Table 1.
Participant Demographic Characteristics.
| Pregnant (n = 91) | Non-Pregnant (n = 101) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) a | |||
| Age (years) | 30.8 ± 5.0 | 29.1 ± 7.7 | 0.072 |
| Weeks Gestation | 31.0 ± 8.2 | N/A | N/A |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 6.7 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 0.003 ** |
| (%) b | |||
| Marital Status | <0.001 ** | ||
| Married/Common Law | 97% | 51% | |
| Single/Divorced/Other | 3% | 49% | |
| Parity | 0.005 * | ||
| 0 | 53% | 68% | |
| 1 | 32% | 13% | |
| 2 or more | 15% | 19% | |
| Ethnicity | 0.293 | ||
| Caucasian | 77% | 83% | |
| Other | 23% | 17% | |
| Chronic Illness | 0.620 | ||
| No | 80% | 83% | |
| Yes | 20% | 17% | |
| Education Level | 0.616 | ||
| High school graduate or less | 7% | 4% | |
| Some college or university | 16% | 20% | |
| College or university degree or above | 77% | 76% | |
| Employment Status | 0.025 * | ||
| Employed/Self-Employed | 70% | 55% | |
| Unemployed c | 30% | 45% | |
| Annual Household Income | <0.001 ** | ||
| <$30,000 | 3% | 35% | |
| $30,000–59,000 | 18% | 23% | |
| >$60,000 | 79% | 42% | |
* p-Value significant at p < 0.05 level; ** p-value significant at p < 0.01 level; a t-test for independent samples; b Chi square analysis (marital status, ethnicity, chronic illness, employment status) or Fisher’s Exact Test (parity, education, income, BMI) as appropriate; c Included students, homemakers, unemployed or other. Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index), kg (kilograms), m (metres), SD (standard deviation).