Use of complementary and alternative medicine before and after organ removal due to urologic cancer

Abstract

Objective

Many patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as primary treatment or symptom relief for a variety of illnesses. This study was designed to investigate the influence of surgical removal of a tumor-bearing urogenital organ on CAM use.

Methods

From 2007 to 2011, 350 patients underwent major urological surgery for kidney, prostate, or bladder cancer at the Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany. Data from 172 patients (49%), who returned a questionnaire, were retrospectively evaluated using the hospital information system along with the questionnaire to objectify CAM use 2 years before and after surgery.

Results

From the 172 patients returning questionnaires, 56 (33%) used CAM before and/or after surgery and 116 (67%) never used CAM. Of the 56 CAM users, 30 (54%) used CAM presurgery and 53 (95%) used CAM postsurgery, indicating a significant change of mind about CAM use. Patients of German nationality used CAM significantly more than patients of other nationalities. Higher educational status (high-school diploma or higher) was a significant factor in favor of CAM use. The most common type of CAM used before/after surgery was an alternative medical system (63/49%), a manipulative and body-based method (50/19%), and a biological-based therapy (37/32%). Information about CAM, either provided by medical professionals or by other sources, was the main reason determining whether patients used CAM or not.

Conclusion

The number of patients using CAM almost doubled after surgical removal of a cancer-bearing organ. Better awareness and understanding of CAM use by medical professionals could improve patient counseling.

Introduction

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a broad therapeutic area, not generally available at most allopathic medical centers. Currently, there is no established definition of CAM. The World Health Organization notes that the terms “complementary medicine” and “alternative medicine” tend to be interchanged with the term traditional medicine, but generally refer to “a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country’s own tradition and are not integrated into the dominant health care system”.¹ The National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), a division of the National Institutes of Health in the United States, defines complementary medicine as being separate from alternative medicine. According to NCCAM, “complementary generally refers to using a non-mainstream approach together with conventional medicine” and “alternative refers to using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine”.² The inclusive term that NCCAM has adopted is “complementary health approaches”, divided into two subgroups: natural products such as herbal remedies and mind and body practices such as meditation and massage.²

Despite lack of rigorous scientific evidence, a large proportion of the population uses CAM for a wide range of conditions and diseases, both as treatment, as well as for alleviating symptoms. Lack of definition and differences in survey instruments contribute to the difficulties in determining the actual prevalence of CAM use. Previous studies have linked CAM use to sex,^3,4 age,⁵ educational status,^3,6 income,⁶ disease status,⁷ and marital status.⁸ In industrialized countries, approximately 60% of the population reports at least one use of CA over a 12-month period.⁹ Oncology patients appear to be among the highest users of CAM.¹⁰ In Europe, Australia, and North America, the prevalence of CAM use, together with or in place of conventional therapy, has been estimated to be approximately 50% in cancer patients,^10–13 with up to 80% prevalence in the United States.¹⁴ In prostate cancer patients, 30% have been reported to use CAM.¹⁵ Dissatisfaction with conventional treatment and reduction of side effects related to chemotherapy are the most commonly given reasons to use CAM.^16,17

In this retrospective, questionnaire-based survey, CAM use was examined in patients who underwent major urological cancer surgery with removal of kidney, bladder, or prostate gland. The primary objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of CAM use before and after surgery and whether the surgical procedure changed the patient’s attitude toward CAM.

Materials and methods

From 2007 to 2011, a total of 350 patients underwent major urologic surgery for kidney, prostate, or bladder cancer in the Department of Urology at the Goethe University Medical Center in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (102: radical prostatectomy, 76: radical cystectomy, and 172: nephrectomy).

Patient data, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), tumor type and stage, and timing of operation, were retrospectively collated using the hospital information system Orbis (Agfa Healthcare, Mortsel, Belgium). In addition, patients, 2–6 years after surgery, were sent a questionnaire by post, with 27 questions to objectify CAM use in the 2 years before and in the 2 years after surgery. The investigation was approved by the local ethics committee of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Main, Germany (project SUG-01-2015). Information about the study purpose was conveyed by letter, and written consent was obtained to use anonymous data for research purposes. Patients were motivated to contact the investigator about any queries concerning the study by phone or e-mail. No financial compensation for study participation was offered.

One section of the questionnaire contained questions about nationality, education, marital status, children, how patient learned about CAM, use of CAM within 2 years before and 2 years after surgery, how long CAM was used, reason for use of CAM, use of a minimum of one type of CAM, or use of multiple types of CAM.

Another section of the questionnaire subjectively graded the CAM effect from 0 (no effect) to 10 (strong effect). The effect concerned quality of life, physical health, general health perception, and vitality. The type of CAM used by the patient was assigned to one of the five major CAM domains defined by NCCAM.²

1. Alternative medical system (homeopathic medicine and naturopathic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and Ayurveda)

2. Mind–body intervention (support groups, cognitive-behavioral therapy, meditation, prayer, mental healing, and therapies employing creative outlets such as art, music, or dance)

3. Biologically based therapy (natural substances such as herbs, foods, or vitamins)

4. Manipulative and body-based method (chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation and massage)

5. Energy therapy (biofield therapies such as qi gong, Reiki, and therapeutic touch and bioelectromagnetic-based therapy involving the unconventional use of an electromagnetic field).

Four groups were defined to conduct a statistical analysis to determine whether the surgical procedure changed the patient’s attitude toward CAM:

1. CAM users before and after surgery

2. CAM users before surgery, but not after

3. CAM users after surgery, but not before

4. CAM nonusers before and after surgery.

Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical programs, BiAS 10:04 and SPSS. The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test (nonparametric equivalent of the two-sample t-test), chi-square test (to examine differences with dichotomous variables), and chi-square contingency table (two-way table for analysis of categorical data) were used for statistical correlation analysis. P<0.05 indicates significant difference.

Results

Of the 350 postal questionnaires sent, 172 (49%) were returned and included in the final analysis. Sociodemographic information about the survey participants is listed in Table 1. The study population had a mean age of 68 years and included 138 males and 34 females. The most common surgery in women was nephrectomy (n=25), and in males, prostatectomy (n=62), followed by nephrectomy (n=50). The majority of survey participants (n=116, 67%) did not use CAM either before or after surgery, and most of these individuals (75%) were 61 years of age or older. The remaining 56 individuals were CAM users, 30 (54%) of whom used CAM before surgery. After surgery, 53 (95%) patients reported CAM use. Approximately 51% of CAM users were 31–60 years of age and 49% were 61–80 years (Table 1). There was no significant influence of age at surgery in the CAM users compared to the group not using CAM (P=0.70).

Table 1.

Sociodemographics at surgery

Demographic	CAM users (pre-/postsurgery), n=56a,b	Never used CAM, n=116b
Age (years)
31–40	4 (7%)	0
41–50	9 (17%)	3 (3%)
51–60	15 (27%)	26 (22%)
61–70	21 (38%)	52 (45%)
71–80	7 (11%)	35 (30%)
Sex
Male	47 (84%)	91 (78%)
Female	9 (16%)	25 (22%)
Marital status
Single	5 (9%)	7 (6%)
Married/partner	41 (73%)	64 (55%)
Divorced	8 (14%)	8 (7%)
Widowed	2 (4%)	3 (3%)
Unknownc	N/A	34 (29%)
Children
Yes	41 (73%)	68 (59%)
No	15 (27%)	13 (11%)
Unknownc	N/A	35 (20%)
Education
No graduation from school	0	13 (11%)
Secondary/modern school	8 (14%)	24 (21%)
Secondary school	13 (23%)	17 (15%)
High school degree	10 (18%)	7 (6%)
University degree	25 (45%)	21 (18%)
Unknownc	N/A	34 (29%)
Gross income
€30,000	7 (13%)	19 (17%)
€30,000–€60,000	19 (34%)	25 (21%)
€60,000–€100,000	12 (21%)	19 (17%)
>€100,000	4 (7%)	6 (5%)
Unknownc	14 (25%)	47 (40%)
Nationality
German	52 (93%)	64 (55%)
Other	4 (7%)	18 (16%)
Unknownc	N/A	34 (29%)
BMId
<20	0	4 (3%)
20–25	18 (32%)	37 (32%)
26–30	23 (41%)	51 (44%)
31–40	15 (27%)	24 (21%)
Type of surgery
Nephrectomy	27 (48%)	48 (41%)
Prostatectomye	16 (29%)	45 (39%)
Cystectomy	13 (23%)	23 (20%)

Notes:

^an=30 (54%) used CAM presurgery and n=53 (95%) used CAM postsurgery.

^bAll values in the table are expressed as number of participants (%).

^cParticipant did not answer questions.

^dCalculated from participant data at time of surgery.

^ePercent based on number of males.

Abbreviations: CAM, complementary and alternative medicine; BMI, body mass index; N/A, not applicable.

Participants who used CAM before surgery obtained information about alternative medicine in approximately equal parts from their own research (eg, internet, (medical) journals, newspapers, and books), social environment (eg, family, friends, and peer), and from health professionals (eg, doctors, nurses, and alternative practitioners; Table 2). Nearly 90% of these individuals used CAM before surgery for constitution-related reasons, primarily to promote general health and to strengthen the immune system (Table 2). The three patients who used tumor-related CAM were patients with bladder cancer diagnosed early on through transurethral resection.

Table 2.

Reasons for CAM use before and after surgery^a

	Before surgery (n=30)b	After surgery (n=53)b
Learned about CAM
Medical/health professionals	17 (57%)	28 (53%)
Own initiative/own research	16 (53%)	21 (40%)
Lay information/social environment	15 (50%)	11 (21%)
Reason for CAM use
Constitution related	26 (87%)	19 (36%)
Symptom based	11 (37%)	14 (26%)
Therapy based	9 (30%)	17 (32%)
Tumor related	3 (10%)	17 (32%)
Other reasons	2 (7%)	1 (2%)

Notes:

^aParticipants may be included in more than one category.

^bAll values in the table are expressed as number of participants (%).

Abbreviation: CAM, complementary and alternative medicine.

After surgery, more than 50% of CAM information originated from medical professionals (eg, doctor, nurse, and alternative practitioner; Table 2), and reasons for use were approximately equally split among the following categories: constitution, tumor, and therapy (Table 2). The most common type of CAM used before surgery was an alternative medical system (63%), primarily including acupuncture and homeopathy and/or a manipulative and body-based method (50%; Table 3). After surgery, an alternative medical system was the primary CAM use (49%), followed by a biological-based therapy (32%), which included therapeutic diet and phytotherapy (Table 3). Only two participants (one before surgery and one after surgery) used the mind/body intervention of meditation (Table 3). More than half of the CAM users felt that CAM provided an overall improvement in their quality of life, general health, and emotional well-being.

Table 3.

Types of CAM use before and after surgery^a

Type	Before surgery (n=30)b	After surgery (n=53)b
Alternative medical system	19 (63%)	26 (49%)
Manipulative and body-based method	15 (50%)	10 (19%)
Biological-based therapy	11 (37%)	17 (32%)
Energy therapy	1 (3%)	5 (9%)
Mind/body intervention	1 (3%)	1 (2%)

Notes:

^aParticipants may be included in more than one category.

^bAll values in the table are expressed as number of participants (%).

Abbreviation: CAM, complementary and alternative medicine.

The 56 patients who used CAM were distributed as follows: CAM users before and after surgery (n=27, 16%), CAM users before surgery, but not after (n=3, 2%), and CAM users after surgery but not before (n=26, 15%). Kidney cancer patients were more prone to continue with CAM treatment after surgery (n=18, 67%) than prostate cancer patients (n=5, 31%) or bladder cancer patients (n=4, 30%).

Of the 116 non-CAM users, about one-third did not use CAM because their physicians did not recommend or provide information about it, while another 25% expressed no interest in alternative medicine (Table 4).

Table 4.

Primary reason for not using CAM

Reason	Number of participants (%), n=116
Physician did not provide information	36 (31%)
No interest in alternative medicine	29 (25%)
No knowledge about CAM	21 (18%)
Bad experience with previous CAM	2 (2%)
No answer	28 (24%)

Abbreviation: CAM, complementary and alternative medicine.

More patients of German nationality (n=54, 93%) used CAM, whereas only a minority of other nationalities did so (n=4, 7%; P=0.036). A high-school diploma or higher educational status was a significant positive factor for CAM use (P=0.011). All other factors, sex (P=0.5212), BMI (P=0.36664), income (P=0.597), marital status (P=0.8737), or children (P=0.1880), had no influence on CAM use.

The majority of patients who used CAM (n=48, 86%) as well as those not using CAM (n=85, 73%) would welcome hospital guidance after surgery regarding CAM. CAM users would appreciate in-hospital CAM treatment options. Most CAM users report that CAM makes them feel safer (n=50, 89%) and that they experience an improved quality of life (n=50, 89%) through CAM use.

Discussion

Medical treatment in Germany is predominantly evidence based. Nevertheless, chronically ill patients and especially cancer patients are increasingly using CAM in industrialized nations despite the lack of evidence-based data concerning effectivity.¹⁰ Germany is no exception.

In this investigation, the following CAM use by patients was documented: prostate cancer (29%), renal cell carcinoma (48%), and bladder cancer (23%). Another investigation reports that 52% of patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer use CAM¹⁸ and 40% of patients with advanced, palliatively treated prostate cancer use CAM.¹⁹ Higher reports of CAM use for breast cancer (57%)²⁰ and thyroid cancer (74%)²¹ are documented.

Until now, the effect of organ removal on CAM use in the course of a urologic tumor operation has not been investigated. Taylor et al²² have described the emotional impact of colorectal cancer surgery with anxiety connected to the uncertainty of when and/or whether the cancer might return. Anxiety led to the desire for a more reliable body, with the hope that heightened monitoring and body management might increase reliability. Provided patients know about the potential health benefits offered by CAM, the desire for more reliability can be fostered and implemented.²³ This investigation shows that many patients who did not use CAM before surgery used CAM after surgery. Most patients who used CAM before surgery maintained CAM use after surgery.

Different CAM modalities are employed according to the demographic, clinical, and behavioral situation,^23,24 but Olchowska-Kotala²⁵ could not explain why so many cancer patients were inclined to use CAM. In this investigation, organ removal was common to all patients, whereas other surveys encompassed widespread cancer treatment. Disappointment with regard to CAM would be expected when a tumor must be surgically removed during CAM use, but it appears that it only results in a shift in the type of CAM employed. The most commonly used CAM before surgery was an alternative medical system (63%), manipulative and body-based methods (50%), and biological-based therapies (37%), often combined. After surgery, an alternative medical system remained most popular (49%), with biological-based therapy (32%) second in popularity and a manipulative and body-based method (19%) third.

Studies have shown CAM use is related to sex,^3,4 age,⁵ educational status,^3,6 income,⁶ disease status,⁷ and marital status.⁸ In this investigation, there was no significant correlation between CAM use and sex, disease status, age, income, marital status, number of children, or BMI. There was a significant correlation between country of origin and education. With the migrant worker culture, less well-educated families have come to Germany, and although they might have been exposed to alternative medicine in their home country,²⁶ costs associated with employing accustomed CAM may be prohibitive.^27,28 CAM is therefore not easily accessible to these families and requires explicit recommendation by the treating physician.^6,10,27,28

Tumor type and T-, N-, and M-stage had no impact on CAM use in this investigation. Other studies have shown correlations to tumor stage and grading.^20,29,30 The discrepancy may be due to study design since the patients in this investigation were evaluated before diagnosis and surgery. Other studies generally begin after more accurate diagnosis and thus more CAM use is reported, especially with high tumor staging.^20,29 The most common source of information in previous studies was from family members.²⁹ In this investigation, doctors and naturopaths were the main source of information before and after the surgery. This may be because doctors are obtaining training in alternative medicine,^31–34 especially in large cities where additional income can be acquired by selling CAM-related products or treatments.¹³

Studies have shown that 70% of patients do not discuss CAM use with the doctor managing their cancer.³⁵ Patients predominantly rely on their own research through internet, TV, radio, and/or magazines both before and after the surgery, whereby the quality of CAM information can be very low.^36,37 The removal of a cancer-bearing organ is a major change in life. Both the diagnosis of cancer and the functional loss through surgery may lead to more body and health awareness. Despite high interest in CAM use, communication between patients and surgeons and follow-up physicians is lacking. Because of the internet information flood, it is important for physicians to develop communication skills in this area, not only with patients, but with colleagues to avoid conflicting advice as to the use of CAM.

Conclusion

The number of patients using CAM almost doubled after surgical removal of a cancer-bearing organ. Medical professionals influence whether patients use CAM, and since CAM can offer health, social, and economic benefits, professional guidance in CAM use would be in the patients’ best interests.

Perspective

The use of CAM is on the rise, especially in the Western world where patients are increasingly demanding holistic disease treatment. Since professional guidance is often lacking, patients often try managing their own CAM application. More preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to identify CAM mechanisms of action so as to optimize combining the different CAM types with evidence-based medicine.