Figure 1.
Caloric restriction increases NPY in the hypothalamus that in turn induces autophagy in hypothalamic neurons through NPY1R or NPY5R activation through a combination of intracellular pathways. NPY1R activates both AKT and PKA signaling pathways in a PI3K-dependent manner and NPY5R activation increases both MAPK/ERK and PKA phosphorylation.