Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group bacteriophage TsarBomba, a double-stranded DNA Myoviridae, was isolated from soil collected in Saratov, Russia. TsarBomba was found to be similar to Bacillus phages BCP78 and BCU4, and to have a wide host range among Bacillus cereus group species.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
The Myoviridae bacteriophage TsarBomba was isolated from soil samples collected from Saratov, Russia (GPS coordinates 51°36′12.0″ N, 45°58′21.0″ E) and cultivated on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ATCC 33679 (Btk), a member of the Bacillus cereus group together with other closely related Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic, and facultative anaerobic bacteria including B. cereus, B. anthracis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, and B. weihenstephanensis (1). This double-stranded DNA bacteriophage has an icosahedral head 91 nm in diameter and a 202 nm long contractile tail, and produced 1-mm turbid plaques on Btk when grown overnight at 30°C on trypticase soy agar. Isolation and analysis of the phage was carried out by undergraduate student researchers as part of the SEA-PHAGES program described previously (2). Additional information about this and other Bacillus phages isolated by undergraduate researchers can be found at http://bacillus.phagesdb.org/.
TsarBomba was shotgun sequenced at the Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute to approximately 577-fold coverage by Illumina Sequencing. Genomic analysis determined TsarBomba to have a linear genome of 162,486 bp, with 40.1% G+C content, and 6,364-bp direct terminal repeats. TsarBomba contains 267 genes, 20 of which code for tRNA.
Comparison of TsarBomba with other phages belonging to the proposed C cluster by genomic synteny and phylogenetic methods suggests the inclusion of a fourth sub-cluster containing B. cereus group phages BCP78 (GenBank accession no. JN797797.1), TsarBomba, BCU4 (accession no. JN797798.1), Hobo, and IceQueen (A. B. Sauder, M. R. Quin, A. Brouillette, S. M. Caruso, S. Cresawn, L. Lewis, K. Loesser-Caser, M. Pate, C. Scott, S. Stockwell, and L. Temple, submitted for publication).
The ability of TsarBomba to infect other Bacillus species was tested, and TsarBomba was found to have a wide host range in the B. cereus group, being able to infect other strains of B. thuringiensis (PS52A1, DSM-350, and Al Hakam) and B. cereus (Gibson and FD45, though not 14579), and B. anthracis Sterne. The phage was not able to infect tested B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. globegii, or B. simplex strains.
Analysis of translational codon usage bias in the phage genes with the scnRCA index (3) trained on the Btk genome suggests that the 20 tRNA-coding genes detected in its genome are not used to alter the host tRNA pool, as it has been suggested for other phages (4).
Nucleotide sequence accession number.
The complete genome sequence of the Bacillus phage TsarBomba is available in GenBank with the accession number KT224359.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the UMBC Department of Biological Sciences and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute SEA-PHAGES program.
The members of the 2014 UMBC Phage Hunters class are listed at http://phages.umbc.edu/home/class-lists/2014-15/.
We thank Graham F. Hatfull, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Welkin H. Pope, Daniel A. Russell, Steven G. Cresawn, Chere Petty, and Ralph Murphy.
Footnotes
Citation Erill I, Caruso SM, 2014 UMBC Phage Hunters. 2015. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus cereus group phage TsarBomba. Genome Announc 3(5):e01178-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01178-15.
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