Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of fear of hypoglycemia, in association with severe hypoglycemia and social factors, in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A questionnaire survey on hypoglycemia and patient–physician communication was carried out in 355 patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at 16 hospitals and clinics. A fear of hypoglycemia was reported by 27.7% of patients. A stepwise logistic regression analysis found that severe hypoglycemia during the past 1 year was a significant determinant of fear of hypoglycemia (odds ratio 2.16, 95% confidence interval 1.06–4.41; P = 0.034), and age (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.05, P = 0.038) and living alone (odds ratio 1.93, 95% confidence interval 1.00–3.73, P < 0.05) were significantly higher in patients with fear of hypoglycemia than in those without it.
Keywords: Fear, Hypoglycemia, Insulin, Type 2 diabetes
Introduction
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, and the International Diabetes Federation has warned of the sociomedical impact1. Although glycemic control is required for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia with antihyperglycemic agents, especially insulin, limits the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus2. Hypoglycemia is also a burden reducing the quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients3. Severe hypoglycemia (SH) can increase the fear of future hypoglycemic events. To try to reduce hypoglycemic events, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus maintain their blood glucose levels with a ‘safety margin’ (i.e., at higher than recommended values) and maintain hyperglycemia4. Thus, further studies are required regarding fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of fear of hypoglycemia, in association with SH and social factors, in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and methods
Participants
A cross-sectional survey was carried out across Japan, in which 840 questionnaires were handed out by doctors and sent by mail to research centers in Kyoto Medical Center. The questionnaires were completed anonymously. Overall, the response rate was 75% (n = 630). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 219) and incomplete questionnaires (n = 56) were excluded.
We recruited 355 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at 16 hospitals and clinics nationwide in Japan. Inclusion criteria were: (i) aged over 20 years; (ii) type 2 diabetes mellitus; (iii) insulin treatment; and (iv) regularly attended the hospitals and clinics surveyed. Exclusion criteria were: (i) children and young patients aged under 20 years, and (ii) type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Ethics
The study was approved by the ethical committee at National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center.
Study Measures
Clinical data, such as the insulin regimen and diabetic complications, were collected from the patients' physicians. The self-administrated questionnaire was distributed and retrieved between 2006 and 2010. Patients completed the questionnaire to assess hypoglycemia and the fear of it. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood sugar ≤50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) or symptoms of dizziness, blurry vision, confusion and/or sweating that the patient was able to resolve without assistance according to the definition of Treatment Guide for Diabetes of the Japan Diabetes Society5,6. Similar symptoms that required external assistance were defined as SH7,8. Fear of hypoglycemia was assessed using a five-point Likert scale (scored as 1–5)9. The presence of fear of hypoglycemia was defined as the highest quintile. Favorable glycemic control to prevent diabetic complications was defined as hemoglobin A1c <7% (52 mmol/mol)10 according to the ‘Kumamoto declaration 2013.’ Current smoking and alcohol drinking were recorded as previously shown11. We used participants' responses to a question regarding the marital status, ‘What is your marital status (married or unmarried)?’12 and ‘What is your life status (live alone or with someone)?’.
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or percentage. Student's t-test or the χ2-test were used to compare data between the groups. Univariate logistic testing was used to screen for significant determinants of the outcomes. Factors with an associated P-value of less than 0.05 were entered into a stepwise backwards conditional multivariable logistic regression procedure. A stepwise logistic regression analysis model was used to identify significant determinants of the outcomes. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (spss version 20.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for these analyses. A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
A fear of hypoglycemia was reported by 27.7% of patients. Age, living alone, the diabetes duration and percentage of SH were significantly higher in patients with fear of hypoglycemia than in those without it. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics, such as the prevalence of hypoglycemia, insulin regimen and diabetic complications, between the patients with and without fear of hypoglycemia (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical data of patients with and without fear of hypoglycemia
| Variables | With fear of hypoglycemia (n = 98) | Without fear of hypoglycemia (n = 257) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.6 (11.9) | 61.0 (11.8) | 0.011 |
| Male (%) | 60.2 | 58.8 | 0.804 |
| Current smoking (%) | 23.5 | 21.4 | 0.674 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 15.3 | 12.1 | 0.416 |
| Living alone (%) | 19.4 | 10.5 | 0.026 |
| Married (%) | 78.6 | 83.3 | 0.303 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 18.2 (11.1) | 15.4 (8.9) | 0.030 |
| Injection regimen | |||
| 1 time per day | 7.2 | 6.2 | 0.702 |
| 2 times per day | 37.1 | 37.0 | |
| 3 times per day | 34.0 | 29.6 | |
| ≥4 times per day | 21.6 | 27.2 | |
| Daily insulin dose (units) | 0.44 (0.21) | 0.44 (0.23) | 0.931 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 17.0 | 11.4 | 0.166 |
| Biguanides (%) | 20.0 | 23.6 | 0.479 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 20.0 | 16.7 | 0.469 |
| Thiazolidine (%) | 3.2 | 5.3 | 0.405 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 (3.8) | 24.5 (4.4) | 0.763 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.6 (1.2) | 0.850 |
| Patients with HbA1c <7% | 68.4 | 63.5 | 0.394 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 51.0 | 45.3 | 0.333 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 43.9 | 46.7 | 0.634 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 36.5 | 46.6 | 0.090 |
| Atherosclerosis (%) | 21.6 | 20.1 | 0.744 |
| Hypoglycemia (times per month) | 1.1 (2.0) | 1.2 (1.9) | 0.542 |
| SH during the past 1 year (%) | 17.3 | 7.8 | 0.008 |
| Carrying diabetic data book (%) | 38.5 | 32.9 | 0.325 |
Data are means (standard deviation) or percentage. HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SH, severe hypoglycemia.
In univariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.05, P = 0.011), living alone (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.08–3.89, P = 0.028), diabetes duration (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, P = 0.017) and SH during the past 1 year (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.24–4.98, P = 0.010) were significantly correlated with a fear of hypoglycemia. Non-severe hypoglycemia was not associated with a fear of hypoglycemia. A stepwise logistic regression analysis found that SH during the past 1 year was a significant determinant of fear of hypoglycemia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.06–4.41, P = 0.034), age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.05, P = 0.038) and living alone (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.00–3.73, P < 0.05).
Discussion
The present study showed that SH during the past 1 year was associated with a fear of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a specific population that is required to achieve good glycemic control using insulin therapy. Similar results were reported in previous studies of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus13,14 and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not always recieve insulin therapy15. ‘Fear’ of hypoglycemica is generally noted to be one of the major barriers to achieving glycemic control16,17, whereas control was required in the studied patients. Strategies to prevent SH, such as education on and talking about SH by physicians and heatlhcare providers, or the use of new agents causing fewer hypoglycemic events, might be effective to reduce fear of hypoglycemia.
Also, age and living alone were associated with fear of hypoglycemia in the present study. Age aggravates fears, such as fear of falling18. Living alone is a risk of coronary heart disease or mortality19,20. Although it might be difficult, as a social action, living with family members and friends could partly contribute to a reduced fear of hypoglycemia.
A strength of the present study was the recruitment of patients at hospitals and clinics nationwide in Japan. Patients who regularly attended the medical facilities were recruited, so they could fully respond to the questionnaire. However, this study had several limitations. The causes of the results cannot be determined because of the cross-sectional nature of the study design. The data were from a self-administered questionnaire, and we did not evaluate objective measures of blood glucose. These limitations should be addressed in future research.
In conclusion, fear of hypoglycemia was associated with SH during the past 1 year, age and living alone in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results provide important data on fear of hypoglycemia among insulin-treated adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and show that strategies to lessen the fear of hypoglycemia are required to improve management of the disease.
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by a grant from the National Hospital Organization (multicenter clinical studies) and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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