Table 5.
Efficacy of chlorine on Legionella pneumophila, viruses and various protozoa.
| Organism | Temp (°C) | pH | CT99.9% | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giardia lamblia | 25 | 7 | 41 | [85] |
| Giardia lamblia | 20 | 7 | 62 | [85] |
| Giardia lamblia | 15 | 7 | 83 | [85] |
| Giardia lamblia | 10 | 7 | 124 | [85] |
| Acanthamoeba M3 | 30 | 8 | 12 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba M3 (infected with Legionella sp) | 30 | 8 | 5 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba S2 | 30 | 8 | 37 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba S2 (infected with Legionella sp) | 30 | 8 | 39 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba V1 | 30 | 8 | 70 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba V1 (infected with Legionella sp) | 30 | 8 | 82 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba M3 | 50 | 8 | 5 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba M3 (infected with Legionella sp) | 50 | 8 | 5 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba S2 | 50 | 8 | 5 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba S2 (infected with Legionella sp) | 50 | 8 | 5 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba V1 | 50 | 8 | 28 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba V1 (infected with Legionella sp) | 50 | 8 | 28 | [38] |
| Acanthamoeba cysts | 25 | 7.35 | 1260 to 6480 * | [84] |
| Naegleria cysts | 25 | 7.35 | 9 to 30 * | [84] |
| A. polyphaga cysts | 25 | ND | 81,000 * | [82] |
| Enterovirus | 25 | 6–9 | 1 | [85] |
| Enterovirus | 20 | 6–9 | 2 | [85] |
| Enterovirus | 15 | 6–9 | 3 | [85] |
| Enterovirus | 10 | 6–9 | 4 | [85] |
| Legionella pneumophila | 25 | ND | 210 | [83] |
| Legionella pneumophila | 43 | ND | 60 | [83] |
| Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 | ND | ND | 9 * | [86] |
| L. pneumophila | 30 | 8 | 4 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba V1 co-culture) | 30 | 8 | 38 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba S2 co-culture) | 30 | 8 | 44 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba M3 co-culture) | 30 | 8 | 50 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila | 50 | 8 | 3 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba V1 co-culture) | 50 | 8 | 3 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba S2 co-culture) | 50 | 8 | 3 | [38] |
| L. pneumophila (in Acanthamoeba M3 co-culture) | 50 | 8 | 3 | [38] |
* Only 2-log reduction (i.e., CT99%).