Addiction profile in probation practices in Turkey: 5-year data analysis

Abstract

Introduction

While drug addiction is a global problem, it is important for every region to know the general features of its own addicts in order to develop effective treatment programs. This study presents sociodemographic data of the individuals diagnosed with drug addiction.

Methods

In this study, data of the patients between the years of 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assessed at psychiatry polyclinics according to probation practices of drug abuse. The study involved 513 patients in whom drug positivity was detected in urine analysis at least once and whose diagnoses were confirmed with a clinical interview.

Results

According to this study, a majority of the addicts were detected in 2013. Males made up 98.2% of the sample population, their average age was 32.12±10.21 years, and minimum and maximum ages for the first drug use were 7 years and 45 years, respectively. Marijuana use was found in 90.8% of the patients, 90% of them were living with their families, and 59.6% of them held a regular job. Treatment response was related with age of first use of drugs, duration of use drugs, and prior treatment anamnesis of the patients.

Conclusion

In this study, it was determined that the drug which was most frequently was used marijuana. The risk of drug addiction can affect any individual in society, regardless of their education, occupation, or social support levels. Alternative treatment models, especially for chronic and long-term users, should be researched.

Introduction

Drug addiction is a major health problem that affects Turkey as well as the rest of the world.^1,2 In order to deal with drug abuse and the relevant legal problems associated with it, various methods, such as “probation” (P), have been newly applied throughout the world. Current P practices and laws were defined and earlier applied in the USA and Europe than in Turkey.^3,4 Although the rate of illegal substance use in Turkey is lower than that found in western countries, individual and social problems involving substance use have increased rapidly.^1,2 The prevalence of these problems required the creation of new legal regulations regarding these issues in Turkey. “P” is a concept wherein society rather than a penal institution imposes sanctions or preventive measures for a criminal offense.⁵ “P” refers to the suspension of punishment detection, the suspension of the execution of punishment as applied in Continental Europe, the suspension of judgment, and the lack of an imposition of a penalty despite the detection of criminality.⁵ Sanctions related to the treatment of drug, stimulant, or volatile substance addicts and alcohol addicts have been newly imposed for individuals in Turkey who have received a P due to the offense of “Buying, accepting or keeping drugs or stimulants for use” cited in article 191 of Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237 and for individuals who have received a judicial control decision pursuant to article 109 of Turkish Criminal Code No. 5271.⁶ In the relevant law, the law dated June 18, 2014 was amended.^7,8 Until amendments are made to the related law, persons who have been ordered by the P bureaus pursuant to the current legislation are required to apply to health institutions within 5 days.⁹ Once at the institution, addicts must undergo urine tests three times, with 15 days between each test, as well submit to a clinical interview, and if the results of the tests are positive and the interviews confirm the results of drug use, then such persons must enter a 6-week treatment program. In this program, individual-oriented or group-oriented semi-structured psycho-education practices are applied once a week. If it is decided that the relevant person is addicted after the personal interview and repeated toxicological analyses, he/she should be directed to an addiction treatment center.^5,9 Many provinces in Turkey lack any information about the frequency and features of drug use. Although P data are unable to provide precise overall information, they can help to provide service providers with a preliminary understanding of the problems.

Methods

This study provides the data obtained following the conduct of a retrospective analysis of the files for which application for P practice was made to the psychiatry polyclinic of Sakarya Training and Research Hospital (STRH) due to drug use.

Approval of the Sakarya University, Medical Faculty Ethics Committee was received for the study.

P procedure

In cases where the court realizes that an individual has a drug addiction and is heavily addicted, they are sent to our hospital to undergo a 6-week treatment program.⁹ These patients are subjected to urine drug screening test and a clinical interview. If drug screening test returns a positive result and this situation is consistent with a clinical interview, the patient participates in a 6-week treatment program, which begins within 5 days following the last urine analysis. On the first day of treatment, the patient fills out a sociodemographic data form during the preinterview process, conducted before the patient meets the doctor. During the program; patients had six sessions of psychoeducation about addiction and brief supportive psychotherapy. At the end of the treatment program if they had substance negative urine test results for the last 3 weeks (second half of the program) in line with their clinical evaluation, they were accepted as responders. If they had substance positivity in urine tests, they were evaluated as nonresponders to the treatment and sent to a further treatment program in specialized addiction research and treatment centers.

Sociodemographic data and drug use form

This form is a questionnaire including the patient’s age, the person/people with whom the patient lives, and drug use frequency. It is a one-page short form that the Ministry requires all patients under judicial cases to fill out.

Statistical analysis

SPSS Statistics version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for conducting statistical analysis in this study. Before comparing the average figures of linear variables, Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous groups, respectively. Levene’s test was conducted on all groups included in the study.

Results

This study was conducted on 513 people who presented to the psychiatry polyclinic of STRH within the scope of P between October 2009 and December 2014. All of the study participants were diagnosed with a “drug addiction” following the conduct of a clinical interview and were thereby included in a 6-week treatment program.

Sociodemographic data

Of the patients participated in the treatment program, 98.2% were male. The average age of the participants was 32.12±10.21 (range: 16–69 years) years. While 8.7% of the patients (n=44) lived alone, 90% of them (n=457) lived with their families. The patients who had to undergo the 6-week treatment program while still under incarceration corresponded to 0.6% (n=3) of the participating patients, and those who were not under incarceration corresponded to 1.8% (n=9). A total of 78.8% of the patients lived in the city center.

When the working conditions of the patients were evaluated, it was observed that the percentage of patients with regular work, those without regular work, and casual employees were 59.6% (n=304), 31.6% (n=151), and 10.8% (n=55), respectively.

In looking at the years of application and rate of new applications per year, it was determined that the most applications by new patients were made in 2013 (Table 1).

Table 1.

Distribution of the patients by years within the scope of 6-week P program

Application year	n	%	Application type
			First diagnosis, n	Former patient, n
2009	9	1.8	7	2
2010	64	12.5	40	24
2011	55	10.7	32	23
2012	113	22.0	47	66
2013	162	31.6	119	43
2014	110	21.4	86	24
Total	513	100	331	182

Abbreviation: P, probation.

After analyzing the responses to the question of the age at which the patient used drugs for the first time, the results showed that the average age for using drugs for the first time was 20.96±6.87 years (range: 7–45 years). It was discovered that 35.5% (n=182) of the total patients (n=513) had previously been subjected to P or a similar judicial practice due to drug use, and 18.7% (n=96) of them had undergone prior treatment due to drug addiction. The data regarding patients’ education level are given in Table 2 and Figure 1.

Table 2.

Education features of P patients (5 years)

Education status	n	%	Valid %
Never went to school	11	2.1	2.2
1–5 years	178	34.7	35.7
6–8 years	142	27.7	28.4
9–12 years	145	28.3	29.1
Over 12 years	23	4.5	4.6
Valid in total	499	97.3	100.0
Missing data	14	2.7
Total	513	100.0

Abbreviation: P, probation.

Figure 1.

Distribution of patients according to their education levels.

Considering the distribution of the drugs cited by the patients, the most frequently used drug was cannabis. Drug use distribution is shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Distribution of the drugs used (5 years)

Drug	n	%	Valid %
Cannabis (marijuana)	466	90.8	93.0
Ecstasy	7	1.4	1.4
Heroin	10	1.9	2.0
Synthetic cannabinoid	8	1.6	1.6
Amphetamine	1	0.2	0.2
Other/multiple	9	1.8	1.8
Total	501	97.7	100.0
Does not admit to drug use	12	2.3
Total	513	100.0

In the evaluation conducted on the means of drug use, it was found that marijuana users and synthetic cannabinoid users smoke it, ecstasy and amphetamine users take them as pills, and heroin users (n=10) either snort (n=7, 70%) or take it through injection (n=3, 30%).

Prior to starting the treatment, the patients were asked about their drug use frequency. Drug positivity was detected in the urine of these patients after the administration of a substance screening test within the last month. The drug use frequency figures, as declared by the patients, are given in Table 4.

Table 4.

Drug use frequency as declared by patients

	Number	%
Everyday	82	16.0
2–6 days a week	46	9.0
1 day a week or less	118	23.0
Did not use last month	254	49.5
At least one use in total	500	97.5
Never used	12	2.3
No answer	1	0.2
Total	513	100.0

In response to whether or not they smoked, or drank alcohol, 46% of the patients said they drank alcohol, and 70.2% of them said they smoked.

Treatment results

Three hundred and thirty-eight of the 513 (65.9%) patients responded to the treatment. Age of the first drug use was younger, and duration of regular drug use was longer in nonresponders than responders (P<0.05).

All of the female patients positively responded to the treatment program, while 65.2% of males were responders. Also, 50% of patients who had undergone a prior treatment responded to the treatment program, but 69.5% of the ones who did not have a prior treatment anamnesis responded to the treatment program (P<0.05).

In other parameters, there were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders.

Discussion

This study gives data on 513 patients who presented to the psychiatry polyclinic of STRH within the scope of P between October 2009 and December 2014. All of the study participants were diagnosed with a “drug addiction” following the conduct of a clinical interview and were thereby included in a 6-week treatment program.

The evaluation conducted on the distribution of drug addicts according to year found that the figure by year increased up to the year 2013 but slightly decreased in 2014. The number of new patients in 2013 was significantly higher than the number found in other years. These results were obtained after verification through laboratory tests. The decrease seen in the addiction rate in 2014 was a promising outcome, but this result could be attributed to the fact that the use of substances such as synthetic cannabinoid, which can- not be detected in our urine analyses, could have been wide- spread during the period of the study (synthetic cannabinoids could be detected during only last two months of the study), making it possible that it passed by unnoticed.¹⁰

In this study, responses from the patients showed that the age range for first use of a drug extended from the lowest age of 7 years up to the highest age of 45 years. The highest risk period found in the study was the mid-20s. A study conducted in 72 provinces of Turkey in 2002 revealed that drug use frequency was higher in the age group of 15–24 years than in the age group over 25 years.¹¹ In another study conducted through P cases in Turkey, it was found that the youngest and oldest persons diagnosed with addiction were 17 years and 64 years, respectively, and that the average age was 32.47±10.55 years. The ages of first drug use, however, were not specified in said study.¹² Another study conducted on this issue showed that the average age of first drug use was 25.64 years range: 14–43 years and that the average age of application was 33.79 years (range: 18–83 years).¹³ These data are consistent with our data. Reports from the US demonstrated that drug use age decreased below 11 years, and that almost three-quarters of the users begin to use drugs below the age of 17 years.¹⁴ It has been well established throughout Europe and the world that drug use is a problem that primarily afflicts the young population.^2,15

Considering the education levels of the patients, primary school graduates constitute the highest share. However, the distribution of secondary school- and high school graduates is similar, and college graduates also constitute a proportion of the patients. Comparable findings were detected in the studies conducted through P cases in Turkey.^12,13,16 The relationship between drug addiction and education level has been shown by international studies as well.^17,18 Raising awareness about drug addiction among all education levels of society seems to be a measure that needs to be taken.^19,20

Most of the patients, in our study, lived with their families and had regular jobs. Although it is well known that drug addiction causes the user to become alienated from his/her family and stop going to work, our study is important for showing that our drug addicts do not always fit the conventional image of being “unemployed and alone”, but on the contrary, any person in society is under the risk of drug addiction. Similar results were obtained by other studies made through P cases in Turkey.^12,13,21 A review published in 2011 showed an inverse relationship between unemployment and drug use, where unemployment led to drug use and likewise, drug use led to unemployment.²²

According to our data on distribution of particular drugs, marijuana is the most frequently used substance. Heroin was the second with 1.9%, and in our 2-month data analysis, synthetic cannabinoid has reached 1.6%. Considering that other data reflect the result of almost 5 years and both use and detection of synthetic cannabinoid have only recently started, 2015 data on this issue are estimated to be more realistic. Similar results were received for the studies conducted through P cases in Turkey.^12,13 In 2014, cannabis remained the most widely consumed drug worldwide. Global annual cannabis use prevalence is estimated to be between 2.7% and 4.9% of the population aged 15–64 years.² Moreover, a majority of the studies con- ducted on drug addiction report that marijuana is the most widely used illegal substance, both in Turkey and the rest of the world.^23–26 In the study’s patient provided responses to drug use frequency, final results showed that 16% of the patients used drugs daily, 9% used them 2–6 days a week, and 23% used them at most once a week. One of the more interesting outcomes of this study was seen in the patients who had tested positive for drug use. Of the patients who were determined, via a urine analysis performed within 35 days pursuant to P practices, to have substance positivity, 45.5% of them declared that they had not used drugs within the last month and 2.3% of them stated that they had never used drugs. This particular matter requires that further studies be performed, wherein information about the patients can be verified through toxicological analyses.

In this study, early onset of drug use, longer durations of drug use, male sex, and having a prior treatment history (except judicial process) were related with negative response to the treatment program in immediate evaluations at the end of the program. These results are in line with previous studies except sex^12,27,28. Having a prior treatment anamnesis is supposed as being a chronic user with at least one recurrent treatment and drug use periods. Interestingly, prior judicial practices were not related with treatment response. We thought that judicial procedure may have a preventative role on substance use disorders but not effective enough to meet the expectations in chronic and long-term users. Long-term results are needed to make a clear evaluation, but according to results of this study, alternative models of treatment programs should be researched for long-term users and treatment-resistant patients.

This study is beneficial for its use of a strong sample in providing 5-year data on the individuals diagnosed with drug addiction within the scope of judicial P in Sakarya. Furthermore, the information obtained, the first of its kinds in the province of Sakarya, offers a general profile of the social status of the drug addicts. The retrospective design of the study acted as a constraint, however, as only a small amount of data approved by the ethics committee for use in file records was obtained. More detailed prospective studies will facilitate a better understanding of the addiction profile.

Conclusion

According to this study, it was determined that the substance most frequently used by the patients undergoing addiction treatment within the scope of P in the province of Sakarya is marijuana. The risk of drug addiction can affect any individual in society, regardless of their education, occupation, or social support levels. Treatment response is related with age of first use of drugs, duration of use drugs, and prior treatment anamnesis of the patients. Long-term studies are needed to determine alternative models of treatment especially in chronic patients.