Table 1.
Domain | Test | Baseline (n = 45)
|
Follow-up (n = 38)
|
80% CI (Raw) | 95% CI (Raw) | 80% CI ES | 95% CI ES | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | SEM | Mean | SD | SEM | r | SEdiff | t-test | ||||||
Verbal memory | 0.77 | |||||||||||||
CVLT-II total trials 1–5 | 55.84 | 8.03 | 4.09 | 57.79 | 8.49 | 4.3 | 0.74 | 5.93 | −2.41* | 9.55 | 13.58 | 1.16 | 1.65 | |
CVLT-II short delay | 12.67 | 2.43 | 1.42 | 13.21 | 2.76 | 1.62 | 0.66 | 2.15 | −1.63 | 2.76 | 4.22 | 1.07 | 1.63 | |
CVLT-II long delay | 12.62 | 2.56 | 1.50 | 13.55 | 2.35 | 1.37 | 0.66 | 2.03 | −2.72* | 3.53 | 4.90 | 1.43 | 1.99 | |
CVLT-II recognition | 15.27 | 1.07 | 0.95 | 15.58 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 1.14 | −1.13 | 1.46 | 2.23 | 1.57 | 2.40 | |
WMS-III logical memory I | 47.27 | 7.55 | 4.57 | 51.26 | 7.45 | 4.52 | 0.63 | 6.43 | −3 93*** | 12.23 | 16.59 | 1.63 | 2.21 | |
WMS-III logical memory II | 29.78 | 6.06 | 3.38 | 34.13 | 5.96 | 3.32 | 0.69 | 4.73 | −5.64*** | 10.42 | 13.63 | 1.73 | 2.27 | |
WMS-III logical | 27.80 | 1.58 | 1.01 | 27.74 | 1.52 | 0.98 | 0.59 | 1.41 | −0.34 | 1.81 | 2.76 | 1.17 | 1.78 | |
Memory recognition | ||||||||||||||
Visual memory | 0.75 | |||||||||||||
WMS-III faces I | 38.44 | 4.64 | 2.58 | 41.87 | 4.92 | 2.73 | 0.69 | 3.75 | −6.16*** | 8.24 | 10.79 | 1.73 | 2.26 | |
WMS-III faces II | 38.51 | 4.10 | 2.21 | 41.38 | 4.41 | 2.38 | 0.71 | 3.25 | −5.80*** | 7.03 | 9.23 | 1.66 | 2.18 | |
Processing speed | 0.89 | |||||||||||||
WAIS-III digit symbol-coding | 81.73 | 15.94 | 4.94 | 85.37 | 17.88 | 5.54 | 0.90 | 7.42 | −408*** | 13.16 | 18.19 | 0.78 | 1.08 | |
D-KEFS trails 1-visual scanning | 20.47 | 6.07 | 2.83 | 20.22 | 5.57 | 2.60 | 0.78 | 3.84 | 0.50 | 4.92 | 7.53 | 0.84 | 1.29 | |
D-KEFS trails 2-number Sequencing | 29.80 | 8.94 | 5.59 | 26.92 | 8.09 | 5.06 | 0.61 | 7.54 | 2.01 | 9.67 | 14.78 | 1.13 | 1.72 | |
D-KEFS trails 3-letter sequencing | 29.13 | 9.71 | 6.53 | 25.86 | 10.47 | 7.04 | 0.55 | 9.60 | 2.05* | 15.58 | 22.09 | 1.55 | 2.20 | |
D-KEFS trails 4-number–letter switching | 64.84 | 26.40 | 13.82 | 58.95 | 22.57 | 11.82 | 0.73 | 18.18 | 2.26* | 29.21 | 41.54 | 1.18 | 1.68 | |
D-KEFS trails 5-motor speed | 23.80 | 10.76 | 4.55 | 21.35 | 9.75 | 4.12 | 0.82 | 6.14 | 3.06** | 10.32 | 14.49 | 1.00 | 1.40 | |
D-KEFS color naming | 27.24 | 5.03 | 2.38 | 26.61 | 5.03 | 2.38 | 0.78 | 3.36 | 1.23 | 4.31 | 6.59 | 0.86 | 1.31 | |
D-KEFS word reading | 20.42 | 3.61 | 1.40 | 21.03 | 3.98 | 1.54 | 0.85 | 2.08 | −1.53 | 2.67 | 4.08 | 0.71 | 1.08 | |
D-KEFS inhibition | 50.89 | 10.93 | 3.61 | 49.74 | 10.52 | 3.47 | 0.89 | 5.01 | 1.44 | 6.42 | 9.82 | 0.60 | 0.91 | |
D-KEFS inhibition/switching | 59.44 | 13.20 | 7.45 | 57.58 | 13.36 | 7.55 | 0.68 | 10.61 | 1.56 | 13.60 | 20.79 | 1.02 | 1.57 | |
Grooved pegboard (R) | 70.78 | 16.92 | 6.15 | 70.27 | 19.95 | 7.25 | 0.87 | 9.50 | 0.23 | 12.18 | 18.63 | 0.66 | 1.02 | |
Grooved pegboard (L) | 75.98 | 20.41 | 9.58 | 74.59 | 21.29 | 9.98 | 0.78 | 13.83 | −1.80 | 17.73 | 27.11 | 0.85 | 1.30 | |
Simple vigilance | 0.76 | |||||||||||||
CPT vigilance total correct | 39.59 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 29.83 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.80 | −2.06* | 10.79 | 11.33 | 1.47 | 1.55 | |
CPT vigilance reaction time | 41.45 | 8.21 | 3.79 | 40.83 | 8.27 | 3.82 | 0.79 | 5.38 | 0.90 | 6.89 | 10.54 | 0.84 | 1.28 | |
Distractibility | 0.64 | |||||||||||||
CPT distractibility total correct | 26.42 | 5.28 | 3.29 | 27.76 | 4.02 | 2.51 | 0.61 | 4.14 | −1.82 | 5.31 | 8.11 | 1.11 | 1.70 | |
CPT distractibility reaction time | 42.37 | 7.69 | 3.60 | 41.85 | 7.44 | 3.48 | 0.78 | 5.01 | 0.24 | 6.42 | 9.82 | 0.85 | 1.29 | |
Executive function | ||||||||||||||
D-KEFS sorting-free sorting score | 44.60 | 6.35 | 4.30 | 45.16 | 6.72 | 4.56 | 0.54 | 6.27 | −0.53 | 8.03 | 12.28 | 1.23 | 1.88 | |
Verbal Ability | 0.74 | |||||||||||||
WAIS-III vocabulary | 68.51 | 5.87 | 3.23 | 68.87 | 5.85 | 3.22 | 0.70 | 4.56 | −0.57 | 5.85 | 8.94 | 1.00 | 1.53 | |
D-KEFS animals | 21.33 | 3.93 | 3.17 | 22.68 | 3.78 | 3.06 | 0.35 | 4.41 | −1.64 | 5.65 | 8.64 | 1.46 | 2.24 | |
D-KEFS boys’ names | 23.27 | 3.41 | 2.18 | 22.47 | 4.49 | 2.88 | 0.59 | 3.61 | 1.09 | 4.63 | 7.08 | 1.18 | 1.80 |
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
CI, confidence interval; ES, effect size; SEM, standard error of measurement; SD, standard deviation. Significant differences between time 1 and time 2 performances on individual measures indicate a practice effect.