Abstract
The c-erbA proto-oncogene encodes a nuclear receptor for thyroid hormone (T3), which is believed to stimulate transcription from specific target promoters upon binding to cis-acting DNA sequence elements. The v-erbA oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) encodes a ligand-independent version of this nuclear receptor. The v-erbA product inhibits terminal differentiation of avian erythroblasts, presumably by affecting the transcription of specific genes. We show here that the c-erbA-encoded nuclear receptor (p46c-erbA) is phosphorylated on serine residues on two distinct sites. One of these sites, defined by the limit tryptic phosphopeptide 28SSQCLVK, is retained on the v-erbA-encoded P75gag-v-erbA protein. This site is located in the amino-terminal domain of these molecules, 21 amino acids upstream of the DNA-binding region. Phosphorylation of this site in both p46c-erbA and P75gag-v-erbA is enhanced 10-fold following treatment of cells with activators of either protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Since cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates both p46c-erbA and P75gag-v-erbA in vitro at the same site as that observed in vivo, at least part of the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of erbA molecules in cells could result from direct phosphorylation by this enzyme. The possible role phosphorylation may play in the function of the erbA-encoded transcriptional factors is discussed.
Full text
PDF![2425](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/f39ac3d3e83e/emboj00145-0135.png)
![2426](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/5a0858b7b035/emboj00145-0136.png)
![2427](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/a5529e4a6f37/emboj00145-0137.png)
![2428](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/799c40e153cd/emboj00145-0138.png)
![2429](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/cdb1ce169bc9/emboj00145-0139.png)
![2430](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/e3733e4f7f3d/emboj00145-0140.png)
![2431](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/f307385c7d98/emboj00145-0141.png)
![2432](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/84d157dac19b/emboj00145-0142.png)
![2433](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/b34c/457111/bf7d2e66a500/emboj00145-0143.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Angel P., Imagawa M., Chiu R., Stein B., Imbra R. J., Rahmsdorf H. J., Jonat C., Herrlich P., Karin M. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):729–739. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90611-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benbrook D., Pfahl M. A novel thyroid hormone receptor encoded by a cDNA clone from a human testis library. Science. 1987 Nov 6;238(4828):788–791. doi: 10.1126/science.3672126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernard H. U., Remaut E., Hershfield M. V., Das H. K., Helinski D. R., Yanofsky C., Franklin N. Construction of plasmid cloning vehicles that promote gene expression from the bacteriophage lambda pL promoter. Gene. 1979 Jan;5(1):59–76. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90092-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beug H., Kitchener G., Doederlein G., Graf T., Hayman M. J. Mutant of avian erythroblastosis virus defective for erythroblast transformation: deletion in the erb portion of p75 suggests function of the protein in leukemogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6683–6686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Breathnach R., Harris B. A. Plasmids for the cloning and expression of full-length double-stranded cDNAs under control of the SV40 early or late gene promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 25;11(20):7119–7136. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.20.7119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Damm K., Beug H., Graf T., Vennström B. A single point mutation in erbA restores the erythroid transforming potential of a mutant avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) defective in both erbA and erbB oncogenes. EMBO J. 1987 Feb;6(2):375–382. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04765.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Downward J., Yarden Y., Mayes E., Scrace G., Totty N., Stockwell P., Ullrich A., Schlessinger J., Waterfield M. D. Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature. 1984 Feb 9;307(5951):521–527. doi: 10.1038/307521a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feramisco J. R., Glass D. B., Krebs E. G. Optimal spatial requirements for the location of basic residues in peptide substrates for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1980 May 10;255(9):4240–4245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferré F., Martin P., Lagrou C., Raes M. B., Ghysdael J., Saule S., Stéhelin D. The human c-myc exon 1 product: preparation of antisera and analysis of its expression. Oncogene. 1987;1(4):387–393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flug F., Copp R. P., Casanova J., Horowitz Z. D., Janocko L., Plotnick M., Samuels H. H. cis-acting elements of the rat growth hormone gene which mediate basal and regulated expression by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 5;262(13):6373–6382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Frykberg L., Palmieri S., Beug H., Graf T., Hayman M. J., Vennström B. Transforming capacities of avian erythroblastosis virus mutants deleted in the erbA or erbB oncogenes. Cell. 1983 Jan;32(1):227–238. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90513-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gandrillon O., Jurdic P., Benchaibi M., Xiao J. H., Ghysdael J., Samarut J. Expression of the v-erbA oncogene in chicken embryo fibroblasts stimulates their proliferation in vitro and enhances tumor growth in vivo. Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):687–697. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90545-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ghysdael J., Gegonne A., Pognonec P., Boulukos K., Leprince D., Dernis D., Lagrou C., Stehelin D. Identification in chicken macrophages of a set of proteins related to, but distinct from, the chicken cellular c-ets-encoded protein p54c-ets. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2251–2256. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04492.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ghysdael J., Gegonne A., Pognonec P., Dernis D., Leprince D., Stehelin D. Identification and preferential expression in thymic and bursal lymphocytes of a c-ets oncogene-encoded Mr 54,000 cytoplasmic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1714–1718. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1714. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ghysdael J., Kettmann R., Burny A. Translation of bovine leukemia virus virion RNAs in heterologous protein-synthesizing systems. J Virol. 1979 Mar;29(3):1087–1098. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.3.1087-1098.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giguère V., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):645–652. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90339-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilmore T., DeClue J. E., Martin G. S. Protein phosphorylation at tyrosine is induced by the v-erbB gene product in vivo and in vitro. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):609–618. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90209-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glass C. K., Franco R., Weinberger C., Albert V. R., Evans R. M., Rosenfeld M. G. A c-erb-A binding site in rat growth hormone gene mediates trans-activation by thyroid hormone. Nature. 1987 Oct 22;329(6141):738–741. doi: 10.1038/329738a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gluzman Y. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell. 1981 Jan;23(1):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90282-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gould K. L., Woodgett J. R., Isacke C. M., Hunter T. The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate p36 is also a substrate for protein kinase C in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jul;6(7):2738–2744. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.7.2738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graf T., Beug H. Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell transformation. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):7–9. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90130-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graf T., Stéhelin D. Avian leukemia viruses. Oncogenes and genome structure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Jun 28;651(4):245–271. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(82)90014-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green S., Chambon P. Oestradiol induction of a glucocorticoid-responsive gene by a chimaeric receptor. Nature. 1987 Jan 1;325(6099):75–78. doi: 10.1038/325075a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green S., Walter P., Kumar V., Krust A., Bornert J. M., Argos P., Chambon P. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 1986 Mar 13;320(6058):134–139. doi: 10.1038/320134a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gronemeyer H., Turcotte B., Quirin-Stricker C., Bocquel M. T., Meyer M. E., Krozowski Z., Jeltsch J. M., Lerouge T., Garnier J. M., Chambon P. The chicken progesterone receptor: sequence, expression and functional analysis. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3985–3994. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02741.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grove J. R., Price D. J., Goodman H. M., Avruch J. Recombinant fragment of protein kinase inhibitor blocks cyclic AMP-dependent gene transcription. Science. 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):530–533. doi: 10.1126/science.2821622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hayman M. J., Royer-Pokora B., Graf T. Defectiveness of avian erythroblastosis virus: synthesis of a 75K gag-related protein. Virology. 1979 Jan 15;92(1):31–45. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90212-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hentzen D., Renucci A., le Guellec D., Benchaibi M., Jurdic P., Gandrillon O., Samarut J. The chicken c-erbA proto-oncogene is preferentially expressed in erythrocytic cells during late stages of differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2416–2424. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imagawa M., Chiu R., Karin M. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell. 1987 Oct 23;51(2):251–260. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90152-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jansson M., Beug H., Gray C., Graf T., Vennström B. Defective v-erbB genes can be complemented by v-erbA in erythroblast and fibroblast transformation. Oncogene. 1987 May;1(2):167–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jansson M., Philipson L., Vennström B. Isolation and characterization of multiple human genes homologous to the oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus. EMBO J. 1983;2(4):561–565. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01463.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kahn P., Frykberg L., Brady C., Stanley I., Beug H., Vennström B., Graf T. v-erbA cooperates with sarcoma oncogenes in leukemic cell transformation. Cell. 1986 May 9;45(3):349–356. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90320-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koenig R. J., Brent G. A., Warne R. L., Larsen P. R., Moore D. D. Thyroid hormone receptor binds to a site in the rat growth hormone promoter required for induction by thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5670–5674. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krebs E. G., Beavo J. A. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1979;48:923–959. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.004423. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kris R. M., Lax I., Gullick W., Waterfield M. D., Ullrich A., Fridkin M., Schlessinger J. Antibodies against a synthetic peptide as a probe for the kinase activity of the avian EGF receptor and v-erbB protein. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):619–625. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90210-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lai M. M. Phosphoproteins of Rous sarcoma viruses. Virology. 1976 Oct 15;74(2):287–301. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90336-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Logeat F., Le Cunff M., Pamphile R., Milgrom E. The nuclear-bound form of the progesterone receptor is generated through a hormone-dependent phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Aug 30;131(1):421–427. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91819-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luthman H., Magnusson G. High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1295–1308. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merrifield R. B., Vizioli L. D., Boman H. G. Synthesis of the antibacterial peptide cecropin A (1-33). Biochemistry. 1982 Sep 28;21(20):5020–5031. doi: 10.1021/bi00263a028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Migliaccio A., Rotondi A., Auricchio F. Calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation of 17 beta-estradiol receptor on tyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Oct;81(19):5921–5925. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.19.5921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Montminy M. R., Bilezikjian L. M. Binding of a nuclear protein to the cyclic-AMP response element of the somatostatin gene. Nature. 1987 Jul 9;328(6126):175–178. doi: 10.1038/328175a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nigg E. A., Hilz H., Eppenberger H. M., Dutly F. Rapid and reversible translocation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II from the Golgi complex to the nucleus. EMBO J. 1985 Nov;4(11):2801–2806. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04006.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nishizuka Y. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science. 1986 Jul 18;233(4761):305–312. doi: 10.1126/science.3014651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Remaut E., Stanssens P., Fiers W. Plasmid vectors for high-efficiency expression controlled by the PL promoter of coliphage lambda. Gene. 1981 Oct;15(1):81–93. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90106-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rozengurt E. Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science. 1986 Oct 10;234(4773):161–166. doi: 10.1126/science.3018928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Samuels H. H., Stanley F., Casanova J. Depletion of L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and L-thyroxine in euthyroid calf serum for use in cell culture studies of the action of thyroid hormone. Endocrinology. 1979 Jul;105(1):80–85. doi: 10.1210/endo-105-1-80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sap J., Muñoz A., Damm K., Goldberg Y., Ghysdael J., Leutz A., Beug H., Vennström B. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):635–640. doi: 10.1038/324635a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sealy L., Privalsky M. L., Moscovici G., Moscovici C., Bishop J. M. Site-specific mutagenesis of avian erythroblastosis virus: erb-B is required for oncogenicity. Virology. 1983 Oct 15;130(1):155–178. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90125-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sen R., Baltimore D. Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):921–928. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90807-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thompson C. C., Weinberger C., Lebo R., Evans R. M. Identification of a novel thyroid hormone receptor expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Science. 1987 Sep 25;237(4822):1610–1614. doi: 10.1126/science.3629259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vennström B., Bishop J. M. Isolation and characterization of chicken DNA homologous to the two putative oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):135–143. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90383-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vennström B., Fanshier L., Moscovici C., Bishop J. M. Molecular cloning of the avian erythroblastosis virus genome and recovery of oncogenic virus by transfection of chicken cells. J Virol. 1980 Nov;36(2):575–585. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.575-585.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinberger C., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1985 Dec 19;318(6047):670–672. doi: 10.1038/318670a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinberger C., Thompson C. C., Ong E. S., Lebo R., Gruol D. J., Evans R. M. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):641–646. doi: 10.1038/324641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamamoto T., Hihara H., Nishida T., Kawai S., Toyoshima K. A new avian erythroblastosis virus, AEV-H, carries erbB gene responsible for the induction of both erythroblastosis and sarcomas. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):225–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90153-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ye Z. S., Samuels H. H. Cell- and sequence-specific binding of nuclear proteins to 5'-flanking DNA of the rat growth hormone gene. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 5;262(13):6313–6317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]