Abstract
There is no published vaccination guideline to cattle even though each vaccine company suggested the program based on their products. Also, most of veterinary vaccines are multivalent. Therefore, it is very difficult to standardize the program. Now, we are suggesting the general vaccine programs based current situations in cattle industry in Korea.
Keywords: Vaccination, Cattle, Korea
Infectious diseases are one of the burdens in the beef and dairy production. Therefore, vaccination has been considered as an important component of control and prevent infectious diseases. To maximize the vaccine effects, other factors such as good nutrition, adequate ventilation, effective sanitation, and other herd management procedures should be properly worked because vaccines help the prevention of infectious diseases. Although several vaccines have been developed and applied to both beef and dairy industries, vaccination programs are variable depending on farm situation without the standardized program.
About 3.5 million of cattle in both beef and dairy cattle are raising in Korea which is indicating the current situation of cattle industry in Korea. Number of cattle was increased during the last decade, especially Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. Increase in the number of animals is closely related with the increase of outbreak in infectious diseases. Therefore, several vaccines for cattle have been developed and used in cattle industry. However, vaccination programs are different depending on the situation of countries, regions, farms and farmer's attitude.
Therefore, vaccination program should be developed in cooperation with the field veterinarian based on individual herd circumstances, including disease history, management, housing, feeding practices, breeding, etc. However, it is not easy to develop the vaccination program with field veterinarians in Korea. Therefore, we would like to suggest generalized vaccination guidelines in our country (Tables 1, 2). But, these guidelines are adjustable to each farm depending on the current situation of each farm in management and immunological status.
Table 1.
Suggested vaccine programs for diary cattle
| Disease | Age | Vaccination time | Route | Type of vaccine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthrax+black legs | All ages with more than 6 months old | April every year | SC | Combined (2 types) |
| Respiratory diseasesa) | Adult | 1st: April every year | IM | Combined (5 types) |
| 2nd: October every year | ||||
| Feeders and calves | 1st: 3 months old | |||
| 2nd: 4 months old | ||||
| Diarrhea vaccine for calvesb) | Cow (first parity) | 1st: 5-6 weeks before calving | IM | Combined (3 types) |
| 2nd: 2-3 weeks before calving | ||||
| Cow (from second parity) | At 2-3 weeks before calving | |||
| Akabane disease | Adult | March every year | SC | Single |
| Feeder with more than 6 months old | 1st: March every year | |||
| 2nd: April every year | ||||
| Bovine ephemeral fever | Adult | May every year | IM | Single |
| Feeder with more than 6 months old | 1st: May every year | |||
| 2nd: June every year | ||||
| Foot and mouth disease | Adults and feeder | Every 6 months | IM | Combined (3 types) |
| Calves | 1st: 2 months old | |||
| 2nd: at 4 weeks after 1st inoculation | ||||
| Rabies | All ages with 6 months old | June every year | IM | Single |
SC, subcutaneous; IM, intramuscular.
a)The combined vaccine contains infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza type-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Histophilus somni.
b)The combined vaccine contains bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and Escherichia coli + pilus antigens (K99, F41).
Table 2.
Suggested vaccine programs for Korean native cattle (Hanwoo)
| Disease | Age | Vaccination time | Route | Type of vaccine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthrax+black legs | All ages with more than 6 months old | April every year | SC | Combined (2 types) |
| Pneumonic pasteurellosis | Calves | 1 month old | IM | Single |
| Respiratory diseasesa) | Adult | 1st: April | IM | Combined (5 types) |
| 2nd: October every year | ||||
| Feeders and calves | 1st: 3 months old | |||
| 2nd: 4 months old | ||||
| Diarrhea vaccine for calvesb) | Cow (first parity) | 1st: 5-6 weeks before calving | IM | Combined (3 types) |
| 2nd: 2-3 weeks before calving | ||||
| Cow (from second parity) | At 2-3 weeks before calving | |||
| Akabane disease | Adult | March every year | SC | Single |
| Feeder with more than 6 months old | 1st : March every year | |||
| 2nd: April every year | ||||
| Bovine ephemeral fever | Adult | May every year | IM | Single |
| Feeder with more than 6 months old | 1st: May every year | |||
| 2nd: June every year | ||||
| Foot and mouth disease | Adults and feeder | Every 6 months | IM | Combined (3 types) |
| Calves | 1st: 2 months old | |||
| 2nd: at 4 weeks after 1st inoculation | ||||
| Rabies | All ages with more than 6 months old | June every year | IM | Single |
SC, subcutaneous; IM, intramuscular.
a)The combined vaccine contains infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza type-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Histophilus somni.
b)The combined vaccine contains bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and Escherichia coli + pilus antigens (K99, F41).
Footnotes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
This study was supported by the Rural Development Administration (PJ00897001), BK21 PLUS and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, South Korea.