Abstract
AIM: The Maastricht II criteria suggest the use of amoxicillin and clarithromycin in addition to a proton pump inhibitor over 7-10 d as a first line therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) . For each proton pump inhibitor, various rates of eradication have been reported. The present study was to compare the efficacy of different proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin in the first line eradication of H pylori and to investigate the success of H pylori eradication in our district.
METHODS: A total of 139 patients were included having a Helicobacter pylori (+) gastroduodenal disorders diagnosed by means of histology and urease test. Besides amoxicillin (1000 mg twice a day) and clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day), they were randomized to take omeprazole (20 mg twice a day), or lansoprazole (30 mg twice a day), or pantoprozole (40 mg twice a day) for 14 d. Four weeks after the therapy, the eradication was assessed by means of histology and urease test. It was evaluated as eradicated if the H pylori was found negative in both. The complaints (pain in epigastrium, nocturnal pain, pyrosis and bloating) were graded in accordance with the Licert scale. The compliance of the patients was recorded.
RESULTS: The eradication was found to be 40.8% in the omeprazole group, 43.5% in the lansoprazole group and 47.4% in the pantoprazole group. Sixty-three out of 139 patients (45%) had eradication. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Significant improvements were seen in terms of the impact on the symptom scores in each group.
CONCLUSION: There was no difference between omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in H pylori eradication, and the rate of eradication was as low as 45%. Symptoms were improved independent of the eradication in each treatment group. The low eradication rates suggest that the antibiotic resistance or the genetic differences of the microorganism might be in effect. Further studies are required to verify these suggestions.
INTRODUCTION
So far, no ideal treatment exists although there have been plenty of treatment schemes in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Therefore, research on this subject has substantially increased. In order to achieve the optimal treatment regimen various combinations including antibiotics and antisecretory agents have been tested[1]. In 2000, use of amoxicillin and clarithromycin for a period of at least 1 wk in combination with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was suggested[2]. Diverse eradication rates have been reported with this specific treatment scheme[3-6]. Up to date, five diverse PPIs have been launched in our country. The outcomes obtained from studies related with those inhibitors have resulted in confusing eradication rates.
The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three different PPIs given in combination with antibiotics, which have been accepted to be standard in the eradication of Hp and the success of Hp eradication by this standard treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between September 2001 and July 2002, 139 patients with gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were enrolled in this study. All patients were positive in urease test and histopathological examination for Hp. Patients with a concomitant serious illness and a history of gastric surgery, pregnancy, patients taking antibiotics, H-2 receptor blockers or on PPI treatment within the last two months, being allergic to macrolides and having a previous eradication treatment were excluded. Their written informed consent was received. They were randomized to take omeprazole 2 × 20 mg/d (OAC), lansoprazole 2 × 30 mg/d (LAC) or pantoprazole 2 × 40 mg/d (PAC) plus amoxicillin 2 × 1000 mg/d and clarithromycin 2 × 500 mg/d for 14 d. All of the eligible patients had standard laboratory tests, and their history, physical examination and concomitant treatment regimens were recorded. Their complaints (epigastric pain, bloating, nocturnal pain and pyrosis) were graded in accordance to the Licert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe). Two biopsies were taken from the antrum and corpus for pathology, and a biopsy from the antrum for urease test. The pathological assessment was based on the Sidney classification for gastritis. 4 wk after the therapy the side effects and alterations were re-evaluated, and a blinded gastroenterologist repeated the endoscopical examination. Negative Hp in both urease test and biopsy was accepted as eradication.
To understand the compliance, the patients were asked to report how many prescribed drugs they used (100%-forgotten for 0 d, 80%-99%-forgotten only for 1 d, 60%-79%-forgotten for 2 d and below 59%-forgotten more than 2 d). The side effects were recorded.
Statistical analysis
The definitive statistics were calculated (mean ± SD, numbers and % values). For age comparison in three groups, simple analysis of variance was used while gender, smoking, NSAID use, alcohol consumption, eradication status and relationship between the three groups were determined by Pearson chi-square test, which was also used to determine the relation between the eradication status and antral gastritis and pangastritis plus smoking and histological activity in the antrum prior to eradication. The differences in the symptom score between the eradicated and non-eradicated were investigated by Wilcoxon test before and after the eradication. Furthermore, t-test was applied to compare the improvement rates in the separate symptom score between the eradicated and non-eradicated in relation to the difference between the rates in 3 groups.
RESULTS
Table 1 gives the demographical characteristics of the patients in the three groups. Of the patients, 73 (58.3%) were women, and 66 (41.7%) were men, and the average age was 47.9 ± 11.8 years. The patient compliance was 95%. Two patients from each group discontinued the therapy for 8 d due to side effects (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea). The endoscopical lesions are shown in Table 2. The eradication was found in 22 out of 49 patients (40.8%) in the omeprazole group, 20 out of 46 patients (43.5%) in the lansoprazole group, and 21 out of 44 patients (47.4%) in the pantoprazole group. There was no any differences between three groups (P > 0.05). The overall eradication rate was 45%. Twenty-two out 62 patients (37%) with antral gastritis had eradication while 19 out of 34 patients (55%) with pangastritis had eradication (P < 0.05). No correlation was found between eradication and smoking and histological activity in the antrum prior to eradication (P > 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in the symptom score between the eradicated and non-eradicated compared to pre-eradication status (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were found between the groups.
Table 1.
Demographic features of study population
| OAC | LAC | PAC | P | |
| Patient number | 49 | 46 | 44 | NS |
| Female/Male | 26/23 | 23/23 | 24/20 | NS |
| Year | ||||
| Mean | 47.5 ± 13.4 | 45.7 ± 12.5 | 44.5 ± 13.5 | NS |
| Range | 20-75 | 21-73 | 20-70 | NS |
| Smoking | 7 (14.2%) | 6 (13%) | 6 (13.6%) | NS |
| NSAID | 9 (18.3%) | 8 (17.3%) | 8 (17.1%) | NS |
| Alcohol | (22.4%) | 9 (19.5%) | 10 (22.7%) | NS |
Table 2.
Endoscopic findings
| Finding | Patient n, (%) |
| Antral gastritis | 62 (44.5) |
| Pangastritis | 34 (24.5) |
| Bulbitis | 14 (10) |
| Bile reflux gastritis | 12 (8.6) |
| Duodenal ulcer | 7 (5.3) |
| Atrophic gastritis | 6 (4.3) |
| Gastric ulcer | 4 (2.8) |
DISCUSSION
Recently, triple therapies including a PPI and two antibiotics have been found to be the most effective eradication regimens in the treatment of Hp eradication[7,8]. The most common antibiotics used in the triple therapies were amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole[7,8]. Treatment regimens including PPIs are now used at all stages of the Hp eradication. The highest eradication rates for Hp (80%-95%) have been achieved by using antibiotics at least for one week[9]. However, even the highest doses of omeprazole or an increased treatment duration for 2 wk did not provide 100% eradication[10-13]. In the European consensus meeting, it suggested that PPI treatment for one week including amoxicillin and clarithromycin was the first line therapy[10].
Our study showed that triple therapy for 2 wk was safe and well tolerated. The patient compliance was 95%. However, the eradication rate was 45%. Similarly in a study from Adana (Southern Anatolia), a two-week usage of lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin resulted in 59% eradication[14]. In Istanbul (North Western Anatolia) and Nigde (Central Anatolia) the eradication rates were found below 50% in two different studies[15,16].
Similarly, in Iran, the eradication rates with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin were found to be below 70%[17]. Also, some European studies reported similar rates of eradication[12,13,18-20,22,23]. Rinaldi[21] studied 278 patients by using a treatment regimen similar to ours (omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin for one week). The eradication rates were found to be 86%, 74% and 76% respectively, which were higher than our results, yet far beyond the acceptance levels[21].
Different eradication results obtained by similar treatment regimens suggest that resistance to antibiotics, virulent factors of Hp or type of gastroduodenal disorders of patients might have played a role in the outcomes. In some of the studies resulted in lower eradication rates, the resistance to clarithromycin was as high as 10%[24]. In a study carried out in Ankara (Central Anatolia), the resistance to clarithromycin was 11.4%[25]. An Italian study found the primary resistance to clarithromycin was 3.2%[26]. The primary resistance to macrolides was between 3%-12% in Europe and 2%-10% in the United States[27,28]. We did not investigate the resistance to antibiotics in the present study. However, we believe that the resistance to antibiotics might have played an important role in our results. Also the majority of the events were from the non-ulcer dyspepsia group, therefore this might have an effect on the result because a lower rate of eradication was reported in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia compared to those with peptic ulcer[24,29]. Our results showed that patients with pangastritis had a better eradication than those with antral gastritis (P < 0.05). This was in compliance with the correlation between the severity of gastritis and the rate of eradication[30,31].
In conclusion, our findings from Mersin (Southern Anatolia) with lower eradication rates obtained by similar treatment regimens compared to other districts in Turkey and in the World demonstrate that it is necessary to find out a treatment scheme specific to the district. The findings prove that standard treatment regimens might not be suitable and therefore establishment of a new treatment protocol in accordance with the results obtained locally is inevitable. We believe that the lower rates of eradication might have resulted from the resistance to antibiotics.
Footnotes
Edited by Wang XL Proofread by Xu FM
References
- 1.Fennerty MB. What are the treatment goals for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:S120–S125. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)80025-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:167–180. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01169.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Herrerias JM, Bujanda L, Pena D. Efficacy and cost study in Portugal and Spain of three different 7 day eradication regimens of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:A1864. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Spinzi GC, Bortoli A, Corbellini A. One week therapy with omeprazole (PPÝ) or ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and two antibiotics for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer: a preliminary report. Gastroenterolgy. 1998;116:A294. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Sung JJ, Leung WK, Ling TK, Yung MY, Chan FK, Lee YT, Cheng AF, Chung SC. One-week use of ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxycillin and clarithromycin for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-related duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:725–730. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00367.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Susi D. The best treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection among for different 7 day triple therapies. Gut. 1998;43(Suppl 2):A80. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Peura DA. The report of the Digestive Health InitiativeSM International Update Conference on Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:S4–S8. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)80003-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Chey WD. Treating Helicobacter pylori: candidate and regimen selection. Contemp. 1997;9:52–61. [Google Scholar]
- 9.Pounder RE. New developments in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1997;223:43–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group. Current European concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. The Maastricht Consensus Report. Gut. 1997;41:8–13. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.1.8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Forné M, Viver JM, Esteve M, Fernández-Bañares F, Lite J, Espinós JC, Quintana S, Salas A, Garau J. Randomized clinical trial comparing two one-week triple-therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer healing. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:35–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.035_c.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Delchier JC, Elamine I, Goldfain D, Chaussade S, Barthelemy P, Idström JP. Omeprazole-amoxycillin versus omeprazole-amoxycillin-clarithromycin in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10:263–268. doi: 10.1111/j.0953-0673.1996.00263.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Schwartz H, Krause R, Sahba B, Haber M, Weissfeld A, Rose P, Siepman N, Freston J. Triple versus dual therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori and preventing ulcer recurrence: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and/or amoxicillin in different dosing regimens. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:584–590. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.169_b.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Ergün Y, Abayll B, Öksüz M. Helikobakter pilori pozitif kronik aktif gastritli hastalarda degisik iki tedavi protokolünün etkinligi. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2002;13(Suppl 1):86. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bölükbasl F, Klllç H, Bölükbasl C. Helikobakter pilori eradikasyonu sonrasl reflü özefajit slkllgl. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2001;12(Suppl 1):87. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Bölükbasl F, Klllç H, Bölükbasl C. Helikobakter pilori eradikasyon tedavisinde eradikasyon oranlarl ve tedavi süresinin bu oranlara etkisi. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2001;12(Suppl 1):88. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Sotoudehmanesh R, Malekzadeh R, Vahedi H, Dariani NE, Asgari AA, Massarrat S. Second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication with a furazolidone-based regimen in patients who have failed a metronidazole-based regimen. Digestion. 2001;64:222–225. doi: 10.1159/000048865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Tursi A, Cammarota G, Montalto M, Papa A, Veneto G, Cuoco L, Trua F, Branca G, Fedeli G, Gasbarrini G. Low-dose omeprazole plus clarithromycin and either tinidazole or amoxycillin for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10:285–288. doi: 10.1111/j.0953-0673.1996.00285.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Spinzi GC, Bierti L, Bortoli A, Colombo E, Fertitta AM, Lanzi GL, Venturelli R, Minoli G. Comparison of omeprazole and lansoprazole in short-term triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:433–438. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00319.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Catalano F, Catanzaro R, Bentivegna C, Brogna A, Condorelli G, Cipolla R. Ranitidine bismuth citrate versus omeprazole triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and healing of duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:59–62. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00270.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Rinaldi V, Zullo A, De Francesco V, Hassan C, Winn S, Stoppino V, Faleo D, Attili AF. Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:163–168. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00462.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Deltenre M, Jonas C, van Gossum M, Buset M, Otero J, De Koster E. Omeprazole-based antimicrobial therapies: results in 198 Helicobacter pylori-positive patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;7 Suppl 1:S39–S44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Labenz J, Stolte M, Peitz U, Tillenburg B, Becker T, Börsch G. One-week triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxycillin and either clarithromycin or metronidazole for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10:207–210. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.727119000.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Bigard MA, Delchier JC, Riachi G, Thibault P, Barthelemy P. One-week triple therapy using omeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia: influence of dosage of omeprazole and clarithromycin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:383–388. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00315.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Özaslan E, Balaban G, Tatar H. Helikobakter pilori eradikasyonunda en yaygln kullanllan LAK protokolünün baþarlsl azallyor mu. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2001;12(Suppl 1):93. [Google Scholar]
- 26.1 Bazzoli F, Zagari M, Pozzato P, Varoli O, Fossi S, Ricciardiello L, Alampi G, Nicolini G, Sottili S, Simoni P, et al. Evaluation of short-term low-dose triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori by factorial design in a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:439–445. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00330.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Huang JQ, Hunt RH. Treatment after failure: the problem of "non-responders". Gut. 1999;45 Suppl 1:I40–I44. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.2008.i40. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Tankovic J, Lamarque D, Lascols C, Soussy CJ, Delchier JC. Impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin on the efficacy of the omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:707–713. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00971.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Schmid CH, Whiting G, Cory D, Ross SD, Chalmers TC. Omeprazole plus antibiotics in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-regression analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Ther. 1999;6:25–36. doi: 10.1097/00045391-199901000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Kamada T, Haruma K, Komoto K, Mihara M, Chen X, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Kajiyama G, Tahara K, Kawamura Y. Effect of smoking and histological gastritis severity on the rate of H. pylori eradication with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Helicobacter. 1999;4:204–210. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.1999.99299.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Georgopoulos SD, Ladas SD, Karatapanis S, Mentis A, Spiliadi C, Artikis V, Raptis SA. Factors that may affect treatment outcome of triple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45:63–67. doi: 10.1023/a:1005405209503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]