We use a large cohort of immune competent adults to analyze the influence of MBL2 genetic variants on sepsis susceptibility and survival. We find no significant associations with the 4 main functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in MBL2, or any combination of genotypes.
Keywords: mannose-binding lectin, MBL, genetics, sepsis, association study
Abstract
Background. Sepsis is an increasingly common condition, which continues to be associated with unacceptably high mortality. A large number of association studies have investigated susceptibility to, or mortality from, sepsis for variants in the functionally important immune-related gene MBL2. These studies have largely been underpowered and contradictory.
Methods. We genotyped and analyzed 4 important MBL2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs5030737, rs1800450, rs1800451, and rs7096206) in 1839 European community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and peritonitis sepsis cases, and 477 controls from the United Kingdom. We analyzed the following predefined subgroups and outcomes: 28-day and 6 month mortality from sepsis due to CAP or peritonitis combined, 28-day mortality from CAP sepsis, peritonitis sepsis, pneumococcal sepsis or sepsis in younger patients, and susceptibility to CAP sepsis or pneumococcal sepsis in the United Kingdom.
Results. There were no significant associations (all P-values were greater than .05 after correction for multiple testing) between MBL2 genotypes and any of our predefined analyses.
Conclusions. In this large, well-defined cohort of immune competent adult patients, no associations between MBL2 genotype and sepsis susceptibility or outcome were identified.
(See the Editorial Commentary by Eisen on pages 704–6.)
The incidence of sepsis is increasing and mortality rates remain high [1]. Sepsis was recently reported to be responsible for 1 in 20 deaths in England [2]. The frequency of hospitalizations with severe sepsis has increased relentlessly, more than doubling each year between 2000 and 2007, with sepsis complicated by organ failure accounting for one in 40 hospitalizations in 2007 [3]. It has long been apparent that host genetic factors can significantly influence mortality from infectious disease [4], but despite extensive research very few robust associations between genetic polymorphisms and sepsis phenotypes have been reported to date [5]. Possible explanations for these inconsistent findings include inadequate sample sizes (and hence a lack of study power), unidentified population substructure, failure to correct for multiple testing, variations in phenotype definition, heterogeneous patient populations and unrecognized host-pathogen interactions. Nevertheless, we recently published a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in which we identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the FER gene that protects against death from sepsis caused by severe pneumonia [6].
MBL2 is one of the most extensively studied but still controversial candidate genes reported to be associated with sepsis and infectious disease phenotypes [7, 8]. More than 30 studies have reported the presence or absence of associations between polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene, circulating MBL levels, and susceptibility and outcomes in sepsis phenotypes, with sample sizes ranging from 6 to 848 patients [8–10].
The MBL2 gene encodes mannose-binding lectin, which binds carbohydrates on the surface of a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, and protozoa and subsequently triggers host innate immune responses through activation of the complement system, in addition to promoting opsono-phagocytosis by a complement-independent pathway [11]. The function of MBL is known to be influenced by common SNPs found both in the promoter region and in exon 1 of this gene, which affect the level of gene expression and the structure of the MBL protein respectively [12–18].
Three functional SNPs (denoted B-rs1800450, C-rs1800451, and D-rs5030737) in exon 1 of MBL2 affect the stability, ligand binding capacity, complement activating ability and half-life of the encoded protein [12–15]. Because their effect on serum MBL levels is very similar, wild-type alleles for these SNPs are denoted A, whereas the B, C, and D variants are pooled and given the designation O (Supplementary Figure 1). If an individual is heterozygous (A/O) for any one of these 3 variants, MBL levels are 10%–20% that of wild-type individuals, whereas in variant homozygotes or compound heterozygotes (O/O), serum MBL concentrations are virtually undetectable [16]. MBL2 promoter polymorphisms have also been associated with MBL levels independent of these exonic SNPs. Allele X of the SNP denoted X/Y at position -221 (rs7096206) has the strongest down-regulating effect [12, 17, 18] and is therefore the most important SNP to analyze, but some studies have also analyzed another promoter SNP, rs11003125 [8, 19].
The aim of this study was to confirm or refute an association between common MBL2 genetic variants and sepsis susceptibility or outcome. We performed an association study in 1839 patients with sepsis due to community acquired pneumonia (CAP) or peritonitis recruited from intensive care units (ICUs) across Europe as part of the GenOSept and GAinS collaborations and used 477 UK controls recruited within the GRACE consortium. To our knowledge, this is the largest study investigating the influence of MBL2 polymorphisms on sepsis susceptibility and survival.
METHODS
Samples
Sepsis Patients (GenOSept and GAinS Consortia)
Patients admitted to critical care units with sepsis caused by CAP or peritonitis were recruited to the ESICM/ECCRN GenOSept (Genetics of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Europe) study between June 2006 and October 2009 from 143 centers in 16 European countries. Recruitment as part of the GAinS study (part of which was included in the GenOSept sample set) began in September 2005 and continued in UK centers, using the same protocol, after the GenOSept study was closed; UK samples from patients recruited to GAinS until October 2010 were also included in this study. Ethics approval was granted either nationally, for individual centers or both. In all cases written, informed consent was obtained from the patient or a legal representative. Diagnosis of sepsis was based on the International Consensus Criteria published in 2003 [20]. Inclusion criteria were adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to an ICU or High Dependency Unit with CAP or peritonitis. The diagnosis of CAP was based on a febrile illness associated with cough, sputum production, breathlessness, leukocytosis, and radiological features of pneumonia acquired within the community or within less than 2 days of hospital admission [21]. Exclusion criteria at recruitment were: pregnancy, an advanced directive to withhold or withdraw life sustaining treatment, admission for palliative care only, and immune-compromise. These collections are also described in more detail elsewhere [6, 22, 23].
Microbiological investigations were performed according to local policies and practices. Investigators recorded microbiological findings for patients diagnosed with CAP, including the organism(s) isolated, the source of the organism and the use of serological methods. The local investigators recorded whether or not initial antibiotic therapy (within the first 24 hours) was considered to be appropriate. Death or survival was recorded at ICU discharge, hospital discharge, and 6 months from ICU admission. The date of death was also recorded.
DNA was extracted by GenOSept partners in London and Munich with a salting out method, in Paris with MagNA Pure Compact DNA Isolation Kits, and in Oxford with Qiagen Midi kits.
UK Controls (GRACE Network)
Controls were recruited as part of the GRACE network study (www.grace-lrti.org) [24] and were previously used in the analysis of susceptibility to lower-respiratory tract infections (results submitted for publication). They were individuals attending general practice surgeries for reasons other than infection. All controls included in this analysis were of self-reported Caucasian ancestry from the United Kingdom. DNA was extracted by Maxwell (Promega) at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford.
Genotyping
The 3 exonic SNPs were successfully genotyped in 1839 sepsis samples by using high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), with the assays described by Vossen et al [25]. Promoter polymorphism -221 genotypes for the sepsis samples were mainly generated with the Affymetrix 5.0 genotyping chip (N = 1477), as part of the genome-wide association study reported elsewhere [6]. The rest of the sepsis samples (N = 369) were genotyped by HRMA as above. All the healthy controls (N = 477) were genotyped by HRMA. The genotypes of 19 samples were confirmed using direct sequencing. Further details of the genotyping techniques, quality control (QC) procedures, and sequencing can be found in the Supplementary Information.
Statistical Analysis and Subgroups
Genotyping QC
Genotypes for all 4 SNPs obeyed Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with a P-value threshold of .05. The majority of the samples have been genome-wide genotyped; therefore we were able to exclude population outliers (40 individuals) and check for relatedness among individuals (no related individuals were detected). GWAS QC was performed as described elsewhere [6].
Possible Confounding Factors
Possible confounding factors were tested for their association with outcome, using analysis of variance (for age) and the χ2 test (for other factors) in SPSS v18 (PASW Statistics 18). Age associated significantly with 28-day mortality from sepsis (P = 6.25 × 10−21), whereas other possible confounding factors such as gender (P = .697), CAP/peritonitis diagnosis (P = .191), and presence of comorbid respiratory disease (P = .317) did not. Therefore, age was included as a covariate in all the analyses.
Sepsis Outcome Analyses
All analyses were performed by logistic regression with age as a covariate using SPSS v18 (PASW Statistics 18). We chose our primary end-point for survival analyses as 28 days from ICU admission, because most studies of sepsis patients have used 28-day mortality as the primary end-point to reflect “attributable mortality” [26–28]. We also analyzed longer term survival at 6 months. Although we included age as a covariate in the primary analyses, we also looked for associations in 2 groups of younger patients (less than 70 and less than 60 years of age) in whom it might be expected that MBL deficiency would play a greater role. We performed analyses of associations with outcome in the UK individuals only, to account for population bias. In addition, we analyzed survival in the more homogeneous cohorts of patients with sepsis caused by CAP alone, sepsis caused by peritonitis alone and CAP sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the largest subgroup defined by organism).
Sepsis Susceptibility Analyses
In the susceptibility analyses, we included only UK patients to compare to the UK controls and examined associations with susceptibility to CAP sepsis and CAP sepsis caused by S. pneumoniae.
Genotype Combinations Tested for Associations
We performed analyses defining deficient and sufficient genotypes in 3 different ways (by defining O/O, XO/O and XA/O combined genotypes, O/O, XO/O, XA/O and XA/XA combined genotypes [16] or O/O, XO/O, XA/O and YA/O combined genotypes [10] as MBL deficient and all other combined genotypes as MBL sufficient). We also performed analyses for each combined genotype compared to the wild-type YA/YA combined genotype and for the distribution of all 6 combined genotypes (O/O, XA/O, XA/XA, XA/YA, YA/O, and YA/YA). The allelic, genotypic, recessive, dominant, and heterozygous tests were also performed on each SNP individually, and on the AA, AO, and OO combined exon genotypes.
Power Calculations
This study had 80% power to detect odds ratios (ORs) of 1.45, 1.57, and 1.52 or more in the analysis of 28 day survival, 6 month survival, and CAP sepsis susceptibility, respectively. Even in our most underpowered subgroup (28 day survival in those with pneumococcal CAP sepsis) we had 80% power to detect ORs of 2.5 or more.
Correction for Multiple Testing
Because we have analyzed 4 SNPs in this study, Bonferroni correction gives a P-value threshold of .0125 for an association to be declared significant. Given that we have performed analyses using many different models and phenotypes, however, this correction may not be considered to be sufficiently stringent.
RESULTS
We recruited and analyzed 1839 patients with sepsis (983 with CAP, 856 with peritonitis). The median APACHE score was 17 (range 2–44), and the mortality rate was 19.4%. The majority of patients were recruited in the United Kingdom (Table 1). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients (cases and controls) are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Demographic Data for Patients and Controls
| Sepsis Cases | Control Samples | |
|---|---|---|
| N | 1839 | 477 |
| N deaths at 28 d | 357 (19.4%) | 0 |
| Males | 1069 (58.1%) | 189 (39.6%) |
| Mean age (standard deviation) | 64.2 (15.3) | 49.2 (18.7) |
| N CAP | 983 (53.5%) | NA |
| N peritonitis | 856 (46.5%) | NA |
| APACHE II score; median (range) | 17 (2–44) | NA |
| S. pneumoniae identified (CAP samples only) | 245 (13.3%) | NA |
| Respiratory disease | 642 (34.9%) | NA |
| COPD | 296 (16.1%) | 10 (2.1%) |
| Asthma | 140 (7.6%) | 59 (12.4%) |
| United Kingdom | 831 | 447 |
| Spain | 228 | NA |
| Belgium | 155 | NA |
| Germany | 153 | NA |
| Czech Republic | 109 | NA |
| Italy | 97 | NA |
| Poland | 92 | NA |
| France | 59 | NA |
| Ireland | 54 | NA |
| Estonia | 22 | NA |
| Serbia and Montenegro | 21 | NA |
| Greece | 5 | NA |
| Croatia | 5 | NA |
| Hungary | 5 | NA |
| Israel | 2 | NA |
| Netherlands | 1 | NA |
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable.
The observed allele frequencies in the sepsis cases and UK controls were comparable to those observed in previously published, large population-based European studies (Table 2) [9, 29]. Age was included as a covariate in all analyses. The antibiotics administered within the first 24 hours were considered to be adequate in 90.2% of cases, whereas in 6.5% of patients initial antimicrobial treatment was considered to be inappropriate and for 3.4% data was not available. There was no difference in the proportion of patients receiving adequate antibiotic therapy between survivors and nonsurvivors (P = .773) or between individuals who were MBL sufficient or deficient (P = .275) (based on the most commonly used definition determined by genotype combinations).
Table 2.
MBL2 Allele Frequencies in the Study Reported Here and 2 Large Published European Studies
| Sepsis Cases | UK Controls | Dahl et al [29] | Garcia-Laorden et al [9] |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N samples | 1839 | 477 | 9245 | 848 CAP | 519 controls | 1447 healthy controls |
| Country of samples | Europe-wide | UK | Denmark | Spain | Spain | Spain |
| B allele frequency | 0.149 | 0.151 | 0.145 | 0.159 | 0.139 | 0.142 |
| C allele frequency | 0.019 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.031 | 0.029 |
| D allele frequency | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.076 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.059 |
| X allele frequency | 0.219 | 0.203 | Not genotyped | 0.194 | 0.227 | 0.206 |
Survival Analysis
MBL2 genotype distributions for the main survival analyses are presented in Table 3. MBL genotypic functional status (where the O/O, XO/O, and XA/O combined genotypes were defined as MBL deficient and all other combined genotypes as MBL sufficient) did not associate with 28-day mortality (P = .17), 6-month mortality (P = .23) or 28-day pneumococcal CAP mortality (P = .64). No significant associations were seen in any of the other subgroups (P > .05 for all subgroups shown in Table 3).
Table 3.
MBL Genotypic Functional Status and the Combined Genotype Distribution (−221 Promoter Single Nucleotide Polymorphism [SNP] and 3 Functional Exonic SNPs) Among Survivors and Deaths in 28-day and 6-month Survival Analyses, and in 28-day Pneumococcal Survival Analysis
| MBL Functional Status | Genotypes | CAP and Peritonitis Sepsis 28 d Deaths | CAP and Peritonitis Sepsis 28 d Survivors | CAP Sepsis 28 day Deaths | CAP Sepsis 28 d Survivors | Peritonitis Sepsis 28 d Deaths | Peritonitis Sepsis 28 d Survivors | Pneumococcal Sepsis 28 d Deaths | Pneumococcal Sepsis 28 d Survivors | Sepsis 6 mo Deaths | Sepsis 6 mo Survivors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBL Deficient | XO/O (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) |
| O/O (%) | 19 (5.3) | 81 (5.5) | 6 (3.4) | 43 (5.3) | 13 (7.3) | 38 (5.6) | 2 (4.4) | 11 (5.5) | 12 (4.5) | 35 (5.0) | |
| XA/O (%) | 30 (8.4) | 162 (10.9) | 18 (10.1) | 84 (10.4) | 12 (6.7) | 78 (11.5) | 5 (11.1) | 24 (12.0) | 28 (10.6) | 73 (10.4) | |
| Total (%) | 50 (14.0) | 244 (16.5) | 24 (13.5) | 128 (15.9) | 26 (14.5) | 116 (17.1) | 7 (15.5) | 35 (17.5) | 40 (15.1) | 109 (15.5) | |
| MBL Sufficient | XA/XA (%) | 17 (4.8) | 75 (5.0) | 6 (3.4) | 40 (5.0) | 11 (6.1) | 35 (5.2) | 1 (2.2) | 15 (7.5) | 10 (3.8) | 34 (4.8) |
| XA/YA (%) | 74 (20.7) | 355 (24.0) | 42 (23.6) | 198 (24.6) | 32 (17.9) | 157 (23.2) | 12 (26.7) | 40 (20.0) | 67 (25.3) | 166 (23.6) | |
| YA/O (%) | 98 (27.4) | 381 (25.7) | 48 (27.0) | 211 (26.2) | 50 (27.9) | 170 (25.1) | 9 (20.0) | 57 (28.5) | 68 (25.7) | 189 (26.8) | |
| YA/YA (%) | 118 (33.1) | 427 (28.8) | 58 (32.6) | 228 (28.3) | 60 (33.5) | 199 (29.4) | 16 (35.6) | 53 (26.5) | 80 (30.2) | 206 (29.3) | |
| Total (%) | 307 (86.0) | 1238 (83.5) | 154 (86.5) | 677 (84.1) | 153 (85.5) | 561 (82.9) | 38 (84.5) | 165 (82.5) | 225 (85) | 595 (84.5) | |
| Overall Total | 357 | 1482 | 178 | 805 | 179 | 677 | 45 | 200 | 265 | 704 | |
| P Value for deficient/sufficient status | .169 | .198 | .585 | .643 | .229 | ||||||
Percentages of genotype distributions in each patient group are shown in brackets. Analyses were also performed for 3 subgroups of CAP and peritonitis patients; those under 70, those under 60, and those from the UK. None of the associations in these subgroups were significant (P-values .671, .235 and .870 respectively). The 2 detected XO/O genotypes both included one polymorphism in the −221 promoter, and B and D exonic SNPs, and were confirmed by sequencing (Supplementary Figure 2). Association tests (performed by logistic regression with age as a covariate in SPSS version 18) for deficient/sufficient status were nonsignificant for all subgroups.
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
The specific combinations of MBL genotypes that define functional sufficiency or deficiency remain uncertain. Therefore, we also performed sufficient/deficient analyses by defining genotypes XO/O, O/O, XA/O, and XA/XA [16] or XO/O, O/O, XA/O, and YA/O [10] as MBL deficient. There were no significant associations in the whole cohort or for any of the subgroups shown in Table 3 (P > .05).
We also performed analyses of each genotype individually, combined genotypes against each other and the exonic genotypes only combined (A/A, A/O, O/O). Genotype frequencies are listed for survivors and nonsurvivors for the main survival subgroups analyzed in this cohort (Table 4). Across all these survival analyses, the lowest observed nominal P-value was .017 (Bonferroni corrected significance threshold P = .0125), for the promoter SNP heterozygous test in the peritonitis 28-day survival subgroup.
Table 4.
Exonic MBL2 Genotypes for the Main Survival Analysis Subgroups
| MBL2 Genotype | Sepsis 28 d Deaths | Sepsis 28 d Survivors | Sepsis 6 mo Deaths | Sepsis 6 mo Survivors | Pneumococcal CAP Sepsis 28 d Deaths | Pneumococcal CAP Sepsis 28 d Survivors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A/A (%) | 209 (58.5) | 857 (57.8) | 157 (59.2) | 406 (57.7) | 29 (64.4) | 108 (54) |
| A/B (%) | 81 (22.7) | 336 (22.7) | 58 (21.9) | 164 (23.3) | 8 (17.8) | 46 (23) |
| A/C (%) | 10 (2.8) | 43 (2.9) | 6 (2.3) | 20 (2.8) | 0 | 8 (4.0) |
| A/D (%) | 37 (10.4) | 164 (11.1) | 32 (12.1) | 78 (11.1) | 6 (13.3) | 27 (13.5) |
| Sum A/O (%) | 128 (35.9) | 543 (36.7) | 96 (36.2) | 262 (37.2) | 14 (31.1) | 81 (40.5) |
| B/B (%) | 3 (0.8) | 39 (2.6) | 5 (1.9) | 17 (2.4) | 0 | 9 (4.5) |
| B/C (%) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B/D (%) | 9 (2.5) | 30 (2.0) | 4 (1.5) | 16 (2.3) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (1.0) |
| C/C (%) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 |
| C/D (%) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0 |
| D/D (%) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sum O/O (%) | 20 (5.6) | 82 (5.5) | 12 (4.5) | 36 (5.1) | 2 (4.4) | 11 (5.5) |
| Total | 357 | 1482 | 265 | 704 | 45 | 200 |
| P-value for AA,AO,OO genotypic test | .937 | .697 | .488 | |||
Percentages of genotype distributions are shown in brackets. In addition to the genotypic test, we have also performed the allelic, recessive, dominant and heterozygous tests for the AA, AO, OO genotypes, and all individual exonic SNPs (all P-values were nonsignificant following correction for multiple testing).
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Susceptibility Analysis
Susceptibility analyses were performed only among the individuals from the United Kingdom. CAP sepsis cases (N = 496) and pneumococcal CAP sepsis cases (N = 95) were compared to controls (N = 477) from the United Kingdom recruited within the GRACE study. MBL2 genotype distributions for the cases and controls in the susceptibility analyses are presented in Table 5. MBL functional status did not associate with CAP sepsis susceptibility (P = .343) or with pneumococcal sepsis susceptibility (P = .587). As with the survival analyses, we also analyzed functionally sufficient/deficient genotypes according to their alternative definitions. There were no associations in any of these susceptibility analyses (P > .05).
Table 5.
MBL Genotypic Functional Status and the Combined Genotype Distribution (−221 Promoter Single Nucleotide Polymorphism [SNP] and 3 Functional Exonic SNPs) Among Cases and Controls From the United Kingdom in Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Sepsis and Pneumococcal CAP Sepsis Susceptibility Analyses
| MBL Functional Status | Genotypes | UK Controls | UK CAP Sepsis Cases | UK Pneumococcal CAP Sepsis Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBL Deficient | XO/O (%) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
| O/O (%) | 19 (4.0) | 27 (5.4) | 6 (6.3) | |
| XA/O (%) | 57 (11.9) | 45 (9.1) | 12 (12.6) | |
| Total (%) | 76 (15.9) | 73 (14.7) | 18 (18.9) | |
| MBL Sufficient | XA/XA (%) | 15 (3.1) | 22 (4.4) | 6 (6.3) |
| XA/YA (%) | 107 (22.4) | 128 (25.8) | 21 (22.1) | |
| YA/O (%) | 139 (29.1) | 128 (25.8) | 22 (23.2) | |
| YA/YA (%) | 140 (29.4) | 145 (29.2) | 28 (29.5) | |
| Total (%) | 401 (84.0) | 423 (85.2) | 77 (81.1) | |
| Overall Total | 477 | 496 | 95 | |
| P Value for deficient/sufficient status compared to controls | NA | .343 | .587 | |
Percentages of genotype distributions are shown in brackets. Both detected XO/O genotypes included one polymorphism in the −221 promoter, B and D exonic SNPs, and were confirmed by sequencing. Association tests (performed by logistic regression with age as a covariate in SPSS version 18) for deficient/sufficient genotypes for each set of cases compared to the controls were nonsignificant.
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; NA, not applicable; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
We also performed analyses of each genotype individually, combined genotypes against each other and only the exonic genotypes combined (A/A, A/O, O/O). Genotype frequencies are listed for cases and controls in Table 6. Across these susceptibility analyses, the lowest observed nominal P-value was .029 (Bonferroni corrected significance threshold P = .0125), for the B exon SNP recessive test in the UK pneumococcal susceptibility subgroup.
Table 6.
Exonic MBL2 Genotypes for the Susceptibility Analysis Subgroups
| MBL2 Genotype | UK Controls | UK CAP Sepsis Cases | UK Pneumococcal CAP Sepsis Cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| A/A (%) | 262 (54.9) | 295 (59.5) | 55 (57.9) |
| A/B (%) | 122 (25.6) | 114 (23.0) | 23 (24.2) |
| A/C (%) | 20 (4.2) | 10 (2.0) | 2 (2.1) |
| A/D (%) | 54 (11.3) | 49 (9.9) | 9 (9.5) |
| Sum A/O (%) | 196 (41.1) | 173 (34.9) | 34 (35.8) |
| B/B (%) | 6 (1.3) | 13 (2.6) | 5 (5.3) |
| B/C (%) | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 0 |
| B/D (%) | 8 (1.7) | 10 (2.0) | 1 (1.1) |
| C/C (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C/D (%) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0 |
| D/D (%) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
| Sum O/O (%) | 19 (4.0) | 28 (5.6) | 6 (6.4) |
| Total | 477 | 496 | 95 |
| P Value for AA,AO,OO genotypic test | NA | .170 | .530 |
Percentages of genotype distributions are shown in brackets. In addition to the genotypic test, we have also performed the allelic, recessive, dominant and heterozygous tests for the AA, AO, OO genotypes, and all individual exonic SNPs (All P-values were nonsignificant following correction for multiple testing).
Abbreviations: CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; NA, not applicable; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
DISCUSSION
We report a large, comprehensive analysis of associations between the most extensively studied functional MBL2 polymorphisms and sepsis survival, as well as susceptibility to CAP and pneumococcal pneumonia. Our large sample collection enabled us to also examine MBL2 genotype associations with survival in a number of predefined homogeneous subgroups, including younger age groups, UK patients only, patients with CAP, those with pneumococcal pneumonia, and patients with peritonitis. Our findings strongly suggest that there are no significant, clinically meaningful associations between MBL genotypes and either 28-day or 6-month survival from sepsis, or susceptibility to CAP or pneumococcal pneumonia in immune competent adults. The lowest P-value we observe across all tests for all subgroups is .017 (for the promoter polymorphism heterozygous test in the peritonitis 28-day survival subgroup). This cannot be considered a significant result after even a nonconservative correction for multiple testing. Moreover it is unlikely that population stratification would have confounded our results as we were able to remove population outliers from the analyses based on multidimensional-scaling using genome-wide genotypes.
The effect of MBL2 functional genetic variants has been studied extensively in a number of sepsis related phenotypes. Garcia-Laorden et al [9] found, in one of the largest studies (Table 2), that MBL2 genotypes do not associate with susceptibility to CAP in adults, which is consistent with our findings. They also concluded, as we did, that there was no association between 28-day mortality and MBL2 deficient genotypes. They did, however, find an association with 90-day survival. Our 6-month survival analysis, however, does not support such an association with longer term survival, even though we have >99% power to detect an association with the OR that they observed (OR = 2.34). Some members of our group [30] have previously reported a study with a phenotype similar to ours but recruited fewer samples (174 cases and 353 controls). These investigators found an association between A/O and O/O exonic polymorphisms and susceptibility to sepsis and also showed an even more significant association between the distribution of combined genotypes and susceptibility to sepsis. We did not replicate these findings in this larger sample set.
Eisen et al [31] performed a meta-analysis of 6 studies of MBL polymorphisms in patients with severe bacterial infection. They found an association between low circulating levels of MBL and mortality and an increased risk of death from S. pneumoniae infection (OR = 5.62). We did not find an association between MBL2 deficient genotypes and death from sepsis due to S. pneumoniae infection, despite having >99% power to find an association of this strength. However, Eisen et al also showed that MBL2 genotype is not a reliable predictor of MBL levels, with the proportion of MBL deficient individuals being underestimated when defined by genotype. It is therefore possible that we did not capture all MBL deficient individuals, and that low MBL levels, rather than genotype, might be associated with worse outcomes in our cohort. Nevertheless, our findings strongly suggest that a clinically relevant relationship between MBL2 genotype and sepsis mortality in immune competent adults is highly unlikely.
A more recent meta-analysis [8] found no evidence of an association between exonic or promoter MBL2 variants and susceptibility to sepsis in adults. On the other hand, an association was found between exonic polymorphisms and susceptibility to sepsis in paediatric cases. Variant forms of MBL are very common in certain populations among healthy individuals [13], and it is known that alternative immune mechanisms can replace the function of MBL [32] thereby rendering deficient individuals immune competent. This redundancy could explain the lack of a significant association between MBL2 functional polymorphisms and sepsis susceptibility and outcome in the present study of immune competent adults. MBL plays a particularly important role in host defense in individuals with a compromised or immature adaptive immune system [7]. Our findings do not exclude the possibility that MBL2 functional polymorphisms significantly influence sepsis susceptibility and outcome in these patient groups.
One of the limitations of our study is that the causal organism was not identified in all cases. Without this information, we have been unable to perform a complete analysis of bacterial and viral subgroups. However, even with this information, subgroups defined by pathogens other than S. pneumoniae are likely to be too small to have sufficient power to detect an association.
We identified 2 individuals with variant alleles X, B, and D, which were confirmed by sequencing (Supplementary Figure 2). Previous reports have suggested that due to linkage disequilibrium between the exon and promoter SNP, only the Y allele in the promoter is present with exonic polymorphisms [9, 17]. Our study shows that other combinations are also possible, although they are very rare.
Although the influence of MBL levels and genotypes on sepsis susceptibility and outcome have been extensively investigated, most studies have been underpowered and therefore it is not surprising that findings have been inconsistent. Moreover, it is well recognized that performing meta-analyses using published data are often limited by publication bias and hence an overestimation of the importance of the SNP or SNPs of interest. In this study, we found no significant associations between MBL2 genotypes and susceptibility to, or survival from sepsis in a sample set that has adequate statistical power to show associations with effect sizes previously reported in independent studies.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary materials are available at Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org). Supplementary materials consist of data provided by the author that are published to benefit the reader. The posted materials are not copyedited. The contents of all supplementary data are the sole responsibility of the authors. Questions or messages regarding errors should be addressed to the author.
Notes
Acknowledgments. We would like to acknowledge the help and support of all those within the GRACE, GAinS and GenOSept consortia, without whom this work would not have been possible.
Author contributions. T. C. M. managed the samples and performed all genotyping and analysis. P. H., A. C. G., J. B., J.-D. C., P. A. H. H., F. S., C. S. G., and C. J. H. were involved in initial clinical study design and patient recruitment. S. C., A. V. S. H., and A. R. supervised the genetic study. T. C. M. drafted the manuscript with S. C., C. J. H., and A. R. contributing to the writing of the manuscript.
Financial support. The GenOSept study was supported by the European Union and benefits from the 6th framework programme of Research and Technology Development funding. This study was also funded by the GRACE project (6th Framework Programme of the European Commission Reference: LSHM-CT-2005-518226) and the Wellcome Trust Core Award (Grant Number 090532/Z/09/Z). We acknowledge the support of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), through the Comprehensive Clinical Research Network for patient recruitment in the UK and A. C. G. as an NIHR Clinician Scientist award holder. Clinical engagement was gained through the Trials Group of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.
Disclaimer. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts.
All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.
References
- 1.Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL et al. . Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:344–53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.McPherson D, Griffiths C, Williams M et al. . Sepsis-associated mortality in England: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from 2001 to 2010. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Kumar G, Kumar N, Taneja A et al. . Nationwide trends of severe sepsis in the 21st century (2000–2007). Chest 2011; 140:1223–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:727–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Sutherland AM, Walley KR. Bench-to-bedside review: association of genetic variation with sepsis. Crit Care 2009; 13:210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Rautanen A, Mills TC, Gordon AC et al. . Genome-wide association study of survival from sepsis due to pneumonia: an observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3:53–60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.De Pascale G, Cutuli SL, Pennisi MA, Antonelli M. The role of mannose-binding lectin in severe sepsis and septic shock. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:625803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Zhang AQ, Yue CL, Pan W et al. . Mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms and the risk of sepsis: evidence from a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:2195–206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Garcia-Laorden MI, Sole-Violan J, Rodriguez de Castro F et al. . Mannose-binding lectin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 in susceptibility, severity, and outcome of pneumonia in adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:368–74, 74 e1–2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Frakking FN, Brouwer N, van Eijkelenburg NK et al. . Low mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels in neonates with pneumonia and sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:255–62. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Turner MW. The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease. Mol Immunol 2003; 40:423–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Garred P. Mannose-binding lectin genetics: from A to Z. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36(Pt 6):1461–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Garred P, Larsen F, Seyfarth J, Fujita R, Madsen HO. Mannose-binding lectin and its genetic variants. Genes Immun 2006; 7:85–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Larsen F, Madsen HO, Sim RB, Koch C, Garred P. Disease-associated mutations in human mannose-binding lectin compromise oligomerization and activity of the final protein. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:21302–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Naito H, Ma Y, Uemura K, Arano Y, Kawasaki T. Metabolic properties of normal and mutant mannan-binding proteins in mouse plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:231–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Chapman S, Vannberg F, Khor C et al. . Mannose-binding lectin genotypes: lack of association with susceptibility to thoracic empyema. BMC Med Genet 2010; 11:5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Madsen HO, Garred P, Thiel S et al. . Interplay between promoter and structural gene variants control basal serum level of mannan-binding protein. J Immunol 1995; 155:3013–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Madsen HO, Satz ML, Hogh B, Svejgaard A, Garred P. Different molecular events result in low protein levels of mannan-binding lectin in Populations from Southeast Africa and South America. J Immunol 1998; 161:3169–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Eisen DP, Dean MM, Thomas P et al. . Low mannose-binding lectin function is associated with sepsis in adult patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006; 48:274–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al. . 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1250–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Angus DC, Marrie TJ, Obrosky DS et al. . Severe community-acquired pneumonia: use of intensive care services and evaluation of American and British Thoracic Society Diagnostic criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:717–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Walden AP, Clarke GM, McKechnie S et al. . Patients with community acquired pneumonia admitted to European intensive care units: an epidemiological survey of the GenOSept cohort. Crit Care 2014; 18:R58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Tridente A, Clarke GM, Walden A et al. . Patients with faecal peritonitis admitted to European intensive care units: an epidemiological survey of the GenOSept cohort. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40:202–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Little P, Stuart B, Moore M et al. . Amoxicillin for acute lower-respiratory-tract infection in primary care when pneumonia is not suspected: a 12-country, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13:123–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Vossen RHAM, Aten E, Roos A, den Dunnen JT. High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) - More than just sequence variant screening. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:860–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, Needham DM, Pronovost PJ, Sevransky JE. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1276–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Nakada TA, Russell JA, Boyd JH, Walley KR. IL17A genetic variation is associated with altered susceptibility to Gram-positive infection and mortality of severe sepsis. Crit Care 2011; 15:R254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Man M, Close SL, Shaw AD et al. . Beyond single-marker analyses: mining whole genome scans for insights into treatment responses in severe sepsis. Pharmacogenomics J 2013; 13:218–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Dahl M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Schnohr P, Nordestgaard BG. A population-based study of morbidity and mortality in mannose-binding lectin deficiency. J Exp Med 2004; 199:1391–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Gordon AC, Waheed U, Hansen TK et al. . Mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms in severe sepsis: relationship to levels, incidence, and outcome. Shock 2006; 25:88–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Eisen DP, Dean MM, Boermeester MA et al. . Low serum mannose-binding lectin level increases the risk of death due to pneumococcal infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:510–6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Roos A, Garred P, Wildenberg ME et al. . Antibody-mediated activation of the classical pathway of complement may compensate for mannose-binding lectin deficiency. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2589–98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.