miR-98 targets ITGB3 to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract

Background

Accumulating evidence has emphasized causative links between aberrant microRNA (miR) expression patterns and cancer development. Abnormally expressed miRNA-98 (miR-98) was found in certain types of human cancers. The biological roles of miR-98 in lung cancer, however, remain largely undefined.

Methods

We evaluated the expression of miR-98 in normal lung tissues, lung cancer tissues, normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and lung cancer cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Effect of miR-98 on proliferation of lung cancer cells was investigated using MTT assay and colony formation assay. Transwell assay was used to assess the effects of miR-98 on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Whether miR-98 targets the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of integrin β3 (ITGB3) coding gene ITGB3 mRNA was ascertained using luciferase reporter assay. Finally, we transplanted miR-98 expressing A549 cells into nude mice to observe the effect of miR-98 on tumor growth in vivo.

Results

We confirmed that miR-98 was frequently low expressed in lung cancer tissues and human lung cancer cells. Reintroduction of miR-98 into lung cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and suppressed tumor formation in a nude mouse model. Furthermore, we identified that miR-98 exerted inhibitory roles by directly binding to 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA, thus negatively regulated the expression of ITGB3. Interestingly, upon restoring the expression of ITGB3, the effect of miR-98 on cell proliferation was partially reversed.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that miR-98 prevents proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells by directly binding to the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA and could be a promising treatment option in anticancer therapy.

Introduction

Lung cancer continues to be the most common and is the cancer causing the highest mortality rate worldwide during the past several decades. The incidence rate is still increasing, especially in the People’s Republic of China.^1–3 According to previous statistics, the incidence and mortality number of lung cancer, respectively, reached 1.24 million and 1.10 million in global in 2012,⁴ and in the People’s Republic of China, the corresponding incidence and mortality number were over 0.61 million and 0.49 million in 2010.⁵ There are increasing evidences that multiple factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and their interactions, are involved in the occurrence and development of lung cancer, such as smoking, chronic pulmonary disease,⁶ air pollution,⁷ and gene polymorphisms.^8,9 However, the potential mechanism of lung cancer pathogenesis is still poorly understood.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) represent a class of single-stranded noncoding RNAs with the length of 18–25 nucleotides.^10,11 As a kind of posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, miRs are involved in the regulating of many central biological processes, such as cell development,¹² cell proliferation,¹³ cell differentiation,¹⁴ cell apoptosis,¹⁵ fat metabolism¹⁶ and so on. As reported, thrombogenicity and other tissue factor-mediated processes play an important role in several types of cancer, such as lung cancer.^17,18 Recently, there had been more and more studies that showed that miRs may play a very important role in cancer treatment, especially in lung cancer treatment.^19,20 For examples, miR-30b/c inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation,²¹ miR-34a inhibits growth of NSCLC and the CD44hi stem-like NSCLC cells,²² and miR-217 functions as a tumor suppressor and correlates with cell resistance to cisplatin in lung cancer.²³ As a very vital functional miR, miRNA-98 (miR-98) can regulate tumor metastasis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,²⁴ restrain human ovarian cancer stem cell proliferation,²⁵ inhibit prostate cancer growth,²⁶ and so on. However, the mechanism of miR-98 on lung cancer pathogenesis is still poorly understood.

Integrins represent a class of transmembrane receptors that play vital roles in signal transduction, especially in the pathogenesis of human cancer.²⁷ Integrin β3 (ITGB3), which is a integrin beta-chain subunit coded by a serotonin-related gene on chromosome 17, was reported to be associated with the risk of human cancers, such as colorectal cancer.^27,28 The ITGB3 family includes αIIb β3 and αvβ3. αIIb β3 mainly expresses on the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes, while αvβ3 mainly expresses on the surface of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocytes, and platelets.^18,29,30 It is reported that ITGB3 is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers, especially in lung cancer.^27,31

In this work, the effects of miR-98 on lung cancer were studied. We found that overexpression of miR-98 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells. By further investigations, we found that these effects may result from direct binding of miR-98 on the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of ITGB3.

Materials and methods

Clinical tissues and cell culture

In all, 26 lung cancer tissue specimens and 26 adjacent noncancerous lung tissue specimens were obtained from patients with NSCLC in our hospital. A summary of patient characteristics and some pathological features is listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinic-pathological characteristics

Characteristics	Patients (n=26)
Median age (range)	62 (45–77) years
Sex (M/F)	16/10
Smokers	15
Stage
I	8
II	18
Histotype
Adenocarcinoma	22
Large cell carcinoma	4
Metastatic sites
1	11
≥2	7

Abbreviations: M, male; F, female.

Normal human bronchial epithelial cells and lung cancer cells H1650, HCC827, NCL-H358, SKMES-1, PC9, and A549 were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin, and 100 IU/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. The cells were passaged every 2–3 days to maintain exponential growth. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and the informed consent form was obtained by each subject.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

Total RNA including the miR fraction was collected using RNeasy Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen NV, Venlo, the Netherlands) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The miR-98 expression was determined by TaqMan MicroRNA Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and expression levels of miR-98 between lung tissues, normal tissues, lung cancer cells, and human bronchial epithelial cells were compared.

Western blotting analysis

Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression of ITGB3. Briefly, protein extracts were subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), probed with antibodies against human integrin β3 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were used to detect primary antibodies according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and then visualized on chemiluminescence-imaging device ImageQuant RT ECL (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ, USA).

MTT assay

Effect of miR-98 on proliferation of lung cancer cells was studied by measuring the relative absorbance of PC9 and A549 cells by using MTT Cell Viability Assay Kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), strictly following the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, PC9 and A549 cells were seed in a 96-well tissue culture plate (1×10⁴ cells/mL) and incubated for 4 days. For MTT assay, 15 µL of MTT (5 mg/mL; Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI, USA) was added to each well and incubated at 37°C for 4 hours. At the end of the incubation period, the untransformed MTT was removed and 100 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well to lyse the cells. The absorbance value of each well was read at a wavelength of 490 nm using a SpectraMax Microplate Spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). All these assays were performed in triplicate.

Colony formation assay

Effect of miR-98 on the overall survival of cells was assessed by measuring the colony number of the PC9 and A549 cells following colony formation assay. Briefly, cells in the miR-98 control group and the miR-98 mimics group were fixed with methanol for 8–12 minutes and stained with crystal violet for 10–15 minutes.

Cell migration assay

Effect of miR-98 on migration of lung cancer cells was measured by transwell assay. Transwell membrane (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) was used. PC9 and A549 cells were trypsinized, washed, and kept suspended in medium without FBS. To the lower compartment, RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS was added as the chemotactic factor. A total of 2×10⁴ cells in serum-free medium were added to the upper compartment of the chamber. The chamber was placed into a humidified incubator and incubated for 12 hours. Assay was stopped, and the nonmigrated cells were carefully removed with a cotton swab. Migrated cells were fixed and stained with 20% Giemsa solution. Evaluation of migrated cells at the lower membrane side was performed using the microscope in three different fields per filter.

Cell invasion assay

The invasive ability of PC9 and A549 cells was examined by membrane transwell culture system. Briefly, transwell membrane coated with Matrigel (2.5 mg/mL; BD Biosciences Discovery Labware, Woburn, MA, USA) was used. The invasion chambers were rehydrated with serum-free RPMI-1640 for 2 hours at 37°C. A total of 0.75 mL of RPMI-1640 medium with 100 mL/L FBS was added to the bottom chambers of the transwell as a chemoattractant. Then, 1.5×10⁵ suspended cells in serum-free Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were added to the top chambers of the transwell. After incubation for 12 hours at 37°C, the invaded cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with methanol, stained with 20% Giemsa solution, and counted using a light microscope at a magnification of 200× in three randomly selected fields. The experiments were performed thrice in triplicate.

Transfections

PC9, SKMES-1, and A549 cells (2×10⁵) were transfected with miR-98 mimics or pcDNA3.1 vector containing ITGB3 by Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, PC9, SKMES-1, and A549 cells were seeded in six-well plates and incubated for 24 hours to be 80%–90% confluent. The target PC9 and SKMES-1 cells were transfected with 50 nM of miR-98 mimics or mimic control (controls).

Luciferase reporter assay

Fragments of the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 harboring the predicted miR-98-binding sites were cloned into the firefly luciferase reporter plasmid pMIR-Report (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 36-hour transfection for controls or miR-98 mimics group cells, cells were harvested and lysed, and luciferase reporter activities were measured using Dual-Glo^® Luciferase Assay System (Promega Corporation).

Nude mouse models

A549 cells transfected with miR-98 mimics or controls were transplanted into nude mice (6-week old, weighing 25–30 g, n=6), and tumor volume was measured every 5 days using a vernier caliper. Mice were kept in a temperature-controlled room with a 12 hour light/dark cycle, with free access to food and water. Mice were sacrificed on day 25, and xenografts were weighted. Moreover, the expression level of ITGB3 was detected by using western blotting analyses. All animal experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.

Statistical analysis

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (Windows version release 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was applied for statistical analyses, including t-test and one-way ANOVA method of square-deviation.

Results

miR-98 was downregulated in lung cancer cells and lung cancer tissues

Table 1 shows a summary of patient characteristics and some pathological features. Median age was 62 years (range, 45–77) and 61.5% were males. Fifteen (57.7%) patients had smoking history. Eight (44.4%) patients had stage I disease and 18 stage II. Twenty-two (84.6%) patients had adenocarcinoma and four (15.4%) large cell carcinoma. One metastatic site was found in eleven patients (42.3%) and over two metastatic sites in seven patients (26.9%). According to the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction result, the relative expression level of miR-98 in different lung cancer tissues and cells are shown in Figure 1A and B. Compared to normal tissues, miR-98 was significantly downregulated in lung cancer tissues, with a ratio of 0.27±0.08 vs 1.0±0.02. Besides, the expression of miR-98 was also downregulated in A549, SKMES-1, PC9, H1650, HCC827, and NCL-H358 lung cells, with the corresponding values of relative expression 0.24±0.08, 0.31±0.07, 0.45±0.08, 0.52±0.12, 0.53±0.11, and 0.65±0.09, respectively.

Figure 1.

miR-98 is low expressed in lung cancer, and restoration of miR-98 inhibits cell proliferation.

Notes: (A) miR-98 is downregulated in lung cancer tissues. ^**P<0.01 vs normal tissues. (B) miR-98 is downregulated in lung cancer cells. ^*P<0.05. ^**P<0.01 vs normal HBE cells. (C) Relative miR-98 level is elevated in PC9 and A549 cells transfected with miR-98 mimics. ^***P<0.001 vs controls. (D and E) miR-98 inhibits absorbance of PC9 and A549 cells, respectively. ^*P<0.05 vs controls. (F) miR-98 suppresses the colony formation abilities of PC9 and A549 cells.

Abbreviations: HBE, human bronchial epithelial; d, days.

Overexpression of miR-98 inhibits cell proliferation of lung cancer cells

Compared with the control group, miR-98 was significantly upregulated in lung cancer cells transfected with miR-98 mimics, with a value of 4.37±0.39 in PC9 cell and 3.56±0.34 in A549 cell (Figure 1C). To study the possible effect of miR-98 on proliferation of lung cancer cells, MTT assays were applied. When compared with the control group, the relative absorbance was significantly lower in the miR-98 mimics group, both in PC9 and A549 cells (Figure 1D and E). The statement that miR-98 has an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation of lung cancer cells was also supported by the result of colony formation assay. As shown in Figure 1F, miR-98 significantly suppressed the ability of colony formation of PC9 and A549 cells compared to controls.

Overexpression of miR-98 inhibits cell migration and invasion of lung cancer cells

The effect of miR-98 on cell migration and invasion in PC9 and A549 lung cancer cells was studied by transwell assays. As shown in Figure 2A and B, compared with the control group, the number of migrated cells was only 39.6±7.5 and 30.3±5.8 in PC 9 and A549 cells, respectively, in the miR-98 mimics group, whereas the corresponding cell number was 109.8±10.3 and 87.6±13.9, respectively, in the control group. The number of invaded cells was 16.9±2.1 and 25.8±2.5 in PC9 and A549 cells transfected with miR-98 mimics, compared to the cells transfected with controls, with the invaded cell number of 36.3±4.7 and 52.6±6.3, respectively (Figure 2C and D).

Figure 2.

miR-98 inhibits migration and invasion of lung cancer cells.

Notes: (A and B) The number of migrated PC9 and A549 cells is decreased after transfection with miR-98 mimics. ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs controls. (C and D) Overexpression of miR-98 reduces the number of invaded PC9 and A549 cells. ^*P<0.05 vs controls.

miR-98 negatively regulates ITGB3 expression via binding to the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA

To investigate the possible regulating role of miR-98 on ITGB3 expression, miR-98 target luciferase reporter assay aiming to the fragments of the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 was applied (Figure 3A). The results showed that in the wild-type background, the luciferase reporter activity was reduced to approximately one-third in the miR-98 mimics group compared to the controls group, while there were no obvious differences between these two groups with the mutation of 3′-UTR of ITGB3 (Figure 3B). These data suggested that miR-98 regulated ITGB3 expression via binding miR-98 to 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA. Then, the relative expression level of ITGB3 was compared between to confirm the regulatory role of miR-98 on ITGB3 expression. As shown in Figure 3C, the relative expression level of ITGB3 was downregulated in the miR-98 mimics group compared to that in the control group in PC9 and SKMES-1 lung cancer cells. Moreover, to confirm that miR-98 suppresses proliferation of A549 cells by regulating the expression of ITGB3, we observed the effects of miR-98 on the relative absorbance of A549 in MTT assay. As shown in Figure 3D and E, miR-98 significantly downregulated the level of ITGB3 and reduced the relative absorbance of A549. Nevertheless, upregulation of ITGB3 resisted the inhibitory effect of miR-98 on proliferation of A549.

Figure 3.

ITGB3 is a target of miR-98 and contributes to cell proliferation.

Notes: (A) Putative miR-98-binding sites for WT and corresponding mutation (underlined, Mut) in 3′-UTR of ITGB3. (B) miR-98 reduces the wild type, but not the mutant of 3′-UTR of ITGB3 luciferase reporter activities. ^**P<0.01 vs controls or mutation 3′-UTR of ITGB3. (C) The expression of ITGB3 is inversely correlated with miR-98. ^*P<0.05 vs controls. (D) miR-98 decreases the level of ITGB3 in A549 cells. After transfection with lentiviral plasmid carrying ITGB3, the expression level of ITGB3 is significantly increased. ^*P<0.05 vs controls. ^##P<0.01 vs miR-98 mimics or miR-98 mimics + pcDNA-control. (E) Restoration of ITGB3 partially reverses the effects of miR-98 on cell proliferation. ^*P<0.05 vs controls. ^##P<0.01 vs miR-98 mimics or miR-98 mimics + pcDNA-control.

Abbreviations: WT, wild type; 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region.

miR-98 reduces the volume and weight of tumor in vivo

The effect of miR-98 on lung tumor was verified in nude mice models. As shown in Figure 4A, compared with those in the control group, the tumors notably shrank in the miR-98 mimics group after 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, and 25 days. The final tumor weight was also reduced in the miR-98 mimics group (Figure 4B), and ITGB3 was a downregulated expression in the xenografts of miR-98 mimics group compared to that in the control group (Figure 4C).

Figure 4.

miR-98 suppresses tumor formation in vivo.

Notes: (A) miR-98 overexpressing cells or control A549 cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice (n=6). The tumor volumes were measured every 5 days, and the mice were sacrificed on day 25. miR-98 decreases the tumor volumes. ^*P<0.05 vs controls. (B) miR-98 reduces tumor weights. (C) The level of ITGB3 is decreased in miR-98 overexpressing A549 cells. ^**P<0.01 vs controls.

Discussion

In this study, we found that miR-98 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in lung cancer cells. As shown in previous studies, many genetic factors were involved in the occurrence and development of lung cancer, and among them, miRs are a diverse set of factors that cannot be ignored.^10,32–34 For example, miR-30b/c inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation by targeting Rab18;²¹ miR let-7c inhibits migration and invasion of human NSCLC by targeting ITGB3 and MAP4K3;³¹ miR-99a promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC A549 and H1299 cells;³⁵ and so on.

However, the role of miR-98 in lung cancer pathogenesis is still poorly understood. As reported by previous studies, miR-98 was supposed to work as a therapeutic target inhibiting prostate cancer growth and as a biomarker induced by vitamin D,²⁶ miR-98 inhibited migration and invasion of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulating enhancer of zeste homologue 2,²⁴ enhancer of zeste homologue 2-specific miR-98 inhibited human ovarian cancer stem cell proliferation via regulating the pRb-E2F pathway,²⁵ and miR-98 may not directly, but through the intermediate factor, played a role in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Many possible intermediate factors were considered in this study. Among these intermediate factors, the integrins, which reported to play important roles in signal transduction, especially in the pathogenesis of human cancer,²⁶ were specially investigated. The ITGB3, a key player in tumor growth and metastasis, was reported to involve in pathogenesis of many cancers, eg, ITGB3 was reported to work as a key regulator in reactive oxygen species-induced migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells,^27,28 miR let-7c inhibited migration and invasion of human NSCLC through targeting ITGB3,³¹ and so on.

To investigate the possible role regulation of miR-98 via the ITGB3 on lung cancer, a series of research experiments were designed in this study. We found that miR-98 was a downregulated expression in lung cancer cells and lung cancer tissues, and further research indicated that overexpression of miR-98 can inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells. Then possible regulating role of miR-98 on ITGB3 expression was investigated, by luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, and MTT assay. We found that miR-98 negatively regulated ITGB3 expression via binding to the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA. When mutated the putative binding site, the inhibitory effect was almost completely relieved, and overexpression of ITGB3 reduced the inhibition effect on cell proliferation by miR-98 in lung cancer cells. Finally, all these regulatory effects were verified by the results of nude mice models that miR-98 reduced the volume and weight of tumor in vivo, and this effect may be via inhibiting the expression of ITGB3 in lung cancer cells.

We found that miR-98 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in lung cancer cells, and miR-98 also negatively regulated ITGB3 expression via binding miR-98 to the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA in this study. It was also reported that miR let-7c inhibited migration and invasion of human NSCLC through targeting ITGB3.²⁷ We speculated a possible underlying mechanism of miR-98 on inhibiting lung cancer pathogenesis via targeting ITGB3 as follows. Via directly binding to the 3′-UTR of ITGB3 mRNA, miR-98 inhibited the expression of ITGB3 on posttranscriptional level via directly binding to its regulatory 3′-UTR. This leads to a downregulated expression of ITGB3 and consequently reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in lung cancer cells. Finally, this is associated with a reduction in the volume and weight of tumor tissues and ultimately inhibited the occurrence and development of lung cancer. These results may provide a framework for further analyzing the possible underlying mechanisms of miR-98 on inhibiting lung cancer pathogenesis. However, larger prospective studies about evaluating the association of miR-98 with ITGB3 expression and the pathogenesis of human lung cancer are also needed to confirm these findings in larger different populations and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.