An in vitro investigation into the role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the control of disc degeneration

Abstract

Excessive apoptosis and high expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in disc cells have been reported to serve important roles in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Previous studies investigating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have indicated potential for their use in the treatment of IVDD. However, the therapeutic potential and anti-apoptotic ability of MSCs remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to establish an in vitro model for bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC) therapy by investigating the anti-apoptotic effects, in addition to the migration of BMSCs to nucleus pulposus (NP) cells stimulated by IL-1β. A co-culture system of BMSCs and NP cells was founded. Following inflammatory stimulation, the NP cells exhibited increased indexes for inflammation-induced degeneration. The degenerative and apoptotic indexes were significantly reduced when NP cells were co-cultured with BMSCs. Compared with the indirect co-culture group, the direct co-culture group exhibited an improved capacity for anti-apoptosis. In addition, IL-1β-stimulated NP cells attracted and mediated the migration of BMSCs. Mitochondrial transfer from BMSCs to NP cells by tunneling nanotubes was also observed. In conclusion, the anti-apoptosis and the migration, in addition to mitochondrial transfer associated with BMSC treatments in IVDD, were investigated in vitro in the present study. The interaction between stimulated NP cells and BMSCs is likely involved in to simulating the in vivo process of stem cell-mediated repair.

Introduction

Diseases resulting from the degeneration of the intervertebral discs have become increasing threats to quality of life due to a rapidly aging society (1). The abnormal apoptosis or age-associated apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is suggested to serve a key role in the development of degenerative disc diseases (2–4). High levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are present in degenerating intervertebral discs and there is a positive response of intervertebral disc cells to IL-1β inhibition (5,6). This indicates that the inflammatory process, in particular the IL-1β-induced degradation of proteoglycans and type II collagen, results in damage to and accelerates the apoptosis of NP cells and annulus fibrosus cells, thereby leading to the development of degenerative disc diseases (5,7–10). Reducing inflammation and the deleterious impact of apoptosis is therefore critical for the treatment of degenerative disc diseases.

Due to their numerous advantages, including their abundance, high activity, low immunogenicity, marked proliferation, differentiation potential and nutrient secretion, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in general transplantation research, with positive effects (11–13). MSC transplantation, which exhibits beneficial effects in the treatment of degenerative disc diseases, including the inhibition of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), has been reported to increase the number of cells in intervertebral discs and results in the partial recovery of intervertebral disc height (14–16). However, the specific effects and mechanisms of MSCs on NP cells remain to be fully elucidated. Although certain previous studies have used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transfected cells as a means of distinguishing between cell types, it remains challenging to accurately separate transfected cells when assessing intercellular interactions (17). The complication of in vivo studies is whether the observed therapeutic effect arises from in situ cells being 'nourished' by BMSCs (12,18,19), or is instead an artifact of BMSCs, which exhibit high activity and differentiation potential (13). In vivo studies are therefore, inherently limited. In order to further investigate the mechanisms underlying MSC therapy at the cellular level, the present study used a Transwell assay involving non-contacting and contacting co-culture systems to simulate the in vivo paracrine interactions between cells and directed migration (20,21). Unlike previous studies, the anti-apoptotic and migratory capabilities, in addition to mitochondrial transfer through tunneling nanotube (TnT) formation of BMSCs were directly assessed in vitro. The present study was able to measure specific alterations in NP cells via paracrine mechanisms and mitochondrial transfer resulting from MSCs.

Materials and methods

Ethics statement

The male Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 3 months; weight, 250–300 g) used in the current study were provided by the Second Military Medical University Laboratory Animal Center (Shanghai, China). The rats were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle at constant temperature (25°C) and humidity, with ad libitum access to food and water. All experiments were approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of the Second Military Medical University (no. 13071002114).

Isolation and culture of BMSCs and NP cells from Sprague-Dawley rats

Primary BMSCs were isolated and cultured, as described previously (16). The harvested cells were centrifuged at 500 × g for 10 min at 4°C and then resuspended in complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F-12 with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 µg/ml streptomycin and 100 U/ml penicillin (all purchased from Gibco Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells at passage 3 were subjected to flow cytometric analysis (Cytomics FC500; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) to assess the expression of the surface markers, cluster of differentiation 29 (CD29), CD90, CD31 and CD45. The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials of the cells were also assessed by Alizarin red staining (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) and Oil Red O staining (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology).

The rat NP cells were isolated, as described previously (22). The NP cells were seeded into 60 mm tissue culture dishes and grown in complete culture medium at 37°C with 5% CO₂. The culture medium was replaced every 2–3 days. The cells were passaged by digestion with 0.25% trypsin (Gibco Life Technologies) once they reached 80–90% confluence. The NP cells at passage 3 in culture medium were used for subsequent experiments.

Establishment of a co-culture system and cell treatment

In order to construct the co-culture system, NP cells were plated at a constant density of 2×10⁴ cells/cm² into certain culture plates and were subsequently divided into different groups based on specific treatments. Two steps were included and each lasted 24 h. In the first step, serum-free medium with or without IL-1β (PeproTech, Inc., Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) was used for stimulation and subsequently, complete medium with or without BMSCs (the ratio was 1:2 to the NP cells) was used for co-culture intervention. The groups used were as follows: i) Control group, the cells were treated with serum-free medium, which was then replaced with complete medium; ii) No-culture group, the cells were subjected to intervention treatment with IL-1β (20 ng/ml), which was then replaced with complete medium; iii) Indirect co-culture group, following stimulation with IL-1β (20 ng/ml), the BMSCs were co-cultured using a Transwell (pore size 0.4 µm; EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) in complete medium; iv) direct co-culture group, following stimulation with IL-1β (20 ng/ml), an identical quanitity of GFP BMSCs were directly added to the NP cells with complete medium.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

The total RNA was isolated from the NP cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and the RNA concentration was measured photometrically (NanoDrop 2000/2000c; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA). Synthesis of the cDNA was performed using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR analysis was performed using gene-specific primers (Table I) for GAPDH, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS-4), ADAMTS-5, matrix metallopro-teinase 13 (MMP-13), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and caspase-3 (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). RT-qPCR was performed using a MyiQ™ Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) with SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master mix (Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Amplification of the target cDNA was normalized against the expression of GAPDH. The relative levels of the target mRNA expression were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method (23).

Table I.

Primer sequences used for reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Gene	Primer name	Sequence (5′-3′)
GAPDH	GAPDH-F	CCATCAACGACCCCTTCATT
	GAPDH-R	ATTCTCAGCCTTGACTGTGC
ADAMTS-4	ADAMTS-F	ACAATGGCTATGGACACTGCCTCT
	ADAMTS-R	TGTGGACAATGGCTTGAGTCAGGA
ADAMTS-5	ADAMTS-F	GTCCAAATGCACTTCAGCCACGAT
	ADAMTS-R	AATGTCAAGTTGCACTGCTGGGTG
MMP-13	MMP-13-F	CCCTGGAGCCCTGATGTTT
	MMP-13-R	CTCTGGTGTTTTGGGGTGCT
TIMP-1	TIMP-F	ATAGTGCTGGCTGTGGGGTGTG
	TIMP-R	TGATCGCTCTGGTAGCCCTTCTC
Caspase-3	Caspase-3-F	ACAGAGCTGGACTGCGGTAT
	Caspase-3-R	TGCGGTAGAGTAAGCATACAGG

ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1; F, forward; R, reverse.

Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis analysis

Following fixation in freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) for 1 h at 4°C, the cells were incubated with 3% H₂O₂ and 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min and washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at each step. The cells were stained using the In Situ Cell Death Detection kit (Roche Diagnostics) and counterstained with Hoechst 33258 (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Apoptotic alterations were measured by fluorescence microscopy (BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Caspase-3 activity assay

Caspase-3 activity was determined using a Caspase-3 Activity kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), which is based on the caspase-3-mediated conversion of acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp p-nitroanilide into the yellow formazan product, p-nitroaniline, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The activity of caspase-3 was quantified on a microplate spectrophotometer (Biotek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at 405 nm. Caspase-3 activity was expressed as the fold-change in enzyme activity compared with that of synchronized cells.

Detection of apoptotic incidence by flow cytometry

Apoptotic incidence was detected using the Annexin V-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) [Phycoerythrin (PE) for direct co-culture]/propidium iodide (PI) Apoptosis Detection kit I (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were analyzed on a fluorescence activated cell sorter (Cytomics FC500; Beckman Coulter) within 1 h. Apoptotic cells, including annexin-positive/PI-negative in addition to double-positive cells, were counted and represented as a percentage of the total cell count.

Detection of migration of BMSCs

The migratory ability of BMSCs was assessed using Transwell plates (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA), which were 6.5 mm in diameter with 8 µm pore filters. The BMSCs were harvested and equal numbers of cells were added to each group of Transwell plates. Following incubation for 24 h at 37°C, the cells that had not migrated from the upper side of the filter were scraped off with a cotton swab and the filters were stained with Coomassie Blue (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The number of cells that had migrated to the lower side of the filter were counted under a light microscope at a magnification of ×400 in five randomly selected fields.

Staining cells and confocal microscopy

To trace inter-cellular exchange of mitochondria, GFP BMSCs were separately labeled with MitoTracker^® Deep Red (Invitrogen Life Technologies), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the cells were resuspended in pre-warmed (37°C) staining solution, containing the MitoTracker^® probe (50 nM) for 30 min in complete medium. Following staining, the cells were washed three times in PBS and resuspended in fresh pre-warmed medium and were directly added into IL-1β stimulated NP cells on glass slides for 24 h. Following the addition of the cells, the glass slides with two types of cells were washed with PBS and were labeled with DAPI (10 µg/ml, 5 min; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Images were captured by confocal microscopy (TCS SP5; Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) for 1 h and were subsequently analyzed by Leica LAS AF Lite_2.5.0_7266 software.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed in triplicate. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error. Differences between the groups were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01) using GraphPad Prism software, version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).

Results

Identification of isolated BMSCs

Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect CD90 (Fig. 1A), CD45 (Fig. 1B), CD29 (Fig. 1C) and CD90 (Fig. 1D) expression. BMSCs (>85%) were positive for CD31 and CD45, whereas <0.1% of BMSCs were positive for CD31 and CD45. Following 2 weeks of induced differentiation, osteogenic differentiation was examined by Alizarin red staining (Fig. 1E), and adipogenic differentiation was assessed by Oil Red O staining (Fig. 1F). The results suggest that cells cultured in this manner can be induced to differntiate into both osteogenic and adipogenic cells.

Figure 1.

Identification of isolated BMSCs. Flow cytometric analysis of (A) CD90, (B) CD45, (C) CD29 and (D) CD31. BMSCs (>85%) were positive for CD29 and CD90, whereas <0.1% of the BMSCs were positive for CD31 and CD45. Following 2 week induced differentiation, (E) osteogenic differentiation of the cells was examined by Alizarin red staining and (F) adipogenic differentiation was assessed by Oil Red O staining. BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CD90, cluster of differentiation 90.

Co-culture of BMSCs with IL-1β-stimulated NP cells reduces degenerative enzyme gene expression

Compared with the unstimulated NP cells, the NP cells in the no co-culture groups exhibited markedly higher expression levels of ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, caspase-3 and MMP-13 following inflammatory stimulation (Fig. 2A–D), whereas the expression of TIMP-1 was reduced (Fig. 2E). Compared with the no co-culture group, various indexes were significantly reduced in the co-culture group. In addition, the expression of TIMP-1 was increased.

Figure 2.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the expression of (A) ADAMTS-4, (B) ADAMTS-5, (C) caspase-3, (D) MMP-13 and (E) TIMP-1. Significant reductions were observed following IL-1β (20 ng/ml) stimulation, and there was a clear increase in expression subsequent to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell indirect co-culture. The data are presented as the mean ± standard error of three independent experiments (^*P<0.05 and ^**P<0.01). ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; IL-1β; interleukin-1β.

Co-culture of BMSCs with IL-1β-stimulated NP cells reduces the number of TUNEL-stained cells

TUNEL staining allows for the detection and quantification of apoptosis at the cellular level. The number of TUNEL-positive cells increased with inflammatory factors (20 ng/ml), whereas the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced in the co-culture group (Fig. 3A).

Figure 3.

Apoptosis rate detection by TUNEL-staining and caspase-3 ELISA kit. (A) The apoptotic response of the nucleus pulposus cells without simulation was low. At 24 h following stimulation with IL-1β (20 ng/ml), the level of apoptosis was significantly increased and the indirect co-culture significantly reversed this increase. (B) Using the caspase-3 ELISA kit, comparable results were obtained with 20 and 50 ng/ml IL-1β (^*P<0.05). IL-1β; interleukin-1β.

Co-culture of BMSCs with IL-1β-stimulated NP cells reduces the activity of caspase-3

The results of the caspase-3 activity assay demonstrated that compared with the normal group, the caspase-3 activities in the 20 and 50 ng/ml inflammatory factor treatment groups were significantly increased. In each indirect co-culture group, the caspase-3 activity was marginally lower compared with the no co-culture group (Fig. 3B).

Co-culture of BMSCs with IL-1β-stimulated NP cells reduces the apoptotic incidence

Flow cytometric analysis of annexin V-FITC PE/PI staining demonstrated that the level of apoptosis was significantly increased in the NP cells stimulated with inflammatory factors. In addition, the apoptotic rate increased in line with the increase in inflammatory factor concentration. These results indicated that co-culturing NP cells with BMSCs significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of different levels of IL-1β. This suggested that direct co-culture may have improved the anti-apoptotic effects compared with the indirect co-culture (Fig. 4A and B). Notably, the apoptotic rate of the added BMSCs in the direct co-culture group was markedly low (Fig. 4C).

Figure 4.

Evaluation of apoptotic incidence. (A) Following double staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (phycoerythrin for direct co-culture) and propidium iodide, 0 ng/ml resulted in a normal apoptosis rate of the NP cells. The apoptotic rates of the NP cells were increased following different levels of IL-1β stimulation, then were reduced when indirectly co-cultured with BMSCs, with a more marked reduction observed in the direct co-culture. (B) The apoptotic incidences of the NP cells in different groups were compared (^*P<0.05). (C) The directly co-cultured BMSCs were minimally impacted. NP, nucleus pulposus; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

IL-1β stimulation of NP cells increases the migratory ability of the BMSCs

The number of cells, which migrated through the pores were counted under 10 random high power fields for each group (Fig. 5A), which were then compared (Fig. 5B). Amongst all the groups, the differences between the negative control and IL-1β pre-induced groups were statistically significant. Cell damage resulting from IL-1β enhanced the migratory ability of BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner.

Figure 5.

BMSC migration assay with a Transwell chamber. (A) The number of cells that migrated through the pores were counted in 10 random high power fields for each group. (B) The average number of migrated cells for each group were compared. Cell damage resulting from IL-1β stimulation enhanced the migratory ability of BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner (^*P<0.05). BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; IL-1β; interleukin-1β.

Mitochondrial transfer occurs between direct co-cultured NP cells and BMSCs

The arrows in Fig. 6 indicate that TnT-like structures were observed between BMSCs and NP cells by confocal microscopy. Mitochondria were clearly observed in the red fluorescence channel, transferring from relabeled GFP BMSCs to stimulated NP cells via TnTs (Fig. 6).

Figure 6.

Mitochondrial transfer measured by confocal microscopy. Phase-contrast images were captured in three fluorescence channels. (A) DAPI, (B) GFP (fluorescein isothiocyanate), (C) MitoTracker^® Deep Red and (D) merged image. The arrows indicate thin TnT-like structures. Pre-lableling MitoTracker^® (red) mitochondria were observed transferring from BMSCs to stimulated nucleus pulposus cells through TnT-like structures at 24 h of co-culture. Scale bars, 50 µm. TnT, tunneling nanotubes; GFP, green fluorescent protein; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Discussion

In the present study, a novel model of BMSC intervention was established in IVDD and the anti-apoptotic ability of BMSCs in stimulated NP cells was observed to act via a paracrine mechanism. In addition, the migration driven by IL-1β stimulation and directed mitochondrial transfer was observed.

IL-1β has been used to induce inflammatory responses in NP cells (6,9,24). Following stimulation with IL-1β for 24 h, the majority of degeneration indexes were increased and apoptosis was induced. To simulate in vivo MSC-mediated damage repair processes following inflammatory stimulation, Transwell chambers were used to physically separate the two cell types. The use of a Transwell chamber with a 0.4 µm pore size ensured that only secreted factors were easily passed through the pores, while preventing BMSCs from migrating through the pores via amoeboid-like formations (20). Previous in vivo studies have reported that these intercellular interactions involve the indirect effects of cytokines, in addition to the influence of cell migration and direct cell to cell contacts (25,26). Through a series of experiments, the present study successfully simulated and confirmed the directional migration of BMSCs toward the inflammatory factor-stimulated cells. However, the model for BMSC migration failed to completely mimic MSC action in vivo and was only suitable to separately investigate the effects of BMSCs on damaged cells.

In addition to paracrine effects and migration, direct cell to cell communication must be addressed. The observation of TnTs between MSCs and other cell types has been reported by numerous previous studies (27,28). MSCs are capable of transferring mitochondria to cells with severely compromised mitochondrial function via TnTs (29). In the present study, only GFP BMSCs were pre-labeled with MitoTracker^® Red following 24 h direct co-culture, however, the pre-simulated NP cells were labeled red. Due to the fact that mitochondrial transfer by TnTs was commonly observed in the present study between GFP BMSCs and NP cells, which had suffered cellular damage (identified by DAPI), it was suggested that migration of BMSCs may be directed and BMSCs may transfer mitochondria into cells with severe damage. Unfortunately, quantifying this is challenging and further investigation is required.

The co-culture model established in the present study demonstrated that BMSCs exert beneficial anti-apoptotic effects on inflammatory factor-stimulated NP cells via paracrine mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacities of MSCs, in addition to their mechanisms of action, have been reported in other fields. MSCs co-cultured in inflammatory medium have been reported to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor κ-B and thereby control a series of inflammatory reactions (30). It has been reported that MSCs secrete factors, including transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandin E2, which can inhibit the activation of lymphocytes, thereby also contributing to the suppression of inflammation (31–33). The paracrine-mediated anti-apoptotic effects are likely to be based on the activity of growth factors produced by MSCs, which are able to prevent oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidants and normalizing mitochondrial function (34). Previous studies have demonstrated with in vivo and in vitro models that protein kinase B (Akt) was significantly increased in cells treated with MSCs and MSC culture medium, and that Akt exerts an anti-apoptotic effect through the phosphorylation of the BLC-associated cell death promoter protein (12,35,36). In addition, serum may function as a positive factor, whcih reduces the overall inflammatory and apoptotic indexes (9). Significant differences were detected between the co-culture experiments with BMSCs and the monoculture experiments lacking BMSCs. Through paracrine mechanisms, BMSCs were suggested to exert an anti-apoptotic effect on the damaged cells, migrating to the damaged cells and communicating with them via TnTs. Therefore, in models of IVDD, MSC transplantation has been reported to exert a significant therapeutic effect (15,17).

In conclusion, BMSCs actively migrate towards inflammatory NP cells and effectively reduce the apoptotic rate in NP cells following inflammatory stimulation via paracrine effects and mitochondrial transfer through direct TnTs connections. The in vitro model established in the present study simulates, to a certain extent, these paracrine anti-apoptotic effects, in addition to the migratory behavior of BMSCs. This model provided a simple and accurate means to investigate the mechanisms underlying the potentially beneficial therapeutic effects of BMSCs.