Usefulness of V3-Radial Artery Graft-V4 Bypass in Bilateral Fusiform Aneurysms of Vertebral Artery: Case Report

Abstract

A 55-year-old woman with bilateral vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms was transferred to our hospital. She suffered from a minor stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the stroke incidentally revealed bilateral VA aneurysms. Due to its size, more observation was recommended, and the patient was found eager to be treated. Both side surgeries were found inappropriate because of severe lower cranial nerve disturbances. The right aneurysm involved the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and the V4 segment was deviated to the right side. Therefore, the smaller right aneurysm was treated first with an occipital artery (OA)-PICA bypass and a V3-radial artery graft (RAG)-V4 bypass followed by proximal clipping of the PICA and the right VA. The right VA was successfully remade by RAG and the right aneurysm was not revealed on postoperative examination. By doing so, the opposite aneurysm was able to be eliminated by the parent artery occlusion even by using an interventional radiology (IVR). The V3-RAG-V4 bypass is a useful method for treating bilateral VA aneurysms. This is a new bypass which has not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge.

Introduction

The natural history of asymptomatic fusiform vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms is still not clear now and we are unable to detect if the aneurysm is non-dissecting or not.^1–5) Non-dissecting aneurysms might not need to be treated because they harbor less possibility of rupture.^3,6,7) On the other hand, some cases of bilateral VA dissection which needed treatment on both sides have been reported.^8–11) One side parent artery occlusion may later cause an opposite aneurysmal enlargement due to hemodynamic stress. At first we remade one side VA using a V3-radial artery graft (RAG)-V4 bypass. By doing so, the opposite aneurysm can even be occluded by an endovascular approach.

We propose a new revascularization method, a V3-RAGV4 bypass, which has not been reported so far.

Case Report

A 55-year-old woman with bilateral VA aneurysms was transferred to our hospital. She suffered from a minor stroke. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the stroke incidentally showed bilateral VA aneurysms. A 3-dimensional computed tomography angiogram (3DCTA) revealed asymptomatic bilateral fusiform VA aneurysms. The right aneurysm, including the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), was 7 mm in length. The left aneurysm was bigger than the right with a length of 10 mm. The whole vertebrobasilar artery was deviated to the right (Fig. 1A–C). Those aneurysms had been observed for 2 years at the hospital. Even though they had not changed for the follow-up period, she strongly hoped to be operated. According to preoperative 3DCTA, the vertebro-basilar artery was deviated to the right in addition the right VA aneurysm including the PICA. Considering the invasiveness of the lower cranial nerves when treating both aneurysms surgically, the right smaller VA aneurysm was treated earlier. We planned the trapping of the aneurysm with an occipital artery (OA)-PICA bypass and a V3-RAG-V4 bypass to remake the right VA itself so as not to cause an opposite aneurysmal enlargement. The patient underwent surgery through a right transcondylar approach by which the jugular tuberculum was drilled off to widen a working space. A perforating artery arising just at the distal point of the aneurysm could be seen under a microscope. The patient had no symptoms and was treated not with a trapping but a proximal clipping of the VA to prevent perforator ischemia (Fig. 2). The postoperative course was uneventful. The postoperative 3DCTA revealed the right VA remade by the RAG and the elimination of the right VA aneurysm (Fig. 3A–C). In response to the patient's request, we are currently observing the opposite aneurysm.

Fig. 1.

Preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography angiogram. A: Bilateral fusiform aneurysms of vertebral artery are seen. B: Vertebrobasilar artery system, from posterior, demonstrates deviation to the right. C: Oblique view demonstrates the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery is arising from the aneurysm.

Fig. 2.

A: Upper shema demonstrating the entire relationship to the lower cranial nerves. B: Lower shema demonstrating our procedure, V3-radial artery graft-V4 bypass with proximal clipping of the vertebral artery to spare perforating artery arising at the just distal point of the aneurysm and occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass with proximal clipping of PICA.

Fig. 3.

Postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography angiogram. A: The right aneurysm is eliminated. The right vertebral artery is remade by radial artery graft successfully. B: The occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass is seen. C: Oblique view.

Discussion

The management of incidentally discovered fusiform aneurysms is difficult, because the natural history of fusiform aneurysm of the VA is still not clear.^1–7,12) It is a fact that some of them may have a growing potential, however it is difficult to ascertain prognosis at the initial diagnosis.⁵⁾ Especially in cases of bilateral VA aneurysms, one side occlusion of the parent artery has a risk to cause opposite aneurysmal enlargement.^8–11) When both VAs are occluded, the revascularization to prevent an ischemic event and occurrence of severe lower cranial nerve disturbance should be considered. In this case, a V3-RAG-V4 bypass was made on the right side first. The reason why we use the RAG is that the caliber of the radial artery (RA) is about 3 mm, similar to that of the right VA, which is suitable for a revascularization of the right VA. By doing this, we were able to reduce the possibility of an opposite aneurysmal enlargement due to hemodynamic stress. In addition, when it shows signs of growing, even an interventional radiology (IVR) can be used to eliminate it. In response to the patient's request, we are currently observing the opposite aneurysm. This procedure solves problems of opposite aneurysmal growing or severe lower cranial nerve disturbance. Although this new bypass is useful, special care is required. Though the V4 was deviated to the right, it was superficial in this patient, so a V4-RAG anastomosis was required at deep and narrow spaces close to the lower cranial nerves. Considering the time it takes for this anastomosis, the existence of collateral circulation such as an opposite VA or a posterior communicating artery is desirable. It is also important to have appropriate installments like easiness to handle a needle and to have strong grasping power to hold a needle still in a deep operative field. In addition, skull base techniques by which jugular tuberculum can be drilled off are also needed to laterally widen a working space for anastomosis. Special techniques, as mentioned above, are required to perform this bypass safely.