In vivo anti-Toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole

Abstract

Objective(s):

There are supportive evidences about the possible role of latent Toxoplasma. gondii infections on the behavior and neurologic functions, such as increased dopamine levels in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine anti-toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole that is an atypical anti-psychotic drug in mice.

Materials and Methods:

Mice were randomly divided into four groups, including; control, vehicle, aripiprazole 10 mg/kg, and aripiprazole 20 mg/kg. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with mice brain suspension containing tissue cysts. At the end of second month, the number of cysts was counted in smears prepared from brain homogenate by optical microscope.

Results:

There was no significant difference between mean logarithms of brain cyst numbers of aripiprazole groups compared with control.

Conclusion:

Results indicate that in aripiprazole groups, the brain cystogenesis was not decrease. Further study needs to investigate the role of anti-psychotic drugs on T. gondii.

Introduction

Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan obligate intracellular protozoan zoonosis which infects warm-blooded vertebrates (1). In immunocompetent hosts, cellular invasion of proliferative tachyzoites slows usually after a short period of acute phase of infection; afterwards, the parasite survives as a latent infection throughout life in tissues of hosts, especially in brain without remarkable inflammation around tissue cysts (2). The brain latent infections of T. gondii are considered one of the probable causative agents of chronic neurologic disorders with unknown etiology. Epidemiological studies have shown that seroprevalence of T. gondii is higher in patients with schizophrenia (3) in comparison to controls. Moreover, behavior and personality alterations have attributed to the chronic infections of T. gondii (4). Experimentally, there are evidences that support probable role of latent T. gondii infections in behavior and neurologic functions, such as the increasing of dopamine levels in the brain (5).

Evidence shows that some of anti-psychotic and anti-schizophrenic drugs have in vitro anti-toxoplasma activity. Valproic acid, an anticonvulsant mood-stabilizer (6), and fluphenazine and thioridazine, typical anti-psychotics (7) inhibit replication of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites in cell culture (8). Our aim in this study was to investigate in vivo anti-toxoplasma activity of aripiprazole, which is an atypical anti-psychotic drug.

Materials and Methods

Parasite

Avirulent Tehran strain of T. gondii was kindly prepared by the Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The strain was isolated in Iran from the lymph node aspirate of a lymphadenopathy patient (9). Mice were purchased from Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Karaj, Iran.

Animals

A total of 62 male BALB/c mice (20-25 g) were housed in groups of five per cage under standard laboratory conditions. They were kept at a constant room temperature (21±2 °C) under a normal 12L:12D regimen with free access to food and water. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC) in such a way as to minimize the number of animals and their suffering.

Drugs

Powder of aripiprazole (Tamin pharmaceutical investment company, Iran) was dissolved in tween 80 and administrated IP to mice.

Treatment

Mice were randomly divided into four groups, including; Control (n=11), tween 80 as vehicle (n=16), aripiprazole 10 mg/kg (n=17), and aripiprazole 20 mg/kg (n=18). The mice were inoculated IP with 0.5 ml of mice brain suspension containing 50 tissue cysts.

Vehicle and aripiprazole were injected one day after inoculation of parasites and every other day for the first ten days and every two days until the end of the first month. Control mice did not receive any drugs.

At the end of the second month after inoculation, the mice were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine/xylazine (60 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively). Mice were sacrificed under anesthesia, and their brains were quickly removed. Then, brain homogenate was provided separately from whole brain of each mouse in 2 ml of saline. The number of cysts was counted in smears prepared from 200 µl of brain homogenate with 100× and 400× magnifications of optical microscope.

Data analysis

For normalizing the initial data, natural logarithm transformation was used. Data analysis was through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc. A level of P<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

In our study, some of the mice died in weeks 1–3 after inoculation of brain suspension containing tissue cysts. Ten mice in each group were randomly examined for counting T. gondii brain cysts. Overall, the cysts were observed in brains of all mice; however, there was a remarkably intra-group and inter-group variation in numbers of cysts (Table 1).

Table 1.

Frequency of tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii in 200 µl of brain homogenate in different treatment groups of mice

Mice number in each group	Number of cysts
	Control	Arip (LD)	Arip (HD)	Tween 80
1	1	60	322	36
2	10	51	39	27
3	16	45	41	689
4	10	31	27	50
5	27	16	32	4
6	2175	17	30	49
7	37	40	31	9
8	77	9	748	7
9	44	6	89	15
10	26	81	12	70
Mean±SEM	242.3±215.8	35.6±7.7	137.1±73.8	95.6±66.3

Arip: aripiprazole; LD: Low dose (10 mg/kg); HD: High dose (20 mg/kg); Tween 80 as vehicle

As the numbers of cysts varied, the data was normalized. Normalized data analysis showed no significant difference between mean±SEM of brain cyst numbers in the two doses of aripiprazole compared to the control and vehicle groups, which is shown on a logarithmic scale in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Mean±SEM logarithm of brain cysts numbers of Toxoplasma gondii in 200 µl of brain homogenate in different treatment groups of mice

Discussion

In our study, aripiprazole had no inhibitory effect on brain cystogenesis of T. gondii in vivo. The results corresponds with results of Goodwin et al who showed valproic acid is ineffective on brain cysts of T. gondii in mice (10). On the other hand, these findings are inconsistent with in vitro results of other studies (6, 11) which showed valproic acid has an inhibitory effect against tachyzoites of T. gondii in cell culture. In other studies of Goodwin et al, thioridazine and fluphenazine decreased proliferation of T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro (7).

Experimentally and clinically, anti-Toxoplasma effect of anti-psychotic drugs has not been demonstra-ted to date. There is a main difference in design of our study and Goodwin et al (10). In the present study, aripiprazole was injected in acute phase of infection in order to prevent tissue cystogenesis in mice, whereas, they administrated valproic acid orally in latent phase of infection for elimination of the tissue cysts. In the acute phase of toxoplasma infection, the bradyzoites convert to rapidly dividing tachyzoites that are sensitive to the anti-Toxoplasma drugs. In contrast, in the latent phase of infection, the proliferative tachyzoites converted to slowly dividing bradyzoites enclosed by cyst wall, which can persist for long-time in host tissue and are impervious against the anti-Toxoplasma drugs. Therefore, evidence obtained in our study is a strong support for the results of the previous study (10): anti-psychotic drugs have no anti-Toxoplasma effect in vivo. Also, brain cystogenesis capacity of T. gondii shows a remarkable variation in mice experimentally infected with this parasite, as observed in the present study and others (12).

The mechanism of action of anti-toxoplasmosis drugs is established. But, this mechanism about anti-psychotic drugs is unclear. In this study, we have used aripiprazole, an atypical anti-psychotic drug, which unlike typical anti-psychotic drugs, is a partial D₂-receptor agonist and also has therapeutic efficacy through its 5-HT _2A antagonism and possibly 5-HT _1A partial agonism (13).

On the other hand, an increase in intracellular calcium occurs in tachyzoites of T. gondii when they attach to their host cells and this increase is required for invasion. Based on the results, it seems that initial attachment of tachyzoites to host cells is followed by calcium signaling (14) and this interaction was also inhibited by calcium channel blockers (verapamil) and calmodulin antagonists such as trifluoperazine and calmidazolium (15). Previously, it was reported that clozapine as a prototype agent in the atypical class, was not calmodulin antagonist and it is suggested that some of its action may be dependent on calmodulin-activated kinase activity (7, 16).

Furthermore, clozapine in protecting host cell against tachyzoites of T. gondii was not effective in vitro (7). It is possible that aripiprazole similar to clozapine is not antagonist of calmodulin to inhibit entry of tachyzoites to host cells. On the other hand, the mechanism of clozapine and aripiprazole in the atypical group are not same. It was shown that the ratio of affinity for D₂ receptors to affinity for 5-HT_2A receptors for aripiprazole is medium and this ratio for clozapine is very low (16). Also, in contrast to clozapine, aripiprazole as a blocker of 5-HT_2A receptors could reduce intracellular Ca²⁺ levels in rat pituitary cell line (17). Thus, it seems that aripiprazole with chemical structure of dihydrocarbostyril has different effects on Ca²⁺ intracellular.

Conclusion

Results show that aripiprazole groups could not decrease the brain cystogenesis. Further studies need to clear the role of differently structured anti-psychotic drugs in treatment of T. gondii.