Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, on the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. EGFR gene siRNAs (EGFR-siRNA) were introduced into esophageal cancer Eca109 cells using Lipofectamine® 2000. The EGFR messenger (m)RNA expression levels, EGFR protein expression and cell growth were assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis and a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), respectively. In addition, colony assays were used to determine the inhibitory effects of X-ray radiation on EGFR-silenced cells. EGFR mRNA and protein levels were reduced in the Eca109 cells transfected with EGFR-siRNA. The relative EGFR mRNA expression levels were reduced to 26.74, 9.52 and 4.61% in Eca109 cells transfected with EGFR-siRNA1, 2 and 3, respectively. These mRNA levels were significantly reduced compared with the those of the control group (42.44%; P<0.0001). Transfection with siRNA3 resulted in the greatest reduction in EGFR mRNA expression, with an inhibition rate of 85%. The relative EGFR protein expression levels were reduced to 24.05, 34.91 and 34.14% in Eca109 cells transfected with EGFR-siRNA1, 2 and 3, respectively. These protein levels were significantly reduced compared with those of the control group (78.57%; P<0.0001). Transfection with siRNA1 resulted in the greatest reduction in EGFR protein expression, with an inhibition rate of 72.84%. This reduction in EGFR expression inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 cells, which was identified using the CCK-8 assay. The proliferation inhibition ratio was 28.2%. The cells treated with irradiation in addition to EGFR-siRNA, demonstrated reduced radiobiological parameters (D0, Dq and SF2) compared with those of cells treated with irradiation only, with a sensitization enhancing ratio of 1.5. In conclusion, suppression of EGFR expression may enhance the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer Eca109 cells and therefore may represent a promising approach for future clinical practice.
Keywords: small interfering RNA, radiosensitivity, epidermal growth factor receptor, cell lines, esophageal neoplasm
Introduction
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common digestive tract cancers, and accounts for approximately one-sixth of all cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. There are ~300,000 cases of esophageal cancer (EC)-associated mortalities annually worldwide (1). The incidence of ESCC is characterized by distinctive geographic distribution, with half of all cases worldwide occurring in China. Approximately 70% of patients present with advanced ESCC at the time of diagnosis and treatment consists of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, in addition to palliative care for terminally ill patients. The prognosis for EC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of ≤20% (2) and therefore, ESCC continues to result in high mortality rates. Although various refinements of the conventional therapies for EC, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and their multidisciplinary applications have been attempted, improvements in the overall survival rate remain unsatisfactory (3). Therefore, the development of novel therapies to treat EC are urgently required.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in multiple signaling pathways, a number of which are associated with esophageal cancer progression. EGFR is a major regulator in a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and cell death (4). In the development of tolerance to irradiation, an intracellular phosphorylation cascade initiated by auto-phosphorylation of transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors, and of EGFR (also known as HER-1) in particular, has been recognized as a signaling pathway associated with cell survival (5). The high expression and mutation rate of EGFR may result in radiotherapy resistance, leading to a reduction in radiosensitivity. EGFR is currently being studied as a potential ESCC therapeutic target (6).
RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific method of gene silencing that utilizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules complementary to the target sequence (7). These siRNAs bind to gene transcripts, targeting them for early destruction prior to translation (7). RNAi techniques are already extensively used in research but also have promising potential for the development of drugs capable of targeting specific proteins (8,9), including EGFR (10). In the present study, siRNA technology was used to reduce EGFR expression in ESCC cells, and its effects on cell proliferation and radiosensitivity were assessed. The results of the present study may provide the theoretical basis on which to develop novel treatments for ESCC.
Materials and methods
Cell culture and major reagents
Human ESCC Eca109 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and maintained at 37°C under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. TRIzol reagent, liposomes and Lipofectamine 2000 were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and the Fast HiFidelity PCR kit was purchased from Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The EGFR primer sequences were designed and synthesized by Invitrogen Life Technologies, the EGFR primary antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), the secondary antibody and the Micro Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA), and the radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) protein lysis buffer and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) kit were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Guangzhou, China).
Design and synthesis of siRNAs
A total of three siRNA pairs targeting the EGFR gene were designed and synthesized by Invitrogen Life Technologies. The sequences used were as follows: EGFR-siRNA1 sense, UGA UCU GUC ACC ACA UAA UUA CGG and antisense, CCC GUA AUU AUG UGG UGA CAG AUCA; EGFR-siRNA2 sense, UUA GAU AAG ACU GCU AAG GCA UAGG and antisense, CCU AUG CCU UAG CAG UCU UAU CUAA; EGFR-siRNA3 sense, UUU AAA UUC ACC AAU ACC UAU UCCG and antisense, CGG AAU AGG UAU UGG UGA AUU UAAA.
Cell transfection
The cells were divided into 4 groups: The EGFR-siRNA-treated group, the positive siRNA control group, the non-targeting siRNA-treated group (negative control) and the untreated control group (blank). Eca109 cells were seeded into six-well plates at a density of 5×105 cells/well. When the cells reached 80–90% confluency, negative control siRNA (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) or EGFR-siRNA (final concentration, 50 nmol/l; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) was transfected according to the Lipofectamine 2000 transfection instructions. The transfection efficiency was determined using fluorescently labeled siRNA and an Olympus IX70 Inverted Fluorescent Microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The cells were irradiated prior to harvest for RNA and protein measurements, following transfection for 48 h.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect EGFR mRNA expression
The total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent and then reverse transcribed into cDNA using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit. β-actin was selected as an internal reference gene (1). The EGFR primers (Invitrogen Life Technologies) were as follows: Forward (F), 5′-AAA GAC CTG TAC GCC AAC ACAG-3′; and reverse (R), 5′-TTT TAG GAT GGC AAG GGA CTTC-3′, which amplified a fragment of 244 base pairs (bp). The cycling conditions consisted of 94°C pre-incubation for 4 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, annealing at 60°C for 30 sec and extension at 72°C for 1 min, followed by a final extension at 72°C for 10 min (2). The internal reference (β-actin) gene primers were F 5′-AAA GAC CTG TAC GCC AAC ACAG-3′ and R 5′-TTT TAG GAT GGC AAG GGA CTTC-3′, which amplified a fragment of 556 bp. Equal volumes of the PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels and fragments were visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The grayscale images of the PCR amplification products were analyzed using a gel imaging system (ChemiDoc XRS+ system) and Quantity One 1-D Analysis software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).
CCK-8 assay
Eca109 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 6×103 cells/well. All experiments were repeated three times, and the mean results were recorded. The culture plates were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 in a humidified air incubator. Following treatment with EGFR-siRNA3, the cells were cultured for a further 24 h, prior to the addition of 10 µl CCK-8 solution (10 µg/l) to every well in the dark. The cells were incubated for a further 2 h. ELISA was then performed and the absorbance of each well was measured at 490 nm (OD, optical density). The cell proliferation inhibition rate was calculated using the following formula: Cell proliferation inhibition rate (%) = [(1-treated group OD value)/control group OD value] × 100%.
Western blot analysis
The total protein was extracted from the Eca109 cells using RIPA lysis buffer and the protein concentration was determined using a Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 5 min. The total proteins (50 µg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Yubo Biology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The membrane was blocked for 1 h at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline with Tween-20 (PBST; 0.05% Tween-20; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) containing 5% skimmed milk. The membranes were washed three times with PBST, and then incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary monoclonal rabbit anti-human EGFR (1:1,000; cat. no. ab76153; Abcam) and rabbit anti-human β-tubulin (1:500; cat. no. ab179513; Abcam) antibodies diluted in PBST. Following three washes with PBST, the membranes were incubated with polyclonal goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:500; cat. no. 32260; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were washed 4 times with PBST, and detection was performed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (Pierce DAB Substrate Kit; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The band intensity was digitized and analyzed using Quantity One 1-D software.
Irradiation and clonogenic assay
Cells (~300) that had been treated with EGFR-siRNA3 or a non-targeting siRNA as the control were seeded into 60-mm diameter culture dishes. Each group was irradiated at six different doses: 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy, using the 6MV-X Synergy linear accelerator (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) with a 1-cm filter and a source-skin distance of 100 cm, at a dose rate of 3 Gy/min. The radiation field was 40×40 cm. Following 10 days of incubation, the colonies were fixed with methanol and stained with Giemsa (Beijing Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) for 30 min. Colonies consisting of ≥50 cells were scored as viable colonies. The colony formation rate was estimated from the planting efficiency (PE; number of clones/inoculated cells × 100%) and the surviving fraction (SF; colony formation rate of irradiated cells/colony formation rate of control cells × 100%). The data were fit to the multi-target model, and a survival curve of each group was established using Prism software, version 5.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The radiobiological parameters, including D0, Dq, and SF2 (survival fraction at 2 Gy) were calculated according to the survival curves, in which logN=Dq/D0. The sensitization enhancement ratio was calculated as the SF2 of the control group/SF2 of the EGFR-siRNA3-treated group. The results are based on ≥3 independent experiments.
Statistical analysis
The data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), in addition to the Least Significant Difference test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Eca109 cells are successfully transfected with siRNA
The siRNA was successfully transfected into Eca109 cells using Lipofectamine 2000, in a transient manner. Based on the expression of the red fluorescent Cy3 reporter (Fig. 1), it was demonstrated that EGFR-siRNA at 50 nmol/l yielded the highest transfection efficiency (≤85%), and was therefore adopted for all subsequent experiments.
Figure 1.
Eca109 cells successfully transfected with small interfering RNA 3. (A) Fluorescent imaging of Cy3 reporter (red) post-transfection, 200 bright fields. (B) Fluorescent microscope image post-transfection, 200 dark fields.
EGFR-siRNA treatment reduces EGFR mRNA expression
The EGFR mRNA relative expression levels were 26.74±3.40, 9.52±1.09 and 4.61±10.5% following transfection with EGFR siRNA1, 2 and 3, respectively; EGFR mRNA expression was significantly reduced, compared with the relative expression rate of 42.44% in the control group (P<0.0001; Fig. 2). The inhibition efficiency of the three EGFR-siRNAs on EGFR mRNA expression was 22, 70 and 85%, respectively. As the EGFR mRNA levels were most significantly reduced in the EGFR-siRNA3 group, the EGFR-siRNA3 was selected for use in the subsequent proliferation and clonogenic assays.
Figure 2.
EGFR-siRNA transfection reduces EGFR mRNA expression levels. (A) Reverse transcription-PCR was used to detect the EGFR and β-actin gene expression in the various groups 48 h following transfection. (B) PCR products were semi-quantified by assessing the relative intensity of messenger RNA expression using image analysis by comparing EGFR with β-actin. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments (*P<0.0001 vs. Control). EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; NC, non-targeting siRNA (negative control); PC, postitive interference siRNA (positive control); Control, blank control group (untransfected).
EGFR-siRNA treatment reduces EGFR protein expression
The EGFR protein relative expression rate was 24.05±6.01, 34.91±5.78 and 34.14±3.08% (Fig. 3) following transfection with EGFR-siRNA1, 2 and 3, respectively, compared with 78.57% in the control group. This reduction in EGFR protein level was significant (P<0.0001). The inhibition efficiencies of the three types of EGFR-siRNA on EGFR protein expression were 72.84, 53.01 and 56.21% (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
EGFR-siRNA treatment reduces EGFR protein expression. (A) EGFR and β-tubulin protein expression in the various groups was detected by western blotting. (B) Semi-quantitative analysis of the EGFR protein expression comparing EGFR to β-tubulin. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three experiments; *P<0.0001 vs. Control). NC, negative interference siRNA; PC, positive interference siRNA; Control, blank control group (untransfected); EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
Downregulation of EGFR expression inhibits the growth of Eca109 cells
EGFR-siRNA-treated cells demonstrated notable growth retardation at 48 h following transfection, with an inhibition rate of 28.2%, compared with the rate of growth in the blank control group (Fig. 4; Table I). This inhibition rate was greater than that observed at 24 h (data not shown), and therefore, this time-period was selected as the detection time for mRNA and protein expression of EGFR.
Figure 4.
EGFR-siRNA treatment inhibits Eca109 cell proliferation asdetermined by CCK-8 assay. OD values of Eca109 cell proliferation following transfection with EGFR-siRNA. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation of four separate experiments (*P<0.05 vs. Control). NC, negative interference siRNA; PC, positive interference siRNA; Control, blank control group (untransfected); EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA; OD, optical density.
Table I.
OD values for Eca109 cell proliferation following transfection with EGFR-siRNA3 (n=3).
| Group | OD value |
|---|---|
| Blank control group | 1.847±0.641 |
| Positive interference siRNA control | 1.499±0.2974a |
| Negative interference siRNA control | 1.820±0.548 |
| EGFR-siRNA | 1.326±0.110a |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean.
P<0.05 vs. blank control group. OD, optical density; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
EGFR-siRNA increases the radiosensitivity of Eca109 cells
The survival curve for the Eca109 cells in the EGFR-siRNA group was significantly reduced following exposure to various doses of X-ray radiation, compared with that of the control group (Fig. 5). The radiobiological parameters are presented in Table II, with notable differences between the D0 and Dq values of the two groups. These results indicated that transfection with EGFR-siRNA reduced the ability of the Eca109 cells to repair X-ray-induced damage, and therefore, increases the radiosensitivity of the Eca109 cells.
Figure 5.
EGFR-siRNA increases the radiosensitivity of Eca109 cells. Survival curve of EGFR-siRNA and control Eca109 cells treated with various doses of X-ray irradiation. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
Table II.
Radiobiological parameters fitted using the multi-target model.
| Group | D0 | Dq | SF2 | SER |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blank control | 2.86 | 0.88 | 0.48 | |
| EGFR-siRNA | 1.84 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 1.5 |
SF, survival fraction at 2 Gy; D0, mean lethal dose, also used as the final slope; Dq, quasi-threshold dose; SER, sensitization enhancement ratio; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
Discussion
Binding of a ligand to the extracellular domain of the EGFR results in dimerization of the EGFR molecules in the cell membrane and induction of intracellular tyrosine kinase activity. Autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues in the tyrosine kinase domain results in a series of intracellular signal cascade amplifications and transmissions, which ultimately regulate nuclear gene expression resulting in cell proliferation and differentiation (11). Previous studies have demonstrated that EGFR is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of tumor, thus making it an important target for anticancer drug design (12). In the present study, the role of EGFR was examined in the Eca109 ESCC cell line, in which EGFR is highly expressed.
Overexpression or mutation of EGFR is one of the main mechanisms underlying tumor cell resistance to radiotherapy, which results in poor prognosis (13). Akimoto et al (5) demonstrated that the expression of EGFR and radiosensitivity of solid tumors was negatively correlated, in in vitro experiments. Tumors expressing high levels of EGFR were more resistant to radiation compared with tumors expressing low levels of EGFR (13). Therefore, EGFR may represent an effective target for radiosensitization. The EGFR inhibitor cetuximab (IMC-c225) and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib and erlotinib, have previously been comprehensively investigated (14), and a proportion of these drugs have also been tested in phase I to phase III clinical trials for the treatment of ESCC (14–18). However, as these drugs are only effective in a small number of patients, novel methods of inhibiting the EGFR pathway are required.
RNAi is a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing, which has been observed in a number of eukaryotes. siRNAs targeting specific genes in tumor cells may be used to inhibit tumor cell growth, induce apoptosis and enhance sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy; thus, they possess significant potential as novel cancer drugs (19). Zhang et al (20) synthesized a combined double-stranded RNA with a specific EGFR sequence by chemical methods in vitro, transfected it into A549 cells with Lipofectamine 2000 and observed that EGFR expression was reduced by >70%, as measured by western blot analysis and flow cytometry, while the cell growth inhibition rate was >70%. Huo et al (21) transfected Eca109 cells with an extracellular signal regulated kinase-specific siRNA to inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This pathway functions downstream of EGFR signaling. The authors demonstrated that interference with this pathway inhibited tumor cell growth, induced apoptosis, arrested cell cycle progression and enhanced the radiosensitivity of EC cells. In the present study, EGFR expression was successfully reduced in ESCC Eca109 cells by transfection with EGFR-siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. Following transfection with EGFR-siRNA, the inhibition rate of EGFR mRNA was as high as 85% and EGFR protein inhibition was as high as 72.84%, following EGFR knockdown in Eca109 cells. In addition, the CCK-8 assay demonstrated that Eca109 cell growth was inhibited as a result of EGFR downregulation, with an inhibition rate of 28.2%. These results indicated that the EGFR gene is important in the proliferation and health of ESCC cells. A previous study indicated that the use of RNAi technology can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells (22). In the present study, a clonogenic assay was used to determine whether suppression of EGFR affected the radiosensitivity of Eca109 cells. The observed decline in the cell survival curve of EGFR-siRNA-treated cells compared with that of the control cells indicated that downregulation of EGFR increased cell radiosensitivity by up to 1.5-fold. As RNAi technology continues to improve, it may be developed into a significant technique for the study of oncogene function.
In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that RNAi technology successfully reduced EGFR mRNA and protein levels in ESCC cells, which subsequently resulted in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in addition to an improvement in the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation. These results provide a rationale for combining siRNA and radiotherapy in the treatment of human epithelial cancers, which express EGFR. Radiotherapy combined with siRNA may improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the total radiation dose required in a clinical setting, which is of potential clinical interest.
Acknowledgements
The present study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81402518 and 81472920), the Jiangsu Provincial Special Program of Medical Science (no. BL2012046) and the Changzhou Scientific Program (nos. ZD201315 and CY20130017).
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