Table 2. Pooled and subgroup analyses stratified by sex, area, major confounders adjusted, quality score, ethnicity, and outcome.
| Any versus non/occasional | Light versus non/occasional | Moderate versus non/occasional | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | RR (95% CI) | I2(%) | P valueb | Na | RR (95% CI) | I2(%) | P valueb | Na | RR (95% CI) | I2(%) | P valueb | |
| Overall | 8 | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 60.1 | 0.005 | 6 | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 45.2 | 0.078 | 8 | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) | 45.1 | 0.068 |
| Sexc | ||||||||||||
| Male | 6 | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 70.9 | 0.004 | 5 | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 43.2 | 0.134 | 6 | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) | 46.7 | 0.095 |
| Female | 6 | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 24.6 | 0.249 | 5 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.0 | 0.840 | 4 | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | 6.7 | 0.360 |
| Aread | ||||||||||||
| USA | 4 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 51.3 | 0.086 | 3 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 57.2 | 0.053 | 4 | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 46.9 | 0.110 |
| Europe | 1 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | - | - | 1 | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | - | - | 1 | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) | - | - |
| Asia | 2 | 1.91 (0.35–10.48) | 84.6 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | - | - | 2 | 1.07 (0.18–6.41) | 84.3 | 0.012 |
| Major confounders adjustede | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 70.8 | 0.008 | 3 | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 68.9 | 0.022 | 4 | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | 55.1 | 0.063 |
| No | 4 | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 49.8 | 0.077 | 3 | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0 | 0.914 | 4 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 45.7 | 0.137 |
| Quality score | ||||||||||||
| ≥Mean | 4 | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | 71.7 | 0.007 | 3 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 58.4 | 0.047 | 4 | 0.76 (0.66–0.89) | 44.6 | 0.124 |
| <Mean | 4 | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 47.2 | 0.092 | 3 | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0 | 0.526 | 4 | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 58.1 | 0.067 |
| Ethnicityf | ||||||||||||
| Caucasian | 5 | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 44.0 | 0.112 | 4 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 57.7 | 0.051 | 5 | 0.77 (0.68–0.86) | 35.5 | 0.170 |
| Asian | 2 | 1.91 (0.35–10.48) | 84.6 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | - | - | 2 | 1.07 (0.18–6.41) | 84.3 | 0.012 |
| Outcome | ||||||||||||
| Incidence | 6 | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 34.7 | 0.151 | 5 | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 45.4 | 0.089 | 6 | 0.76 (0.69–0.85) | 26.5 | 0.226 |
| Mortality | 2 | 1.91 (0.35–10.48) | 84.6 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | - | - | 2 | 1.07 (0.18–6.41) | 84.3 | 0.012 |
a
The number of studies included.
b
P for heterogeneity in subgroups.
c
Studies which reported or could calculate the sex-specific estimates were selected.
d
Study reported by Lee et al. containing multiple countries was not included in the subgroup analysis of area.
e
Studies adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, and hypertension.
f
Study reported by Setiawan et al. containing multiple ethnicities was not included in the subgroup analysis of ethnicity.