Table 2. Association of HbA1c, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR tertiles with metabolic syndrome criteria.
| HbA1c | Insulin | Glucose | HOMA-IR* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tertiles | tertiles | tertiles | tertiles | |||||||||
| (%) | (pmol/L) | (mmol/L) | ||||||||||
| < 5.3 | ≥ 5.3 and < 5.5 | ≥ 5.5 | < 26.4 | ≥ 26.4 and < 42.6 | ≥ 42.6 | < 5.00 | ≥ 5.00 and < 5.55 | ≥ 5.55 | < 1.029 | ≥ 1.029 and < 1.688 | ≥ 1.688 | |
| N | 954 | 953 | 1293 | 1036 | 1093 | 1071 | 959 | 1155 | 1086 | 1067 | 1066 | 1067 |
| Average | 5.08 | 5.35 | 5.66 | 19.33 | 33.71 | 66.17 | 4.61 | 5.24 | 5.96 | 0.73 | 1.33 | 2.75 |
| High Waist Circumf. (%) | 19.2 | 25.1 | 37.3 | 9.9 | 23.3 | 51.0 | 21.7 | 24.3 | 38.2 | 10.6 | 24.0 | 50.1 |
| OR † | 1.00 | 1.22 | 1.98 | 1.00 | 2.67 | 9.13 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.82 | 1.00 | 2.56 | 7.90 |
| (Reference) | (0.97,1.52) | (1.62,2.43) | (Reference) | (2.08,3.43) | (7.22,11.63) | (Reference) | (0.88,1.33) | (1.49,2.23) | (Reference) | (2.01,3.27) | (6.29,9.99) | |
| High Triglycerid. (%) | 28.0 | 29.7 | 39.4 | 16.3 | 31.1 | 51.4 | 29.3 | 32.6 | 37.0 | 17.3 | 30.6 | 51.5 |
| OR | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.44 | 1.00 | 2.26 | 5.25 | 1.00 | 1.11 | 1.23 | 1.00 | 2.05 | 4.80 |
| (Reference) | (0.81,1.21) | (1.19,1.74) | (Reference) | (1.84,2.79) | (4.28,6.45) | (Reference) | (0.92,1.34) | (1.01,1.49) | (Reference) | (1.67,2.52) | (3.93,5.87) | |
| Low HDL-cholest. (%) | 6.1 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 4.1 | 6.5 | 14.6 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 13.6 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.55 | 1.97 | 1.00 | 1.68 | 4.18 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 1.67 | 3.53 |
| (Reference) | (1.09,2.23) | (1.40,2.79) | (Reference) | (1.14,2.50) | (2.96,6.02) | (Reference) | (0.65,1.21) | (0.68,1.29) | (Reference) | (1.16,2.45) | (2.52,5.01) | |
| High Blood Pressure (%) | 42.3 | 51.2 | 61.5 | 41.6 | 50.9 | 65.4 | 42.2 | 48.7 | 66.3 | 40.7 | 51.5 | 66.0 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.10 | 1.43 | 1.00 | 1.37 | 2.48 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.94 | 1.00 | 1.45 | 2.49 |
| (Reference) | (0.91,1.34) | (1.19,1.72) | (Reference) | (1.15,1.64) | (2.06,2.98) | (Reference) | (0.97,1.39) | (1.61,2.35) | (Reference) | (1.21,1.74) | (2.07,2.99) | |
| High Glucose (%) | 18.7 | 29.4 | 48.6 | 20.2 | 34.1 | 47.1 | – | – | – | 13.6 | 32.9 | 55.3 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.50 | 3.07 | 1.00 | 1.98 | 3.34 | – | – | – | 1.00 | 3.02‡ | 7.35‡ |
| (Reference) | (1.21,1.88) | (2.51,3.77) | (Reference) | (1.62,2.43) | (2.74,4.08) | (Reference) | (2.42,3.77) | (5.93,9.16) | ||||
| Metabolic Syndrome (%) | 12.4 | 19.1 | 33.6 | 6.5 | 17.6 | 44.4 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 47.9 | 5.3 | 17.1 | 46.5 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.38 | 2.68 | 1.00 | 2.97 | 11.36 | 1.00 | 1.02‡ | 7.03‡ | 1.00 | 3.47‡ | 14.40‡ |
| (Reference) | (1.07,1.79) | (2.13,3.39) | (Reference) | (2.22,4.01) | (8.65,15.13) | (Reference) | (0.77,1.36) | (5.50,9.06) | (Reference) | (2.55,4.78) | (10.80,19.53) | |
| 2+-non-glyc.-criteria (%) | 26.0 | 31.8 | 48.9 | 15.3 | 32.8 | 62.2 | 29.5 | 32.9 | 47.9 | 16.4 | 32.4 | 62.1 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.12 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 2.61 | 8.94 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 1.73 | 1.00 | 2.34 | 7.83 |
| (Reference) | (0.91,1.38) | (1.74,2.54) | (Reference) | (2.11,3.24) | (7.24,11.09) | (Reference) | (0.89,1.30) | (1.43,2.10) | (Reference) | (1.90,2.89) | (6.38,9.65) | |
| 3+-non-glyc.-criteria (%) | 8.1 | 11.2 | 17.0 | 3.3 | 7.7 | 26.7 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 17.4 | 3.2 | 8.7 | 26.0 |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.87 | 1.00 | 2.36 | 10.20 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.62 | 1.00 | 2.78 | 9.84 |
| (Reference) | (0.92,1.72) | (1.42,2.50) | (Reference) | (1.58,3.59) | (7.16,14.99) | (Reference) | (0.77,1.37) | (1.24,2.13) | (Reference) | (1.87,4.21) | (6.90,14.48) | |
| Insulin Resistance (%) | 6.5 | 10.0 | 16.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 35.1 | 2.9 | 8.4 | 23.1 | – | – | – |
| OR | 1.00 | 1.50 | 2.66 | – | – | –‡ | 1.00 | 3.03‡ | 9.84‡ | – | – | – |
| (Reference) | (1.07,2.11) | (1.97,3.64) | (Reference) | (2.00,4.74) | (6.64,15.13) |
Adjusted odds ratios and their confidence interval calculated from a logistic regression model adjusted for age (continuous). All tests for linear trend, calculated from models introducing each predictor as continuous variable, were statistically significant at a level α<0.001 except for glucose and high triglycerides (p = 0.03) and for glucose and Low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.31).
*HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment—Insulin Resistance.
†OR: Odds Ratio.
‡Outcome variable directly related to the predictor because of a formula or because of a diagnostic criterion.