Abstract
Objective
Symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with impaired walking endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is unknown whether asymptomatic PAD is associated with impaired walking endurance in patients with COPD.
Methods
This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 200 COPD patients (mean age: 70.9 years) who volunteered to perform ankle-brachial index (ABI) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) consecutively. Demographic data, lung function, dyspnea scales, and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. The ABI was used to detect PAD (ABI <0.90). All patients were free of PAD symptoms at enrollment.
Results
Of the 200 COPD patients, 17 (8.5%) were diagnosed with asymptomatic PAD. The COPD patients without asymptomatic PAD did not walk significantly further on the 6MWT than the COPD patients with asymptomatic PAD (439±86 m vs 408±74 m, P=0.159). The strongest correlation with the distance walked on the 6MWT was Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (r2=−0.667, P<0.001), followed by oxygen-cost diagram (r2=0.582, P<0.001) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r2=0.532, P<0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, only age, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and baseline pulse oximetry were independently correlated with the distance covered on the 6MWT (P<0.05). However, body mass index, baseline heart rate, and ABI were not correlated with the distance covered on the 6MWT.
Conclusion
Asymptomatic PAD is not associated with walking endurance in patients with COPD. Therefore, it is important to detect and treat asymptomatic PAD early so that COPD patients do not progress to become exercise intolerant. Limited by the small sample size and predominantly male (99%) population in the study, further large-scale prospective studies are needed to verify the results.
Keywords: peripheral arterial disease, COPD, ankle-brachial index, 6-minute walk tests
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health issue with an estimated prevalence rate of around 5%–13%.1,2 Although irreversible airflow limitation resulting from an abnormal inflammatory response to inhaled particles and gases is the characteristic pathogenesis of COPD, it is not only a pulmonary disorder3 but also a systemic disease that contributes to exercise intolerance, depression,4,5 muscle dysfunction,6,7 and bone fractures from accelerated osteoporosis.8,9 Notably, COPD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidities,10,11 among which peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is highly prevalent in Western countries.12–14
PAD is a progressive, atherosclerotic process that affects noncoronary arteries and is defined by an ankle-brachial index (ABI) of <0.9.15 PAD is typically asymptomatic before progressing to clinical stages ranging from intermittent claudication, foot ulcers, or pain on walking, to critical limb ischemia.16 Subsequently, the progression of PAD may result in functional decline and worse exercise performance over time.17 It is known that symptomatic PAD is associated with impaired walking endurance in patients with COPD. Castagna et al showed that the distance covered during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was positively associated with the degree of symptomatic PAD in COPD patients.12 However, it is unknown whether asymptomatic PAD is associated with walking endurance in patients with COPD.
In the current study, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Case Management Program and Integrated Care for patients with COPD (CMPICO) cohort18 with 200 COPD patients enrolled during a 4-year period. The primary aim was to investigate the association between asymptomatic PAD and walking endurance, measured by the 6MWT in COPD patients. The second aim was to analyze which factors were associated with the distance achieved on the 6MWT by linear regression analysis.
Materials and methods
Study design
In this cross-sectional study, we examined data (collected from January 2011 to November 2014) of participants enrolled in the CMPICO study.18 In brief, part of the CMPICO study was designed to investigate relevant comorbidities in patients with COPD such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and psychological diseases. The study was carried out at the outpatient department of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, which is a 1,000-bed community-based teaching hospital in Chiayi, Taiwan. The Institutional Review Board of Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital approved this study. The majority of the enrolled individuals provided written informed consent; however, there were a few illiterate subjects. Our team explained the study design thoroughly to these illiterate subjects, and if they agreed to participate, they signed consent forms using fingerprints instead of a written signature.
Subjects
COPD patients who volunteered to undergo ABI measurements and the 6MWT were enrolled in the CMPICO study. All of the patients were free of obvious symptoms of PAD such as intermittent claudication, foot ulcers, or pain on walking. The diagnosis of COPD was based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines.19 The patients who were not current or former smokers with at least a 10-pack-year history were excluded. Eligible patients were 46–89 years of age with a postbroncho-dilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity ratio of <0.7.19 The patients with a history of bronchial asthma and other structural lung diseases (such as lung cancer, bronchiectasis, and fibrotic lung) were excluded. A chest physician carefully reviewed chest radiographs of all of the patients. A total of 200 patients (99% male) with a mean age of 70.9±8.9 years met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Once a participant was diagnosed as having asymptomatic PAD, they were referred to the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery for further management. Lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation and exercise) and pharmacotherapy (for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia) were then suggested.
Data collection
Interviews were conducted by a trained staff in charge of COPD case management who used a well-established questionnaire to collect demographic information of the study participants, including date of birth, sex, smoking status, and personal medical history. Body weight, height, and blood pressure were measured for each participant. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m2). The subjects self-reported their medical history, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, for which the diagnostic definitions were detailed in our previous study.18 Smoking status was also evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire.
Measurement of ABI
Ankle and brachial pressures were measured using volume plethysmographic apparatus (VaSeraH VS-1000, Fukuda Denshi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The procedure and method of measuring the ABI were also detailed in our previous report.18 Participants with an ABI score of <0.9 were defined as having PAD, and those with an ABI score of $0.9 as not having PAD.15
Six-minute walk test
Performance on the 6MWT has been reported to be highly correlated with exercise capacity in patients with COPD,20,21 and physical activity is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with COPD.22 The standard procedure of the 6MWT was based on the American Thoracic Society guidelines.23 A hallway in the hospital was used, and a distance of 30 m was outlined with markings on the floor at each end. Before the test, the patients completed several relevant simple questionnaires, including the oxygen-cost diagram,24,25 Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale,26 and Borg scale,27 and several physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, and baseline pulse oximetry [SpO2]) were also measured for each patient.
The participants were asked to walk from one end to the other at their own pace, attempting to cover as much distance as possible. They were allowed to stop and rest as needed, but they were encouraged to continue walking after recovery. A trained research nurse timed the walk, recorded the total distance covered, and monitored SpO2 continuously throughout the test. Immediately after the test, all of the physiological parameters and Borg scale were measured again. Because SpO2 was recorded during the entire test, beginning, minimum, and end SpO2 values were recorded for each patient.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software for Windows version 21 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Student’s t-test was used when data were normally distributed; otherwise, the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used. Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test if the observed numbers in all categories were larger than 5; otherwise, Fisher’s exact test was used. Factors independently associated with distance achieved in the 6MWT were explored using a multiple linear regression model.
Results
During the 4-year study period, 200 patients with COPD were enrolled, 47% of whom were current smokers. The most predominant underlying disease was hypertension (n=98, 49%), followed by diabetes mellitus (n=35, 17.5%) and hyperlipidemia (n=23, 11.5%). According to the GOLD criteria, the percentages of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe COPD were 14%, 48%, 31%, and 7%, respectively. Of the 200 COPD patients, 17 (8.5%) were diagnosed with asymptomatic PAD.
Comparing the characteristics and pulmonary function tests between the COPD patients with and without asymptomatic PAD, those with asymptomatic PAD had a significantly higher rate of hyperlipidemia (35.3% vs 9.3%, P=0.006) and number of cigarette pack-years (69.2 vs 50.3, P=0.021) than the patients without asymptomatic PAD. There were no differences in age, BMI, smoking history, and pulmonary function tests between the two groups (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic data of all enrolled COPD patients with and without asymptomatic PAD
| PAD (+) (n=17) | PAD (−) (n=183) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 71.9±9 | 70.9±9 | 0.645 |
| Sex, male | 17 (100%) | 184 (98.9%) | |
| BMI | 24.1±3.5 | 22.8±3.5 | 0.135 |
| Smoking | 17 (100%) | 186 (100%) | 1.000 |
| Current | 8 (47.1%) | 86 (47%) | 1.000 |
| Former | 9 (52.9%) | 97 (53%) | |
| Pack-years | 69.2±44 | 50.3±30 | 0.021 |
| DM | 6 (35.3%) | 29 (15.8%) | 0.086 |
| Hypertension | 11 (64.7%) | 87 (47.5%) | 0.210 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6 (35.3%) | 17 (9.3%) | 0.006 |
| FEV1 | 1.20±0.4 | 1.28±0.5 | 0.571 |
| FEV1 % predicted | 55.9±19 | 56.5±18 | 0.907 |
| FEV1/FVC | 52.9±9 | 54.8±8 | 0.430 |
| MMEF% | 20.2±8 | 21.7±9 | 0.380 |
| ABI | 0.86±0.1 | 1.09±0.1 | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; MMEF, maximum mid-expiratory flow; ABI, ankle-brachial index.
The COPD patients without asymptomatic PAD achieved a longer distance on the 6MWT than the COPD patients with asymptomatic PAD, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (439±86 vs 408±74 m, P=0.159). In addition, there were no significant differences in any of the variables including dyspnea scales and physiological parameters obtained before and after the 6MWT between the two groups (Table 2).
Table 2.
Variables obtained before and after the 6-minute walk test in COPD patients with and without asymptomatic PAD
| PAD (+) (n=17) | PAD (−) (n=183) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline data obtained before the 6MWT | |||
| Oxygen-cost diagram | 4.8±1.5 | 5.1±1.8 | 0.504 |
| MRC dyspnea scale | 2.7±0.8 | 2.5±0.8 | 0.246 |
| Baseline Borg | 0.73±1.3 | 0.65±1.1 | 0.751 |
| Baseline HR | 87±17 | 83±15 | 0.242 |
| Systolic BP | 140±13 | 138±17 | 0.658 |
| Diastolic BP | 82±8 | 84±12 | 0.447 |
| Baseline SpO2 | 95±2 | 95±2 | 0.493 |
| Data obtained at the end of the 6MWT | |||
| HR | 113±24 | 114±18 | 0.868 |
| Borg scale | 4.71±1.6 | 4.58±1.6 | 0.750 |
| Minimum SpO2 | 90±3 | 90±5 | 0.974 |
| End SpO2 | 92±3 | 92±5 | 0.919 |
| 6MWT, m | 408±74 | 439±86 | 0.159 |
| 6MWT (% pred) | 93.2±17 | 97.5±18 | 0.354 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; MRC, Medical Research Council; HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; pred, predicted.
Correlations between the distance covered on the 6MWT and several dyspnea scales and physiological variables were further analyzed by Pearson correlation tests. As expected, most of the variables were significantly correlated with the distance covered on the 6MWT (P<0.05), except for cigarette pack-year history, ABI value, and blood pressure. Of the enrolled patients, the strongest correlations with the 6MWT were the MRC dyspnea scale (r2=−0.667, P<0.001), followed by oxygen-cost diagram (r2=0.582, P<0.001) and FEV1 (r2=0.532, P<0.001) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Pearson correlation (r2) between distance covered on the 6-minute walk test and physiological variables, dyspnea scales, and pulmonary function tests in all enrolled COPD patients (n=200)
| Variables | r2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| BMI | 0.145 | 0.041 |
| ABI | 0.136 | 0.054 |
| Age | −0.476 | <0.001 |
| Smoke, pack-year | −0.052 | 0.462 |
| MRC dyspnea scale | −0.667 | <0.001 |
| Baseline Borg scale | −0.279 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen-cost diagram | 0.582 | <0.001 |
| Baseline SBP | −0.105 | 0.138 |
| Baseline DBP | −0.046 | 0.514 |
| Baseline SpO2 | 0.342 | <0.001 |
| Minimum SpO2 | 0.400 | <0.001 |
| Baseline HR | −0.183 | 0.009 |
| FEV1 | 0.532 | <0.001 |
| MMEF | 0.515 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; ABI, ankle-brachial index; MRC, Medical Research Council; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation; HR, heart rate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; MMEF, maximum mid-expiratory flow.
In multivariate linear regression analysis, only age, FEV1, and baseline SpO2 were significantly correlated with distance covered on the 6MWT (P<0.05) in all enrolled COPD patients (n=200), and BMI, baseline heart rate, and ABI were no longer correlated with the 6MWT (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multiple linear regression analysis of factors associated with distance covered on the 6-minute walk test in all enrolled COPD patients (n=200)
| Variable | Standardized coefficients – beta | Student’s t-test | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.348 | −5.998 | <0.0001 |
| BMI | 0.048 | 0.859 | 0.391 |
| FEV1 | 0.349 | 5.615 | <0.001 |
| Baseline SpO2 | 0.132 | 2.209 | 0.028 |
| Baseline HR | −0.096 | −1.673 | 0.096 |
| ABI | 0.073 | 1.283 | 0.201 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation; HR, heart rate; ABI, ankle-brachial index.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the association between asymptomatic PAD and walking endurance in patients with COPD. We further evaluated whether asymptomatic PAD is an etiology of exercise intolerance in patients with COPD. Our results showed that the COPD patients without asymptomatic PAD did not cover a significantly longer distance on the 6MWT than the COPD patients with asymptomatic PAD. In multivariate linear regression analysis, only age, FEV1, and baseline SpO2 were significantly correlated with the distance covered on the 6MWT, but not ABI.
Previous studies have shown that symptomatic PAD is significantly correlated with poorer walking endurance, as represented by a shorter distance covered on the 6MWT.12,21,28,29 Castagna et al reported that the effect of symptomatic PAD on exercise intolerance in patients with COPD is considerable.12 However, in the current study, asymptomatic PAD was not associated with impaired walking endurance in the patients with COPD. This suggests that it is not too late to recommend lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation and exercise) and pharmacotherapy (for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia) for patients in this stage. Therefore, early screening for PAD using ABI measurements as well as early management for COPD patients could possibly prevent patients from progressing to exercise intolerance.
McDermott et al reported that asymptomatic PAD is independently associated with impaired lower extremity function in women.30 They used summary performance scores including 4 m walk, chair stand, and balance tests to represent lower extremity function. A possible explanation for their findings is that their participants were relatively healthy elderly women, which means a subtle change in physiological function could make a big difference. However, asymptomatic PAD may not have such a large impact on COPD patients, whose lung function and other comorbidities already dominate exercise performance.
Several questionnaires to evaluate the perception of dyspnea and quality of life have been developed for patients with COPD. Compatible with previous reports,31–33 the MRC dyspnea scale, Borg scale, and oxygen-cost diagram were all significantly correlated with the distance covered on the 6MWT in the patients with COPD in this study. Furthermore, we found that the MRC dyspnea scale had a stronger correlation with distance covered on the 6MWT than the other two scales, which is consistent with the GOLD committee’s decision to use the MRC dyspnea scale for subgroup classification in their current guidelines.34
Interestingly, we found that resting, baseline SpO2 was independently correlated with distance covered on the 6MWT in the patients with COPD, which is compatible with a previous study in which more dyspnea after the 6MWT, lower baseline SpO2, worse oxygen saturation during the 6MWT, and a shorter distance covered were predictors of mortality in COPD patients.35 Since pulse oximetry is an inexpensive, noninvasive, and convenient tool to monitor oxygen saturation, patients with COPD should be advised to undergo regular check-up examinations for SpO2.
There are several limitations to this study. First, the number of patients with asymptomatic PAD was relatively small (n=17, 8.5%) and most of the enrolled patients were male (99%). Thus, further large-scale prospective studies are needed to verify the results of this study. Second, most of the patients in this study were male (99%), so the results may not apply to female patients.
In conclusion, asymptomatic PAD was not associated with walking endurance in patients with COPD. Therefore, it is important to detect and treat asymptomatic PAD early so that COPD patients do not progress to develop symptomatic PAD and become exercise intolerant.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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