molecular plant pathology. 2013;14(2):145–57. 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00838.x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15. Denny T. Involvement of bacterial polysaccharides in plant pathogenesis. Annual review of phytopathology. 1995;33(1):173–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. O'Toole GA, Kolter R. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Molecular microbiology. 1998;30(2):295–304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17. Chesnokova O, Coutinho JB, Khan IH, Mikhail MS, Kado CI. Characterization of flagella genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the effect of a bald strain on virulence. Molecular microbiology. 1997;23(3):579–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18. Chatterjee S, Sonti RV. rpfF mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are deficient for virulence and growth under low iron conditions. Molecular plant-microbe interactions. 2002;15(5):463–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Rodionov DA, Vitreschak AG, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS. Comparative genomics of thiamin biosynthesis in procaryotes New genes and regulatory mechanisms. Journal of Biological chemistry. 2002;277(50):48949–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Wang G, Ding X, Yuan M, Qiu D, Li X, Xu C, et al. Dual function of rice OsDR8 gene in disease resistance and thiamine accumulation. Plant molecular biology. 2006;60(3):437–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21. Webb E, Downs D. Characterization of thiL, encoding thiamin-monophosphate kinase, in Salmonella typhimurium . Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997;272(25):15702–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22. Webb E, Claas K, Downs D. thiBPQ Encodes an ABC Transporter Required for Transport of Thiamine and Thiamine Pyrophosphate in Salmonella typhimurium . Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998;273(15):8946–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Crossman L, Dow JM. Biofilm formation and dispersal in Xanthomonas campestris . Microbes and infection. 2004;6(6):623–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24. Monier J-M, Lindow S. Differential survival of solitary and aggregated bacterial cells promotes aggregate formation on leaf surfaces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(26):15977–82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25. Li J, Wang N. Genome-wide mutagenesis of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri reveals novel genetic determinants and regulation mechanisms of biofilm formation. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21804 10.1371/journal.pone.0021804 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26. von Bodman SB, Bauer WD, Coplin DL. Quorum sensing in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annual review of phytopathology. 2003;41(1):455–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. He Y-W, Zhang L-H. Quorum sensing and virulence regulation in Xanthomonas campestris . FEMS microbiology reviews. 2008;32(5):842–57. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00120.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers P, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical chemistry. 1956;28(3):350–6. [Google Scholar]
29. Tao F, Swarup S, Zhang LH. Quorum sensing modulation of a putative glycosyltransferase gene cluster essential for Xanthomonas campestris biofilm formation. Environmental microbiology. 2010;12(12):3159–70. 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02288.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30. Solano C, Echeverz M, Lasa I. Biofilm dispersion and quorum sensing. Current opinion in microbiology. 2014;18:96–104. 10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31. Yuan Z, Wang L, Sun S, Wu Y, Qian W. Genetic and proteomic analyses of a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris purC mutant deficient in purine biosynthesis and virulence. Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 2013;40(9):473–87. 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.05.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32. Nosaka K. Recent progress in understanding thiamin biosynthesis and its genetic regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2006;72(1):30–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33. Miranda-Ríos J, Navarro M, Soberón M. A conserved RNA structure (thi box) is involved in regulation of thiamin biosynthetic gene expression in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(17):9736–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34. Flemming H-C, Neu TR, Wozniak DJ. The EPS matrix: the “house of biofilm cells”. Journal of bacteriology. 2007;189(22):7945–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Sutherland IW. Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology. 2001;147(1):3–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Büttner D, Bonas U. Regulation and secretion of Xanthomonas virulence factors. FEMS microbiology reviews. 2010;34(2):107–33. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00192.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. Vorhölter F-J, Schneiker S, Goesmann A, Krause L, Bekel T, Kaiser O, et al. The genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 and its use for the reconstruction of metabolic pathways involved in xanthan biosynthesis. Journal of biotechnology. 2008;134(1):33–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. Jenkinson H, Lamont R. Streptococcal adhesion and colonization. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 1997;8(2):175–200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. Katzen F, Ferreiro DU, Oddo CG, Ielmini MV, Becker A, Pühler A, et al. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum Mutants: Effects on Xanthan Biosynthesis and Plant Virulence. Journal of Bacteriology. 1998;180(7):1607–17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Zhang Y, Wei C, Jiang W, Wang L, Li C, Wang Y, et al. The HD-GYP domain protein RpfG of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola regulates synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides that contribute to biofilm formation and virulence on rice. PloS one. 2013;8(3):e59428 10.1371/journal.pone.0059428 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. Schäfer A, Tauch A, Jäger W, Kalinowski J, Thierbach G, Pühler A. Small mobilizable multi-purpose cloning vectors derived from the Escherichia coli plasmids pK18 and pK19: selection of defined deletions in the chromosome of Corynebacterium glutamicum . Gene. 1994;145(1):69–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. DeFeyter R, Kado CI, Gabriel DW. Small, stable shuttle vectors for use in Xanthomonas. Gene. 1990;88(1):65–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Fig. The growth ability of the thiG mutant in the rich nutrition medium and the limited nutrition medium with thiamine supplementation.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(48KB, docx)}

S2 Fig. Effect of the thiL mutant on virulence and growth rates.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(47.4KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Primers used in this study.

(DOC)

Click here for additional data file.^{(51KB, doc)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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[pone.0134237.ref007] 7. Ruiz-Roldán C, Puerto-Galán L, Roa J, Castro A, Di Pietro A, Roncero MIG, et al. The Fusarium oxysporum sti35 gene functions in thiamine biosynthesis and oxidative stress response. Fungal genetics and biology. 2008;45(1):6–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref008] 8. Machado CR, Praekelt UM, de Oliveira RC, Barbosa ACC, Byrne KL, Meacock PA, et al. Dual role for the yeast THI4 gene in thiamine biosynthesis and DNA damage tolerance. Journal of molecular biology. 1997;273(1):114–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref009] 9. Hoppenau CE, Tran V-T, Kusch H, Aßhauer KP, Landesfeind M, Meinicke P, et al. Verticillium dahliae VdTHI4, involved in thiazole biosynthesis, stress response and DNA repair functions, is required for vascular disease induction in tomato. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2014;108:14–22. [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref010] 10.Miller JH. Experiments in molecular genetics. 1972.

[pone.0134237.ref011] 11. Kumar S, Nei M, Dudley J, Tamura K. MEGA: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Briefings in bioinformatics. 2008;9(4):299–306. 10.1093/bib/bbn017 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref012] 12. Zhao Y, Qian G, Yin F, Fan J, Zhai Z, Liu C, et al. Proteomic analysis of the regulatory function of DSF-dependent quorum sensing in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Microbial pathogenesis. 2011;50(1):48–55. 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.09.002 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref013] 13. Kauffman H, Reddy A, Hsieh S, Merca S. Improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae . Plant Disease Reporter. 1973. [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref014] 14. Qian G, Liu C, Wu G, Yin F, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, et al. AsnB, regulated by diffusible signal factor and global regulator Clp, is involved in aspartate metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola . Molecular plant pathology. 2013;14(2):145–57. 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00838.x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref015] 15. Denny T. Involvement of bacterial polysaccharides in plant pathogenesis. Annual review of phytopathology. 1995;33(1):173–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref016] 16. O'Toole GA, Kolter R. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Molecular microbiology. 1998;30(2):295–304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref017] 17. Chesnokova O, Coutinho JB, Khan IH, Mikhail MS, Kado CI. Characterization of flagella genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the effect of a bald strain on virulence. Molecular microbiology. 1997;23(3):579–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref018] 18. Chatterjee S, Sonti RV. rpfF mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are deficient for virulence and growth under low iron conditions. Molecular plant-microbe interactions. 2002;15(5):463–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref019] 19. Rodionov DA, Vitreschak AG, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS. Comparative genomics of thiamin biosynthesis in procaryotes New genes and regulatory mechanisms. Journal of Biological chemistry. 2002;277(50):48949–59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref020] 20. Wang G, Ding X, Yuan M, Qiu D, Li X, Xu C, et al. Dual function of rice OsDR8 gene in disease resistance and thiamine accumulation. Plant molecular biology. 2006;60(3):437–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref021] 21. Webb E, Downs D. Characterization of thiL, encoding thiamin-monophosphate kinase, in Salmonella typhimurium . Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997;272(25):15702–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref022] 22. Webb E, Claas K, Downs D. thiBPQ Encodes an ABC Transporter Required for Transport of Thiamine and Thiamine Pyrophosphate in Salmonella typhimurium . Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998;273(15):8946–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref023] 23. Crossman L, Dow JM. Biofilm formation and dispersal in Xanthomonas campestris . Microbes and infection. 2004;6(6):623–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref024] 24. Monier J-M, Lindow S. Differential survival of solitary and aggregated bacterial cells promotes aggregate formation on leaf surfaces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(26):15977–82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref025] 25. Li J, Wang N. Genome-wide mutagenesis of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri reveals novel genetic determinants and regulation mechanisms of biofilm formation. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21804 10.1371/journal.pone.0021804 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref026] 26. von Bodman SB, Bauer WD, Coplin DL. Quorum sensing in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annual review of phytopathology. 2003;41(1):455–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref027] 27. He Y-W, Zhang L-H. Quorum sensing and virulence regulation in Xanthomonas campestris . FEMS microbiology reviews. 2008;32(5):842–57. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00120.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref028] 28. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers P, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical chemistry. 1956;28(3):350–6. [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref029] 29. Tao F, Swarup S, Zhang LH. Quorum sensing modulation of a putative glycosyltransferase gene cluster essential for Xanthomonas campestris biofilm formation. Environmental microbiology. 2010;12(12):3159–70. 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02288.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref030] 30. Solano C, Echeverz M, Lasa I. Biofilm dispersion and quorum sensing. Current opinion in microbiology. 2014;18:96–104. 10.1016/j.mib.2014.02.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref031] 31. Yuan Z, Wang L, Sun S, Wu Y, Qian W. Genetic and proteomic analyses of a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris purC mutant deficient in purine biosynthesis and virulence. Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 2013;40(9):473–87. 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.05.003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref032] 32. Nosaka K. Recent progress in understanding thiamin biosynthesis and its genetic regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2006;72(1):30–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref033] 33. Miranda-Ríos J, Navarro M, Soberón M. A conserved RNA structure (thi box) is involved in regulation of thiamin biosynthetic gene expression in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(17):9736–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref034] 34. Flemming H-C, Neu TR, Wozniak DJ. The EPS matrix: the “house of biofilm cells”. Journal of bacteriology. 2007;189(22):7945–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref035] 35. Sutherland IW. Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology. 2001;147(1):3–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref036] 36. Büttner D, Bonas U. Regulation and secretion of Xanthomonas virulence factors. FEMS microbiology reviews. 2010;34(2):107–33. 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00192.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref037] 37. Vorhölter F-J, Schneiker S, Goesmann A, Krause L, Bekel T, Kaiser O, et al. The genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 and its use for the reconstruction of metabolic pathways involved in xanthan biosynthesis. Journal of biotechnology. 2008;134(1):33–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref038] 38. Jenkinson H, Lamont R. Streptococcal adhesion and colonization. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine. 1997;8(2):175–200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref039] 39. Katzen F, Ferreiro DU, Oddo CG, Ielmini MV, Becker A, Pühler A, et al. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum Mutants: Effects on Xanthan Biosynthesis and Plant Virulence. Journal of Bacteriology. 1998;180(7):1607–17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref040] 40. Zhang Y, Wei C, Jiang W, Wang L, Li C, Wang Y, et al. The HD-GYP domain protein RpfG of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola regulates synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides that contribute to biofilm formation and virulence on rice. PloS one. 2013;8(3):e59428 10.1371/journal.pone.0059428 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref041] 41. Schäfer A, Tauch A, Jäger W, Kalinowski J, Thierbach G, Pühler A. Small mobilizable multi-purpose cloning vectors derived from the Escherichia coli plasmids pK18 and pK19: selection of defined deletions in the chromosome of Corynebacterium glutamicum . Gene. 1994;145(1):69–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0134237.ref042] 42. DeFeyter R, Kado CI, Gabriel DW. Small, stable shuttle vectors for use in Xanthomonas. Gene. 1990;88(1):65–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

The thiG Gene Is Required for Full Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Preventing Cell Aggregation

Xiaoyue Yu

Xiaoyu Liang

Kexue Liu

Wenxia Dong

Jianxin Wang

Ming-guo Zhou

Roles

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Plant, bacterial and their culture conditions

Table 1. Strains and plasmids used in this study.

Sequence analysis

Construction of thiG deletion mutant and complementation of the thiG mutant

Pathogenicity test

Determination of bacterial growth in the limited nutrient medium, rich nutrient medium and in rice leaf tissues

Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation, bacterial migration and motility assays

Real-time Reverse Transcription PCR

Results and Discussion

The thiG gene is highly conserved within the Xanthomonas genus

Fig 1. Phylogenetic analysis of thiG, ∆thiG construction, and its molecular confirmation.

The thiG gene is required for the full virulence of Xoo in rice and suppresses growth in minimal medium but not in rice

Fig 2. Effect of the thiG mutant on virulence and growth rates.

Deletion of thiG in Xoo promoted the biofilm formation but suppressed the swarming motility of Xoo and bacterial migration in rice leaves

Fig 3. Effect of thiG mutant on biofilm formation and swimming motility.

The deletion of thiG negatively regulated the expression of other genes in thiamine biosynthesis pathway and the two-component system rpfC/rpfG

Fig 4. Regulation of the expression of other genes in thiamine biosynthesis and the two-conpoment regulatory genes, rpfC/rpfG, in the thiG deletion mutant.

The deletion of thiG had no effect of xanthan production but positively regulated some gum genes expression

Fig 5. thiG is involved in regulating xanthan biosynthesis genes expression but had no effect on xanthan production.

Conclusion

Supporting Information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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