Table 4.

Impact of electrification on fertility (average number of live births), women aged 15–49, 1993–2010, IV estimates

		Power Plants as Control Variables		Power Plants as IVs
	Table 2 Results	All Plants	>5 Years	All Plants	>5 Years
Electricity Coverage	–0.2374**	–0.2288**	–0.2346**	–0.4789**	–0.3788*
	[0.0414]	[0.0419]	[0.0412]	[0.1316]	[0.1742]
Power Plants District		–0.0021	0.0056
		[0.0248]	[0.0242]
Power Plants Neighbor		–0.0247	–0.0130
		[0.0174]	[0.0195]
First-Stage IV
Power plants district				0.0332**	0.0404**
				[0.0106]	[0.0105]
Power plants neighbor				0.0892**	0.0567**
				[0.0086]	[0.0076]
Joint Significance Instruments
F statistic (clustered standard errors)				14.6	6.9
F statistic (nonclustered standard errors)				69.3	38.3
Over-Identifying Restrictions Test
χ2(1) test statistic				0.01	0.08
p value				.90	.78
Year Dummy Variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
District Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SUSENAS Control Variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Number of Observations	4,175	4,175	4,175	4,175	4,175
Number of Districts	261	261	261	261	261
R 2 (within)	.58	.58	.58	.57	.57

Notes: Control variables are lagged by one year and include rural population share, age composition of the female population, education shares, and log per capita expenditure. Standard errors are shown in brackets.

Source: SUSENAS household surveys.

*p < .05; **p < .01