Table 1 appears incorrectly in the published article. Please view the correct Table 1 here.
Table 1. Annualized rates for selected cause-specific manners of death and specific drug citation by state/death investigation system type: United States, 2008–2010.
State/Death Investigation System Type | Nonhomicide Drug-intoxication Death Rates by Manner (per 100,000) a | Drug-intoxication Deaths with 1+ Specific Drugs Cited on the Death Certificate (%) b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suicide | Undetermined | Accident | Total | ||
All States | 1.7 | 1.0 | 9.5 | 12.2 | 75.1% |
Centralized medical examiner | |||||
Alaska | 1.9 | 1.7 | 12.7 | 16.3 | 95.5 |
Connecticut | 1.2 | 0.5 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 76.8 |
Delaware | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 15.1 | 79.3 |
Maine | 2.1 | 0.3 | 9.3 | 11.8 | 89.7 |
Maryland | 1.0 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 12.1 | 98.6 |
Massachusetts | 1.3 | 0.6 | 10.1 | 12.0 | 97.0 |
New Hampshire | 2.1 | 0.9 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 99.1 |
New Mexico | 3.7 | 1.2 | 18.5 | 23.4 | 68.7 |
North Carolina | 1.9 | 0.5 | 9.8 | 12.3 | 92.9 |
Oklahoma | 1.8 | 1.1 | 15.3 | 18.3 | 97.2 |
Oregon | 2.4 | 1.4 | 9.0 | 12.7 | 91.2 |
Rhode Island | 2.3 | 0.3 | 13.6 | 16.2 | 97.3 |
Utah | 2.5 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 16.9 | 94.2 |
Vermont | 2.3 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 98.9 |
Virginia | 1.6 | 0.3 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 92.7 |
West Virginia | 1.3 | 1.9 | 18.4 | 21.5 | 99.4 |
Decentralized county coroner | |||||
Arkansas | 1.9 | 2.9 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 76.7 |
Colorado | 2.7 | 1.3 | 10.5 | 14.6 | 70.4 |
Idaho | 2.3 | 1.7 | 6.6 | 10.6 | 59.6 |
Indiana | 1.7 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 13.7 | 45.8 |
Kansas | 1.5 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 58.8 |
Louisiana | 0.8 | 1.6 | 11.1 | 13.5 | 34.8 |
Nebraska | 0.9 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 69.4 |
Nevada | 3.3 | 0.6 | 16.6 | 20.4 | 97.7 |
South Carolina | 1.7 | 0.2 | 11.6 | 13.5 | 59.8 |
South Dakota | 1.7 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 88.8 |
Wyoming | 1.8 | 0.8 | 10.8 | 13.4 | 64.8 |
Decentralized medical examiner (DME) or combined county coroner/medical examiner | |||||
Alabama | 1.1 | 1.0 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 45.0 |
Arizona (DME) | 2.5 | 1.2 | 11.7 | 15.4 | 80.2 |
California | 1.8 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 73.1 |
Florida (DME) | 2.5 | 0.5 | 13.3 | 16.3 | 68.8 |
Georgia | 1.2 | 0.4 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 71.4 |
Hawaii | 1.3 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 83.1 |
Illinois | 1.3 | 0.4 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 86.5 |
Iowa (DME) | 1.8 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 7.4 | 96.1 |
Kentucky | 1.4 | 1.7 | 16.6 | 19.6 | 64.8 |
Michigan (DME) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 9.5 | 13.6 | 65.8 |
Minnesota | 1.5 | 0.9 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 82.4 |
Mississippi | 1.1 | 1.1 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 43.4 |
Missouri | 1.8 | 0.8 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 79.3 |
Montana | 3.0 | 1.8 | 8.5 | 13.4 | 69.9 |
New Jersey (DME) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 59.3 |
New York | 1.2 | 0.7 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 94.0 |
North Dakota | 0.6 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 87.9 |
Ohio | 1.5 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 13.9 | 71.4 |
Pennsylvania | 1.7 | 0.7 | 12.4 | 14.9 | 45.0 |
Tennessee (DME) | 1.8 | 1.2 | 12.8 | 15.7 | 77.8 |
Texas | 1.2 | 0.3 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 74.7 |
Washington | 2.2 | 0.9 | 11.5 | 14.6 | 92.6 |
Wisconsin | 2.1 | 0.8 | 8.1 | 11.0 | 85.9 |
a Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient (Rho) for drug-intoxication suicide rates and combined accident and undetermined intent drug-intoxication death rates = 0.38 (p<0.01).
b Includes drug-intoxication homicides. Source: Warner M, Paulozzi LJ, Nolte KB, Davis GG, Nelson LS. State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug-intoxication deaths. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2013; 3(2): 231–237.
Reference
- 1. Rockett IRH, Hobbs GR, Wu D, Jia H, Nolte KB, Smith GS, et al. (2015) Variable Classification of Drug-Intoxication Suicides across US States: A Partial Artifact of Forensics? PLoS ONE 10(8): e0135296 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135296 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]