Abstract
Objectives
Like morning stiffness, fatigue is a common, debilitating symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Delayed-release (DR) prednisone is designed for evening administration (approximately 22:00) and releases 4 h later to coincide with the rise of nocturnal inflammatory cytokines associated with development of morning stiffness. The impact of DR prednisone on fatigue and other related patient-reported outcomes was analysed with data obtained from the Circadian Administration of Prednisone in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CAPRA) 2 study.
Methods
Patients with symptomatic RA (n=350) despite treatment with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) were randomised 2:1 to receive additional therapy with DR prednisone 5 mg or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Fatigue was assessed using validated instruments: the fatigue scale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) and the vitality domain of the Short Form-36 (SF-36). General quality of life was assessed using the general score and individual domains of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) and SF-36.
Results
The change from baseline to week 12 in FACIT-F score was statistically significantly different with DR prednisone/DMARD (3.8) versus placebo/DMARD (1.6; difference 2.2, p=0.0032). Improvement in FACIT-F score correlated positively with clinical response. Compared with placebo/DMARD, DR prednisone/DMARD showed a significantly greater improvement in SF-36 vitality score (5.6, p=0.001), physical component of SF-36 (2.3, p=0.0003) and general score with FACT-G (2.6, p=0.0233).
Conclusions
DR prednisone in addition to a DMARD significantly improves fatigue and other aspects of health-related quality of life in patients with symptomatic RA compared with DMARD treatment alone.
Trial registration number
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00650078.
Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Corticosteroids, Patient perspective
Key messages.
What is already known about this subject?
Fatigue may be a troublesome and debilitating problem in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Delayed-release (DR) prednisone was developed for night-time administration, with the active agent released approximately 4 h later, at around the same time as peak levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
What does this study add?
The addition of DR prednisone to DMARD in patients with active RA significantly reduces fatigue compared with DMARD alone.
Fatigue, reoccurrence of joint stiffness and pain during the day are correlated, suggesting a common underlying pathophysiological mechanism.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
Patients with RA experiencing morning stiffness and fatigue despite treatment with DMARD may benefit from addition of DR prednisone.
Introduction
Despite the reduction in disease activity brought about by advances in synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly suffer from morning stiffness and pain, and associated functional disability.1–4 Morning stiffness is associated with elevated nocturnal levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin 6 (IL-6).3 5 Glucocorticoid therapy ameliorates severity of morning stiffness and suppresses IL-6 levels, with a more pronounced effect when administered during the night (approximately 02:00) compared with the traditional time for dosing (approximately 06:00–08:00).6 7 However, waking at night to take treatment is inconvenient for most patients.
Delayed-release (DR) prednisone was developed for administration in the evening (approximately 22:00), with glucocorticoid released after a delay of approximately 4 h. Once released, the drug's pharmacokinetics are the same as conventional immediate-release prednisone.8 Thus, the prednisone in DR prednisone peaks around the same time as IL-6.3 The efficacy of DR prednisone administered in the evening in comparison with the same dose of conventional immediate-release prednisone administered in the morning was demonstrated with respect to reduced duration of morning stiffness and IL-6 levels in a 12-week, randomised, double-dummy study (Circadian Administration of Prednisone in Rheumatoid Arthritis (CAPRA) 1).9 Compared with baseline, the effects of DR prednisone on morning stiffness and IL-6 levels were maintained when treatment was continued long term in a follow-on study,10 with no impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis over and above that seen with existing conventional prednisone therapy.11
Like morning stiffness, fatigue is a common symptom of RA12–14 and has a marked adverse impact on patient quality of life.12 15–17 Fatigue is a complex multidimensional feature of RA and other inflammatory conditions that is poorly understood but may reflect the impact of heightened disease activity, low mood, sleep disturbance, pain and other factors.18–23 There may also be common elements in the underlying pathophysiology of fatigue and morning stiffness, with IL-6 levels potentially implicated in these systemic features of inflammation in RA.24 25
Although there may be a pronounced response of RA to treatment with biological therapies, as assessed using response criteria such as those from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) that include swollen joints, tender joints and other markers of disease activity, such treatments do not appear to have comparable benefit on extra-articular systemic symptoms such as fatigue and possibly stiffness.26–28 Given the high patient need for adequate treatment of these disabling aspects of RA, it was of interest to determine the effect of DR prednisone on fatigue and other patient-reported outcomes that assess health-related quality of life using data from the CAPRA-2 study.
Patients and methods
Design
Details of the CAPRA-2 study have been reported in full elsewhere.29 Briefly, this 12-week, double-blind, parallel-group study randomised patients to treatment with DR prednisone 5 mg or placebo once daily with or after the evening meal, in addition to existing stable DMARD treatment. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients with a 20% improvement in RA signs and symptoms according to ACR criteria (ie, ACR20 response) at week 12. Key secondary end points were the change in duration of morning stiffness and the outcomes reported here between baseline and week 12.
The study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by central or local ethics committees (see Acknowledgements section for details), and all patients provided written informed consent. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00650078.
Study centres
This multicentre study involved rheumatologists from secondary or tertiary care centres in the USA (23 centres, 75 patients), Poland (10 centres, 145 patients), Hungary (9 centres, 102 patients), the UK (3 centres, 12 patients), Germany (3 centres, 3 patients) and Canada (2 centres, 75 patients).
Patients
Patients included in the study were aged 18–80 years with a documented history of RA and were symptomatic (morning stiffness ≥45 min duration on ≥4 days within 7 days of screening; ≥4 swollen and tender joints) despite taking DMARDs for at least 6 months. Patients treated with oral glucocorticoids within 6 weeks of the screening visit were excluded. Changes in DMARD therapy during the study were not permitted.
Randomisation and blinding
Patients were assigned a unique four-digit number. The randomisation schedule linked sequential numbers to treatment codes allocated at random with a 2:1 (active treatment vs placebo) randomisation ratio. The randomisation numbers were blocked, with patients within each block allocated to each of the treatment groups. The block size was not revealed. Randomisation to study medication was balanced by investigational site. Treatments were labelled with a three-digit number, and patients at each site received the tablets with the lowest available number. Tablets containing active treatment or placebo were identical in appearance. Both patients and investigators were blinded to treatment.
Data collection and outcomes
At each study visit (weeks 2, 6 and 12), disease activity was assessed using the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28). Patients assessed pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 100 mm (very intense pain). Likewise, a VAS was used by patients to rate global disease activity on a scale ranging from 0 (not active at all) to 100 mm (extremely active). Patients also completed the Functional Disability Index of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ-DI).
Throughout the study, patients completed a daily diary card twice daily. In the mornings, they recorded the presence of any joint stiffness and its severity, the time of resolution of joint stiffness, and pain levels on waking. In the evening, patients recorded any reoccurrence of joint stiffness and pain during the day, and the intensity of pain. Patients also recorded daily use of analgesic medication.
Fatigue was assessed at baseline and week 12 using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) questionnaire,30 31 which has been validated for use in RA.30 32 The FACIT measurement system is a collection of questionnaires to measure health-related quality of life in chronic illnesses. FACIT-F includes a 13-item domain specifically focused on fatigue. Each item is assessed on a five-point scale (0=not at all to 4=very much) giving a fatigue score range of 0–52 (higher score indicating less fatigue). The minimal clinically important change in the fatigue score is 3–4.30 Fatigue was also assessed using the vitality domain of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).33 34 The score ranges from 0=maximum disability to 100=no disability (higher score indicating less fatigue). The minimal clinically important change in the vitality domain score is 11.35
The FACIT measurement system includes a generic core questionnaire, originally developed for patients with cancer (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General, FACT-G).31 This is a 27-item instrument, with four domains (physical well-being, social/family well-being, emotional well-being and functional well-being) that has been validated in patients with cancer and other chronic illnesses. FACT-G was used in this analysis to assess general health status as it has been validated in RA.31 General health status was also assessed using the scores from seven domains of the SF-36 (physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, social functioning, role emotional, mental health), and summary scores for physical components and mental components (including vitality).34 In both instruments, higher scores indicate less impact on health status. Patient global assessments were also undertaken.
Statistical analysis
The intent-to-treat (ITT) population was analysed, with a modified ITT (excluding those without baseline data) used for comparisons from baseline. All results relating to severity of morning stiffness, duration of morning stiffness, intensity of pain on waking, and reoccurrence of joint stiffness and pain were based on the data obtained from the daily diaries completed by patients. Reoccurrence of joint stiffness during the day was calculated as the percentage of days with joint stiffness reoccurrence over the 7 days prior to, and including, the study visit day (≥3 days of data required). The least squares means (LSMs) for the absolute change from baseline were obtained from an analysis of covariance model with baseline value, treatment and geographic region as factors. Model effects were from the type III estimates. Baseline observation carried forward imputation was used to compare treatment groups. Significance and 95% CI were established based on the mean relative percentage change from baseline. Point biserial correlation of daily reoccurrence of joint stiffness (yes or no) and pain (100 mm VAS) for all patients was performed. Statistical methods used did not control for multiple testing.
Results
Patient disposition
As reported previously, a total of 350 patients were randomised to treatment (231 patients to DR prednisone and 119 patients to placebo); 323 patients (92.3%) completed the study.29 Demographic and baseline disease characteristics were generally well balanced between the two treatment groups. After 12 weeks, 48% of patients treated with DR prednisone achieved an ACR20 response, compared with 29% of patients who received placebo (19% treatment difference, p<0.001).
Impact of treatment on measures of fatigue
There was a statistically significant difference between treatments in the change from baseline to week 12 in FACIT-F score (LSM difference 2.2, p=0.0032), favouring DR prednisone, as compared with placebo. The within-group change from baseline to week 12 in FACIT-F score was clinically meaningful with DR prednisone/DMARD (3.8) but not with placebo/DMARD (1.6; figure 1). Compared with placebo/DMARD, DR prednisone/DMARD showed significantly greater improvement in SF-36 vitality domain score (5.6, p=0.001; table 1).
Figure 1.
Absolute change in FACIT-F score from baseline to week 12 (DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue; LSM, least squares mean).
Table 1.
Impact of treatment on measures of fatigue
| DR prednisone/DMARD |
Placebo/DMARD |
Treatment difference (95% CI)‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure of fatigue | Baseline | Week 12 | Difference‡ | Baseline | Week 12 | Difference‡ | |
| Mean FACIT-F score | 28.8 | 32.5 | 3.8 | 28.7 | 30.3 | 1.6 | 2.2 (0.8 to 3.7)* |
| (SD) | (10.4) | (10.9) | (10.7) | (10.5) | |||
| Range | 0–50 | 0–52 | 3–49 | 0–52 | |||
| Mean SF-36 vitality domain | 44.5 | 51.6 | 7.0 | 43.1 | 44.9 | 1.8 | 5.6 (2.3 to 8.9)** |
| (SD)§ | (19.4) | (20.6) | (16.5) | (19.3) | (19.8) | (14.1) | |
| Range | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–94 | 0–100 | |||
*p=0.0032.
**p=0.0010.
‡LSM difference for FACIT-F score.
§Absolute difference from baseline, using baseline observation carried forward imputation.
DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; DR, delayed-release; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue; LSM, least squares mean; SF-36, Short Form-36.
Correlation between improvement in fatigue and measures of disease responses
A comparison of the mean change from baseline in FACIT-F score within treatment, by responder status for ACR20 was performed. This showed there was correlation between improvement in FACIT-F score and ACR20 response status, regardless of treatment arm (figure 2). Furthermore, those who received DR prednisone and who reached ACR20 response had statistically better FACIT-F scores as compared with those not reaching ACR20 response (5.5 V. 2.2, p<0.0001). There was also correlation between FACIT-F score and response status defined by DAS28 (not shown).
Figure 2.
Improvement in FACIT-F fatigue score according to ACR20 response status (ACR, American College of Rheumatology; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue).
Impact of treatment on other measures of quality of life
Compared with placebo/DMARD, treatment with DR prednisone/DMARD showed a significantly greater improvement in FACT-G score (2.6, p=0.0233) and other aspects of well-being (table 2). Compared with placebo/DMARD, treatment with DR prednisone/DMARD also showed a significantly greater improvement in physical component summary score of SF-36 (2.3, p=0.0003) and in some individual domains (table 3).
Table 2.
Impact of treatment on FACT-G score and domains
| DR prednisone/DMARD |
Placebo/DMARD |
Treatment difference (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean total/domain score (SD) | Baseline | Week 12 | Difference | Baseline | Week 12 | Difference | |
| FACT-G ( score) | 67.3 (16.6) | 71.1 (18.0) | 3.6 (10.4) | 68.1 (14.5) | 69.1 (15.3) | 1.0 (9.8) | 2.6 (0.4 to 4.8)* |
| Range | 14–105 | 27–107 | 29–96 | 32–104 | |||
| Physical well-being | 16.7 (5.3) | 18.8 (5.7) | 2.0 (4.1) | 16.8 (5.6) | 17.9 (5.0) | 1.1 (3.9) | 0.9 (0.1 to 1.8)* |
| Social/family well-being | 20.1 (5.6) | 19.9 (6.3) | −0.26 (5.0) | 20.6 (4.9) | 20.0 (5.1) | −0.6 (4.2) | 0.2 (−0.8, 1.2) |
| Emotional well-being | 14.5 (5.1) | 15.5 (5.3) | 1.0 (3.4) | 14.6 (4.7) | 15.5 (4.9) | 0.9 (2.9) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) |
| Functional well-being | 16.0 (5.8) | 17.0 (5.6) | 1.0 (4.1) | 16.2 (5.3) | 16.0 (5.4) | −0.21 (4.2) | 1.2 (0.3 to 2.0)** |
*p≤0.0297.
**p=0.0065.
DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; DR, delayed-release; FACT-G, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General.
Table 3.
Impact of treatment on SF-36 component scores and domains
| Mean component/domain score (SD) | DR prednisone/DMARD |
Placebo/DMARD |
Treatment difference (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 12 | Difference‡ | Baseline | Week 12 | Difference‡ | ||
| Physical component | 31.6 (7.0)§ | 35.1 (8.1) | 3.4 (5.8) | 31.5 (6.9) | 32.7 (7.3) | 1.2 (5.1) | 2.3 (1.1 to 3.5)* |
| Range | 14–56 | 14–56 | 18–48 | 15–58 | |||
| Mental component | 45.3 (10.7)§ | 46.9 (10.7) 21–70 | 1.6 (7.3) | 45.4 (9.6) | 45.9 (9.6) | 0.5 (6.3) | 1.1 (−0.4 to 2.5) |
| Range | 17–68 | 23–64 | 14–64 | ||||
| Physical functioning | 40.2 (21.2) | 47.3 (24.1) | 7.1 (16.5) | 40.7 (20.5) | 44.2 (22.3) | 3.5 (13.8) | 3.6 (0.2 to 7.0)** |
| Range | 0–95 | 0–100 | 0–90 | 0–100 | |||
| Role physical | 44.5 (22.3) | 50.8 (23.8) | 6.0 (20.1) | 43.3 (21.9) | 45.4 (21.1) | 2.1 (14.6) | 4.5 (0.7 to 8.3)** |
| Range | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | |||
| Bodily pain | 34.4 (16.2) | 45.7 (20.5) | 11.3 (17.8) | 34.0 (15.5) | 38.4 (18.8) | 4.5 (16.1) | 7.0 (3.3 to 10.7)* |
| Range | 0–84 | 0–100 | 0–74 | 0–100 | |||
| General health | 39.8 (18.4) | 44.6 (20.1) | 4.7 (12.9) | 40.6 (16.5) | 41.9 (17.1) | 1.3 (13.7) | 3.3 (0.5 to 6.2)** |
| Range | 0–97 | 0–97 | 0–92 | 5–100 | |||
| Social functioning | 57.9 (25.6) | 63.9 (25.1) | 5.9 (18.9) | 56.5 (23.3) | 58.5 (23.7) | 2.0 (19.8) | 4.4 (0.5 to 8.4)** |
| Range | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | |||
| Role emotional | 57.2 (28.8) | 59.6 (26.6) | 2.5 (22.5) | 56.0 (25.6) | 58.5 (27.1) | 2.5 (21.2) | 0.7 (−3.6 to 5.1) |
| Range | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | 0–100 | |||
| Mental health | 59.1 (20.7) | 63.7 (21.1) | 4.6 (15.7) | 61.0 (20.0) | 62.5 (19.5) | 1.5 (12.3) | 2.7 (−0.4 to 5.7) |
| Range | 0–100 | 10–100 | 10–95 | 0–100 | |||
*p≤0.0003
**p≤0.0374.
‡Absolute difference from baseline, using baseline observation carried forward imputation.
§Data missing for two patients.
DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; DR, delayed-release; SF-36, Short Form-36.
Impact of treatment on other patient-reported outcomes
Compared with placebo/DMARD, treatment with DR prednisone/DMARD significantly reduced reoccurrence of joint stiffness during the day (−27.0% of days vs −7.1%, p=0.03; table 4). Pain during the day also decreased for all patients, with no significant difference between treatment groups, although there was a significant reduction in daily analgesic use with active treatment (−18.7% vs 1.9% days, p=0.02) and patient global assessment (treatment difference −25.3, p=0.01). Regardless of treatment, there was moderate correlation between reoccurrence of joint stiffness and pain during the day (r=0.47).
Table 4.
Impact of treatment on other patient-reported outcomes
| Relative per cent change from baseline in median patient-reported outcome | DR prednisone/ DMARD | Placebo/DMARD | Treatment difference (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Days with recurrence of joint stiffness | −27.0 | −7.1 | −19.9 (−37.7 to −2.1) | 0.03 |
| Pain during the day (100 mm VAS) | −25.5 | −31.7 | −6.14 (−37.8 to 50.1) | 0.78 |
| Patient global assessment | −17.8 | 7.49 | −25.3 (−44.6 to −5.9) | 0.01 |
| Days with analgesic use | −18.7 | 1.9 | −20.6 (−37.3 to −4.0) | 0.02 |
DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; DR, delayed-release; VAS, visual analogue scale.
Discussion
The analysis of the CAPRA-2 study reported here demonstrates that low-dose DR prednisone added to DMARD therapy has a beneficial impact on patient-reported outcomes (reoccurrence of joint stiffness, SF-36 physical functioning, fatigue and other aspects of health-related quality of life) in patients who are symptomatic despite DMARD treatment. Current DMARD and biological treatments have shown varied impact on fatigue.26 28 36 Consequently, there is considerable need for treatments that have a positive and clinically relevant impact on the fatigue.
Fatigue was assessed using instruments previously validated or used in RA.31 32 35 Fatigue is a complex feature of inflammatory conditions such as RA, and includes mental and physical aspects.15 18–21 23 There appears to be interaction with sleep, pain and mood.20 22 Interestingly, IL-6 has been implicated in sleep disturbance and low mood, as well as in fatigue associated with RA and fibromyalgia.24 37 There is also evidence to support a link between systemic inflammation (as indicated by elevated levels of IL-6 and other markers) and fatigue in conditions as diverse as cancer and type 2 diabetes,38–40 and indication of an impact of IL-6 on fatigue and mood in healthy volunteers.41 In fibromyalgia, there is evidence of an association between elevated IL-6 levels and a glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction.42 Although there are still unanswered questions about the pathophysiology of fatigue, the beneficial impact of the glucocorticoid chronotherapy on fatigue reported here is consistent with a causative role of IL-6 in fatigue, like that previously reported for morning stiffness.5 25
Core data sets in RA do not adequately capture response of fatigue to treatment.36 Patient-reported outcomes provide important information on disease control, as indicated by the finding that 36% of patients with RA report a different level of global disease control than their physicians.43 Indeed, a ‘biopsychosocial model’ of disease is appropriate for RA, with patient-reported data collected using validated and reliable questionnaires contributing important information to support shared decision-making.44 Consistent with this model, regulatory bodies such as the European Medicines Agency and the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) in Germany take into account patient-reported outcomes and clinical disease measures when reaching decisions on approval and reimbursement of medications. Recognising the importance of the patient perspective, the WHO introduced the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), which aims to shift the focus from causes of disability to the impact on the patient. Of note is the importance of patient participation in measuring health states such as RA flare, which includes fatigue and other domains.45
With regard to RA, this suggested shift in thinking is broadening the aim of treatment to encompass not only clinical remission, demonstrated by measures such as swollen joint count but also functional remission, demonstrated by an improvement in patient quality of life (or at the least, maintenance or reduction in rate of decline in quality of life). The participation of patients in different Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) activities has resulted in recognition of the importance of health domains such as fatigue, well-being and sleep pattern not previously included in standard assessments of RA.46 The composite index, Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease (RAID), has been developed to include the domains of pain, function, fatigue, physical and psychological well-being, sleep disturbance and coping.47 The use of measures such as RAID may affect data collected in future trials.48
A weakness of this study was its short duration of 12 weeks. It remains to be seen if the beneficial impact of DR prednisone on fatigue is maintained over the longer term. However, in an earlier study with DR prednisone, reductions from baseline in duration of morning stiffness and levels of IL-6 were maintained for up to 12 months.10 If IL-6 is involved in the pathophysiology of fatigue, as suggested by some studies,24 it might be anticipated that the beneficial effects on fatigue will also be sustained, though this has yet to be demonstrated. Although the study assessed pain, fatigue and overall health-related quality of life, CAPRA-2 did not include validated instruments to assess any impact of treatment on sleep duration and quality. Given the links between sleep and fatigue, this is a limitation of CAPRA-2. Statistical tests did not control for multiple testing, with the consequent risk of showing significance occasionally, even when the difference between the underlying populations is not significant. CAPRA-2 investigated the benefits of adding DR prednisone to prednisone-naïve patients receiving conventional DMARDs. It remains to be seen if similar benefits of adding DR prednisone are observed in patients receiving biological DMARD treatment or in patients previously on traditional prednisone and DMARDs. However, the 9-month open-label follow-on trial of the controlled CAPRA-1 study demonstrated significant morning stiffness improvements in patients on stable DMARDs and conventional prednisone who were switched to equivalent doses of DR prednisone.10
Conclusion
In conclusion, there is a theoretical rationale for a beneficial impact of DR prednisone on fatigue, based on the targeted suppression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 when it is most elevated during the night. This analysis of results from the CAPRA-2 study is consistent with the concept that higher levels of inflammation may mediate fatigue and that directed therapies may be required to address it.49 In patients with symptomatic RA despite the use of DMARDs, the addition of DR prednisone 5 mg/day for 12 weeks resulted in a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in measures of fatigue and improved other aspects of health-related quality of life.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the patients who took part in the CAPRA-2 study. The involvement of the following investigators (and ethical bodies approving the study) in each participating country is gratefully acknowledged: Canada (approved by IRB Services)—M Lee, Ajax, ON; J Rodrigues, Windsor, ON; Germany (approved by Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Geschäftsstelle der Ethik-Kommission des Landes Berlin for study authors RA and FB)—K Krueger, Munich (Ethik-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München); Hungary (approved by the Central Ethics Committee)—T Balazs, Békéscsaba; J Gál, Kecskemét; L Náfrádi, Szombathely; K Nékám, Budapest; L Sámson, Szolnok; P Surányi, Debrecen; S Szántó, Debrecen; I Szombati, Budapest; K Takács, Kiskunhalas; Poland (approved by the Central Ethics Committee)—J Brzezicki, Elblag; A Dudek, Warszawa; S Jeka, Torun; S Mackiewicz, Poznań; M Majdan, Lublin; Z Ruzga, Wrocław; S Sierakowski, Bialystok; M Sochocka-Bykowska, Sopot; J Supronik, Białystok; J Szechinski, Wroclaw; UK—M George, Wirral (Cheshire Research Ethics Committee); J Kirwan, Bristol (North Somerset and South Bristol Research Ethics Committee); B Szenbenyi, Grimsby (South Humber Research Ethics Committee); USA (unless stated otherwise, approved by Schulman Associates Institutional Review Board)—M Archuleta, Wheat Ridge, CO; B Bode, Tucson, AZ (University of Arizona Human Subjects Protection Program); C Codding, Oklahoma City, OK; L Cruse, Tampa, FL; R DeGarmo, Greer, SC; A Dikranian, San Diego, CA; M Fairfax, Mesa, AZ; D Furst, Los Angeles, CA (Western Institutional Review Board); E Goldberger, Tuledo, OH; M Hagan, Billings, MT; J Huff, San Antonio, TX; B Huh, Los Angeles, CA; W Kades, Los Angeles, CA; K Kempf, San Antonio, TX; A Kennedy, Vero Beach, FL; A Khan, Bellevue, WA; S Kimmel, Tamarac, FL; D Kirby, Belmont, NC; E Lee, Upland, CA; M Lowenstein, Palm Harbor, FL; DP Mehta, Elizabethtown, KY; R Rapoport, Fall River, MA; D Raskin, Pacific Palisades, CA; R Trapp, Springfield, IL; all in the USA. The authors thank Dr Diane Storey of Direct Publishing Solutions Ltd for medical writing and editorial assistance, which was funded by Horizon Pharma.
Footnotes
Contributors: RA and FB were involved in conception and design, data collection and analysis, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. AG and RJH were involved in conception and design, data analysis, manuscript writing and final approval of the manuscript. PR was involved in statistical analysis, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. All authors take full responsibility for the content of the paper.
Funding: Horizon Pharma (formerly Nitec Pharma), Mannheim, Germany and Northbrook, Illinois, USA.
Competing interests: RA received consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Merck Serono and Horizon Pharma (formerly Nitec Pharma). AG is an employee of Horizon Pharma and has stock options. RJH received consultancy fees and/or travel expenses from Horizon Pharma, Hospira and Pozen. PR is an employee of Premier Research. FB received consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Horizon Pharma (formerly Nitec Pharma) and Mundipharma International Ltd, and grant support from Horizon Pharma.
Ethics approval: Central or local ethics committees appropriate for each study centre, detailed in Acknowledgements.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
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