Articular cartilage of the knee 3 years after ACL reconstruction

Abstract

Background and purpose

T1ρ or T2 relaxation imaging has been increasingly used to evaluate the cartilage of the knee. We investigated the cartilage of ACL-reconstructed knees 3 years after surgery using T2 relaxation times.

Patients and methods

10 patients with a clinically successful unilateral ACL reconstruction were examined 3 years after surgery. Multiple-TE fast-spin echo sagittal images of both knees were acquired using a 3T MRI scanner for T2 mapping of the tibiofemoral cartilage. T2 values of the superficial and deep zones of the tibiofemoral cartilage were analyzed in sub-compartmental areas and compared between the ACL-reconstructed and uninjured contralateral knees.

Results

Higher T2 values were observed in 1 or more sub-compartmental areas of each ACL-reconstructed knee compared to the uninjured contralateral side. Most of the T2 increases were observed at the superficial zones of the cartilage, especially at the medial compartment. At the medial compartment of the ACL-reconstructed knee, the T2 values of the femoral and tibial cartilage were increased by 3–81% compared to the uninjured contralateral side, at the superficial zones of the weight-bearing areas. T2 values in the superficial zone of the central medial femoral condyle differed between the 2 groups (p = 0.002).

Interpretation

The articular cartilage of ACL-reconstructed knees, although clinically satisfactory, had higher T2 values in the superficial zone of the central medial femoral condyle than in the uninjured contralateral side 3 years after surgery. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these patients would undergo cartilage degeneration over time.

ACL reconstruction is widely used to restore stability of the knee after ACL injury. However, after 10–15 years of follow-up, osteoarthritis (OA) has been reported in 15–85% of patients (Ajuied et al. 2013, Chalmers et al. 2014). Radiographic features of OA appear only after substantial deterioration has occurred, and several years—or even decades—probably separate the first molecular changes from overt radiographic changes. Considerable progress has been made in explaining these early molecular changes by detecting alterations in the biochemical composition of the cartilage using MRI biomarkers such as T1ρ, T2, dGEMRIC, and sodium MRI (Choi and Gold 2011). These studies indicated that MR measurements of biomarkers might be an efficient tool for detection of changes in the biochemical composition of articular cartilage.

Recently, some studies have used biochemical MRI methods to investigate the matrix changes in articular cartilage following ACL reconstruction, and early changes in the biochemical composition of articular cartilage in ACL-reconstructed knees have been investigated in relation to healthy populations or uninjured contralateral knees (Li et al. 2011, Haughom et al. 2012, Hirose et al. 2013, Su et al. 2013, Van Ginckel et al. 2013, Theologis et al. 2014). As progression of cartilage degeneration can be a long-term process, data on changes in the biochemical properties of cartilage at different postoperative times and in different patient populations are necessary for quantitative evaluation of cartilage degeneration after the surgery. We therefore conducted this study to evaluate the biochemical status of articular cartilage in ACL-reconstructed knees using T2 relaxation times (T2 values) at 3-year follow-up. The uninjured, healthy contralateral knees were used as a control, to eliminate inter-subject variation. The working hypothesis was that the cartilage in ACL-reconstructed knees would have higher T2 values than cartilage in uninjured contralateral knees 3 years after surgery.

Patients and methods

Subjects

10 consecutive patients who agreed to participate in this study were prospectively enrolled and recruited at 3 years after surgery (Table 1). The inclusion criteria were an acute unilateral ACL injury but no other knee ligament injuries, no evidence of gross cartilage damage at the time of ACL injury confirmed by MRI and arthroscopy (ICRS grade 0), and no history of contralateral knee injury or pain. The contralateral knee had to be uninjured with no history of injury, no symptoms, normal findings from physical examination, and normal radiographs. None of the patients had injury to either knee after ACL reconstruction.

Table 1.

Preoperative patient characteristics and postoperative clinical scores at 3-year follow-up after ACL reconstruction

Patients	Sex/age	BMI	Meniscus tear	Treatment of meniscus tear	Tegner before injury	Tegner 3-year	Lysholm 3-year	KOOS Pain	KOOS Symptoms	KOOS ADL	KOOS Sport/Recr	KOOS QOL
1	M/34	27	NONE	No	7	6	95	81	82	97	60	62
2	F/20	23	NONE	No	10	5	78	86	93	91	80	81
3	M/28	26	LMPH	Partial meniscectomy	7	7	90	97	96	99	95	88
4	F/31	25	LMPH	Partial meniscectomy	7	6	91	94	96	99	95	88
5	M/32	24	LMPH	Partial meniscectomy	6	5	100	94	89	99	85	75
6	M/36	36	LMMB	Partial meniscectomy	8	7	70	58	64	62	65	68
7	F/43	29	LMMB	Partial meniscectomy	10	10	94	100	100	97	100	100
8	M/25	26	MMAH	Partial meniscectomy	8	5	73	77	68	96	40	44
9	M/43	27	MMPH	Partial meniscectomy	7	7	96	100	89	100	100	81
10	M/46	31	MMPH/LMAH	Partial meniscectomya	5	6	100	100	100	100	100	100

MM: medial meniscus; LM: lateral meniscus; AH, anterior horn; MB: midbody; PH: posterior horn.

Tegner: Tegner activity level scale; Lysholm: Lysholm knee scoring scale; ADL: activities of daily living; Recr: recreational sports; QOL: quality of life; 3-year: 3-year follow-up after ACL reconstruction.

^a partial medial and lateral meniscectomy.

ACL reconstruction

Arthroscopic ACL reconstructions were performed within 4 months of injury, by a single surgeon using a transtibial technique. Postoperatively, a simple knee brace was used for knee immobilization. Range of motion of the knee and weight-bearing exercises were begun 3–4 days after surgery, with gradual progression. Isometric knee muscle exercises were started on the day after surgery, with progression. Full weight bearing without any crutch was encouraged within the first 4 weeks. Various sporting activities were practiced step by step, and any desired sporting activities were allowed between 6 and 9 months after surgery if the patient had achieved at least 80% of the knee extension strength of the uninjured leg. 3 years after surgery, each patient underwent a clinical evaluation (using the Tegner activity level scale, the Lysholm knee scoring scale, and the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS)) and an MRI scan for T2 mapping.

Imaging protocols

3 years after ACL reconstruction (range 36–39 months), all knees were scanned on a 3T MR scanner using an 8-channel transmit-and-receive knee coil (Magnetom Trio; Siemens, Malvern, PA). Each patient rested for 1 h before the MRI scan. During scanning, the patient lay supine with the knees in a fully relaxed extension position. Both knees were scanned at the same session. A multiple-TE fast-spin echo sagittal pulse sequence was used for T2 relaxometry images (repetition time: 1,700 ms; 10 echo times (10.6, 21.2, 31.8, 42.4, 53.0, 63.6, 74.2, 84.8, 95.4, and 106 ms); matrix: 384 × 384; field of view: 18 × 18 cm; slice thickness: 3.0 mm; slice gap: 0 mm; number of slices: 26–30; bandwidth: 250 Hz/pixel; and total scan time: 11 min per knee). Imaging parameters were identical for both knees.

Cartilage segmentation and quantification of T2 relaxation times

For quantification of the T2 relaxation time, the MR images were imported into the open-source DICOM viewer software (OsiriX; Pixmeo Sarl, Bernex, Switzerland). 4 compartments of articular cartilage were investigated: medial femoral condyle (FM), lateral femoral condyle (FL), medial tibial plateau (TM), and lateral tibial plateau (TL). Each compartment of the cartilage was further divided into sub-compartments (or regions of interest—ROIs) using the menisci as references (Li et al. 2011). The femoral condyle cartilage was divided into 5 sub-compartments (Figure 1A): FM1 or FL1 = anterior to anterior meniscus horn; FM2 or FL2 = over anterior meniscus horn; FM3 or FL3 = between anterior and posterior meniscus horn; FM4 or FL4 = over posterior meniscus horn; and FM5 or FL5 = behind posterior meniscus horn. The tibial plateau was divided into 3 sub-compartments: TM1 or TL1 = under anterior meniscus horn; TM2 or TL2 = between anterior and posterior meniscus horn; and TM3 or TL3 = under posterior horn. Each ROI was manually segmented by an independent investigator. Furthermore, each ROI was evenly divided into 2 layers, superficial zone and deep zone (Figure 1B). The thickness of each zone was set to include at least 2 pixels. ROI analysis was performed on 3 consecutive images from the weight-bearing areas (including largest sagittal cross-sectional image) of the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint. The average of the T2 values of the 3 consecutive images represented the T2 value of the ROI. The first echo time images in each calculation were excluded to avoid overestimation of T2 values (Baum et al. 2013).

Figure 1.

A. For sub-compartmental analysis, the cartilage of femur and tibia is divided into sub-compartments with regard to the anterior and posterior horns of the meniscus. The femoral condyle has 5 sub-compartments (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5) and the tibial plateau has 3 sub-compartments (T1, T2, and T3). B. The articular cartilage is divided into the superficial zone and the deep zone. S: superficial zone; D: deep zone.

Statistics

This was a single-cohort, case series study and the data were prospectively collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software version 12.0. Descriptive statistics, including the mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence interval were calculated for T2 values of each ROI. The T2 values of both superficial-zone and deep-zone cartilage of the ACL-reconstructed knee were compared to those of the uninjured contralateral knee. Paired-samples t-test was used to compare the subgroup compartments. All tests were 2-tailed. As 15 hypotheses for the comparisons of 15 subgroup compartments were tested using a single set of data, Bonferroni correction was applied to reduce the chances of obtaining a false-positive result (type-I error). The corrected level of statistical significance was p < 0.003 (0.05/15 = 0.003) for each hypothesis.

Ethics

The study was performed in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. It was approved by the institutional review board of the local institution (protocol no. 2013P000221/MGH), and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Results

Clinical results at 3-year follow-up

Demographics of the patients and clinical evaluation scores are listed in Table 1. At the time of ACL reconstruction, medial meniscus tears were found in 2 patients, lateral meniscus tears in 5 patients, and both medial and lateral meniscus tears in 1 patient. All the meniscus tears were treated with partial meniscectomy. All the patients had an uneventful recovery after ACL reconstruction. 3 years after surgery, physical examinations revealed a normal range of motion, a negative Lachman test, a negative pivot shift test, and a within 3 mm side-to-side anterior drawer test (by KT-1000 with 134 N (30 lbs) at 25° of knee flexion) in all patients. 7 patients had excellent Lysholm knee scores (> 90) and had returned to the same pre-injury level of sports activity, or 1 level lower, according to the Tegner scale (Table 1). 3 patients had a fair Lysholm knee score (65–83). There were wide variations in scores for KOOS items among the patients. 8 patients had occasional pain in their ACL-reconstructed knees after moderate recreational sports or moderate working activities.

T2 values at 3-year follow-up

All patients showed a wide range of increases in T2 values (3–81%) in 1 or more sub-compartmental areas of the tibiofemoral cartilage in the ACL-reconstructed knees when compared to the corresponding areas of the uninjured contralateral knees (Table 2, see Supplementary data; Figure 2). The changes in T2 values were mostly found at the superficial zones of the cartilage. 9 of 10 patients showed an increase in T2 values in the weight-bearing ROIs in both medial and lateral compartments of the ACL-reconstructed knees compared to the corresponding ROIs of the contralateral knees. In particular, T2 values in the superficial zone of FM3 were higher in all patients and those in the superficial zone of TM1 were higher in 7 patients. Statistically significant increases in T2 values were only found for the superficial zones of the FM3 areas of the medial compartment of the knee (p = 0.002) (Figure 3 and Table 3, see Supplementary data).

Figure 2.

Color-coded sagittal T2 maps in the medial compartment of the contralateral knee (A) and the ACL-reconstructed knee (B) of one patient. Note the elevated T2 values of articular cartilage in the femoral compartment of the ACL-reconstructed knee relative to the contralateral knee.

Figure 3.

Mean T2 values for the superficial zone (upper panel) and the deep zone (lower panel) of the articular cartilage of ACL-reconstructed and uninjured contralateral knees (**p = 0.002) Error bars: 95% confidence intervals.

Discussion

We found heterogeneous increases in T2 values in the ACL-reconstructed knees relative to the contralateral knees at 3-year follow-up. Most patients (9 out of 10) showed increases in T2 values in the weight-bearing areas of both the medial and the lateral compartments of the ACL-reconstructed knees. The overall increases in T2 values in the ACL-reconstructed knees were evident in the superficial zone of the weight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle (MFC).

Previous studies have found that the ACL-reconstructed knees, even though clinically successful, have increased T1ρ or T2 values at up to 2 years after ACL reconstruction (Li et al. 2011, Haughom et al. 2012, Potter et al. 2012, Hirose et al. 2013, Li et al. 2013, Su et al. 2013, Van Ginckel et al. 2013, Theologis et al. 2014). For example, Theologis et al. (2014) found that T1ρ values of the MFC and medial tibia (MT) in ACL-reconstructed knees were elevated at 12–16 months of follow-up compared to the contralateral knees. Furthermore, a meniscal tear at the time of ACL reconstruction was found to be a risk factor for cartilage matrix degeneration on the same side. Haughom et al. (2012) found that the T1ρ values of the weight-bearing areas of the medial femoral condyle cartilage were elevated in ACL-reconstructed knees at an average of 18 months of follow-up. Other studies have also compared T1ρ or T2 values of ACL-reconstructed patients to those of healthy populations and have reported changes in T1ρ or T2 values (Li et al. 2011, Li et al. 2013, Su et al. 2013, Van Ginckel et al. 2013). Van Ginckel et al. (2013) showed that T2 values for the medial femoral cartilage of ACL-reconstructed knees were higher than those for normal controls (45 ms vs. 37 ms) at 6 months after surgery. Another study also found elevated T1ρand T2 values in ACL-injured knees, especially in the central regions of the medial femoral condyle and the posterior lateral tibial plateau at 2-year follow-up (Li et al. 2011, Su et al. 2013). Similarly, Li et al. (2013) found that ACL-reconstructed subjects had higher T2 values in the trochlea, MFC, MT, LFC, and LT at 2-year follow-up. Our data on T2 values of the knee at 3-year follow-up showed a trend similar to those reported in these earlier studies.

A correlation has been shown between increase in T2 value and cartilage degeneration (Li et al. 2007). Increased T2 values indicate disruption of the collagen matrix and higher water permeability, which may be the earliest physiological changes in cartilage degeneration (Liess et al. 2002, Taylor et al. 2009). However, no results have been reported on the threshold increases in T2 values that indicate cartilage degeneration (Joseph et al. 2012, Prasad et al. 2013). Previous studies have found that normal controls have between 3% and 12% lower T2 values than subjects with risk factors for OA and OA (Li et al. 2007, Baum et al. 2012, 2013). However, these data should only be used as a reference, since different MR acquisition methods and physiological variations between subjects could give different measurements of T2 values (Pai et al. 2008). In the present study, the increases in T2 values in the ACL-reconstructed knees compared to the contralateral knees ranged from 0% to 81%. To our knowledge, there have been no studies comparing the side-to-side differences in T2 values for the articular cartilage in subjects with healthy right and left knees. This information is important for interpretation of the changes in T2 values in patients when using the contralateral side as a reference. Further studies are needed to determine the threshold increases in T2 values that indicate development of early cartilage degeneration.

Recently, Su et al. (2013) noticed different biochemical responses in the superficial and deep layers of cartilage. They reported that early degeneration was mainly in the deep layer of the posterolateral tibial cartilage (LT3) and in the superficial layer of the central cartilage of the medial femoral condyle (MFC3) by the 2-year follow-up. We found that 9 of 10 patients had an increase in T2 values in the superficial zone of central cartilage of the medial femoral condyle (MFC3) and no increase in T2 values in the corresponding area of the deep zone. This finding supports the idea that the cartilage degeneration in the medial compartment may start from the superficial layer of the articular cartilage. However, for the posterolateral tibia, our study only partially supports the idea that potential cartilage degeneration may originate from the deep layer. Only 4 patients had an increase in T2 value in the deep zone of the posterolateral cartilage relative to the contralateral knee, but no increase in the superficial zone.

Long-term clinical studies have shown that the status of the meniscus is one of the most important risk factors for development of OA after ACL reconstruction (Salmon et al. 2006, Cohen et al. 2007, Ichiba and Kishimoto 2009, Oiestad et al. 2009, Ajuied et al. 2013, Barenius et al. 2014). Some studies have found higher T1ρ or T2 values in ACL-reconstructed knees with a torn meniscus tear relative to the healthy knees (Li et al. 2011, Su et al. 2013, Theologis et al. 2014). However, Hirose et al. (2013) reported that the T1ρ values of the MFC, MT, and LFC increased during the first year after ACL reconstruction, regardless of the presence or absence of meniscal injuries. In our study, all patients had increased T2 values in various regions of the cartilage. However, we cannot make any conclusions on the effect of meniscus tear on changes in T2 values of the cartilage, since we did not have a sufficiently large sample size to compare patients with and without meniscal tears.

High BMI with ACL injury or ACL reconstruction may accelerate cartilage degeneration when compared to normal BMI with ACL injury or ACL reconstruction (Culvenor et al. 2015). 8 of 10 patients in our study were overweight or obese, which might affect knee cartilage degeneration (and also T2 value) after ACL reconstruction. However, as we compared T2 values of knee cartilage in the same patient (i.e. injured vs. uninjured, contralateral knee), we could minimize the effect of BMI as a confounding factor in the results of the present study.

This study had several limitations. Firstly, the sample size was small. We therefore obtained the clinical results and T2 values using an intra-patient control. Secondly, we had no preoperative or baseline data on the biochemical composition of the cartilage. We investigated the T2 values for articular cartilage at only 1 time point (3-year follow-up). Consequently, we cannot draw any conclusions regarding whether the status of the cartilage 3 years after ACL reconstruction reflected declining or improving results from the time of injury, or from earlier postoperative follow-up time points. Thirdly, our results should be limited to the ACL reconstruction technique that we used. There have been numerous discussions on whether anatomical reconstruction techniques will restore normal knee kinematics and prevent early degeneration of articular cartilage (Salmon et al. 2006). Despite these limitations, our study found differences in T2 values between ACL-reconstructed knees and intact contralateral knees at the 3-year follow-up.

Supplementary data

Tables 2 and 3 are available at Acta’s website (www.actaorthop.org), identification number 8418.