Abstract
Background/Aims
We evaluated the long-term outcome and clinical course of patients of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by performing capsule endoscopy (CE).
Methods
A multicenter retrospective study was conducted using data collected from the CE nationwide database registry, which has been established since 2002.
Results
A total of 140 patients (87 males; mean age, 60.6±14.8 years) from the CE nationwide database registry (n=2,885) were diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury and enrolled in our study. Forty-nine patients (35.0%) presented with a history of aspirin use and an additional 49 (35.0%) were taking NSAIDs without aspirin. The most prominent findings after performing CE were multiple ulcerations (n=82, 58.6%) and erosions or aphthae (n=32, 22.9%). During the follow-up period (mean, 15.9±19.0 months; range, 0 to 106 months), NSAID-induced small intestinal injury only recurred in six patients (4.3%). Older age and hypertension were positive predictive factors for recurrence.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the recurrence of NSAID-induced small bowel injury was not frequent in the presence of conservative treatment. Therefore, the initial diagnosis using CE and the medication history are important.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal, Capsule endoscopy, Outcome
INTRODUCTION
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Their popularity attests to their efficacy as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agents. An estimated 30 million people worldwide take NSAIDs daily.1 However, NSAID use is limited by their associated gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. These drugs can cause serious injury to any part of the GI tract, including life-threatening complications such as bleeding or perforation.2 The worldwide prevalence of NSAID-associated gastric and duodenal ulcers is 9% to 22%, with severe hemorrhage or perforation occurring in <1% of patients annually.3
The serious problem of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury has recently become a topic of great interest to gastroenterologists, as capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon endoscopy are available for detecting small intestinal lesions.4–8 NSAID-induced small intestinal injury had been under-examined or even ignored in clinical situations prior to the availability of CE.9 Several CE studies have been performed in NSAID users. Goldstein et al.10 reported small bowel mucosal breaks in 55% of healthy volunteers who had taken naproxen for 2 weeks. Graham et al.11 performed CEs in patients with arthritis who had been using NSAIDs for at least 3 months and reported the incidence of small intestinal mucosal injury to be as high as 71%.
Previous studies have focused mainly on the incidence of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury in short-term and chronic NSAID users or on the protective effect of concurrent medication in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. However, data on the long-term outcome or natural course of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury are limited. Thus, we evaluated the long-term outcomes and clinical courses of patients diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury based on the data from the Korean capsule endoscopy nationwide database registry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Korean capsule endoscopy nationwide database registry
CE has been performed at 23 tertiary hospitals in Korea since 2002 for 12 years, and the data have been registered in a common database. The database includes age, gender, indication for CE, key CE findings, diagnosis post CE, bowel preparation method, and the corrective therapies applied to the patients.
2. CE procedure
Patients were examined using PilCam SB® (SB1/SB2) (Given Imaging, Yogneam, Israel) and MiroCam® (Intramedic, Seoul, Korea). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before the procedure. CE was performed after a 12-hour fast and bowel preparation including ingestion of 2-L polyethylene glycol solution. The digital information recorded was downloaded onto a computer, and the images were analyzed using the proprietary RAPID software (Given Imaging).
3. Patients and data collection
Subjects who were diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury were identified from the database between January 2002 and August 2012. The term “NSAID-induced small intestinal injury” included the following: (1) all small intestinal injuries observed by CE; (2) history of NSAID use prior to the initial CE; (3) suspected small bowel injuries based on performing upper and lower GI endoscopy; and (4) exclusion of other causes of local disease (malignant tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, infectious disease, and so forth).12
Among the 2,885 patients registered in the database, 140 with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury from 14 centers were enrolled in the study. In addition to registry data, other data were collected via chart review and telephone interviews. The following data were collected: (1) presence or absence of underlying disease in the patient; (2) mode of bleeding; (3) drug history such as type of drug and period of medication; (4) laboratory levels of hemoglobin and albumin; (5) follow-up period; (6) treatment method; (7) presence or absence of recurrence; and (8) any change in diagnosis during the follow-up period.
The definition of recurrence of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury was as follows: (1) history of diagnosis as NSAID-induced small intestinal injury and recurring symptoms or anemia and findings of the same lesion as that found upon initial diagnosis via CE or (2) history of diagnosis as NSAID-induced small intestinal injury and recurring symptoms or anemia and suspected recurrence based on negative findings on other examinations such as upper and lower GI endoscopy except CE.
4. Statistical analysis
The results are presented as means±standard deviation or ranges for quantitative data and as frequencies (percentage) for categorical data. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and the chi-square test. All statistical anlyses were performed using the SPSS version 16.0 for Windows software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A p-value <0.05 was considered to indicate significance.
RESULTS
1. Enrollment and characteristics of the patients
Among the 2,885 patients registered in the database, 140 patients from 14 centers were diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. Twelve patients were lost to follow up. Twelve of 140 patients who were initially diagnosed experienced a change in diagnosis during the follow-up period. Therefore, 116 patients were included in the disease recurrence analysis. Finally, six patients were diagnosed with recurrence of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Flow chart of the study subjects.
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Aspirin (n=49, 35.0%) and NSAIDs other than aspirin (n=49, 35.0%) were the most frequently prescribed drugs in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. Ten percent (n=14) of patients were taking both aspirin and other NSAIDs concurrently. More than half of patients were taking medications for more than 3 months (n=73, 52.1%) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Type of medication (A) and the period of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prescription (B). Data are presented as number (%).
The mean age of the patients was 60.6±14.8 years (range, 23 to 90 years). The study group included 87 males (62.1%) and 53 females (37.9%). The most common underlying disease was hypertension (42.9%). Diabetes (18.6%), cardiovascular disease (21.4%), and arthritis (19.2%) were also common. The total mean follow-up period was 15.9±19.0 months (range, 0 to 106 months). Anemia was noted in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury, but albumin levels were normal (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Intestinal Injury
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age, yr | 60.6±14.8 |
| Male:female | 87 (62.1):53 (37.9) |
| Type of capsule endoscopy | |
| MiroCam® | 21 (15.0) |
| PilCam SB® | 119 (85.0) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 60 (42.9) |
| Diabetes | 26 (18.6) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 30 (21.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 12 (8.6) |
| Chronic renal disease | 8 (5.7) |
| Arthritis | 27 (19.2) |
| Follow-up period, mo | 15.9±19.0 (0–106) |
| Initial blood test | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 9.6±2.7 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.7±0.6 |
Data are presented as mean±SD (range) or number (%).
2. CE findings of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury
The patients were examined by means of the PilCam SB® (85.0%) or MiroCam® (15.0%). The most common indication for CE was bleeding of unknown origin. Fifty-six patients were examined for obscure, overt GI bleeding (40%) and four patients were examined for obscure, occult GI bleeding (2.9%). The presence of melena (n=34, 24.3%) was the second most common indication (Table 2). The most common key CE finding was ulceration (n=82, 58.6%). Erosions and mucosal erythema were also common (Fig. 3). Other lesions found in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury included luminal narrowing and stenosis, small bowel submucosal tumor, and small bowel polyps (Table 3). The lesions were located frequently in the jejunum (n=74, 52.8%) and ileum (n=39, 27.9%).
Table 2.
Indication of Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Intestinal Injury
| Indication | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Obscure overt GI bleeding | 56 (40.0) |
| Melena | 34 (24.3) |
| Hematochezia | 15 (10.7) |
| Abdominal pain | 14 (10.0) |
| Anemia | 7 (5.0) |
| Obscure occult GI bleeding | 4 (2.9) |
| Etc. (diarrhea, abnormal findings in CT, small bowel series) | 10 (7.1) |
GI, gastrointestinal; CT, computed tomography.
Fig. 3.
Capsule endoscopic findings of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal injury. Erosions (A), ulcerations (B), and strictures (C) were noted.
Table 3.
The Clinical Features of Six Recurrent Cases of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Intestinal Injury
| Case no. | Sex/age, yr | Type of NSAID | Symptoms when recurred | Examination performed when recurred | Treatment when recurred | Sort of treatment medication | Period until recurrence, mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M/67 | Aspirin | Melena | EGD, CFS | Add medication | PPI | 22 |
| 2 | F/62 | Aspirin+NSAID | Hematochezia | EGD, CFS | Add medication | Rebamipide | 28 |
| 3 | F/69 | Aspirin | Melena | None | Add medication | Iron supplement | 14 |
| 4 | M/69 | Aspirin | Melena | EGD, CFS | Add medication | PPI | 1 |
| 5 | M/74 | Aspirin | Anemia | None | Add medication | Iron supplement | 27 |
| 6 | M/60 | Aspirin | Anemia | EGD, CFS, CE | Add medication | Iron supplement | 9 |
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; M, male; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CFS, colonofiberoscopy; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; F, female; CE, capsule endoscopy.
3. Treatment for NSAID-induced small intestinal injury
Most patients stopped NSAID therapy after diagnosis (n=91, 71.1%). However, 28 patients (21.9%) continued to take NSAIDs following their diagnosis. Aspirin was the most common medication used among the patients who continued to take NSAIDs. Following diagnosis, most of the patients were treated by non-invasive methods, such as simply discontinuing NSAID therapy (n=13, 10.2%) or were prescribed additional medication (n=44, 34.4%), or both (n=52, 40.6%). Only three cases (2.3%) underwent endoscopic treatment, and none of the patients had surgery (Fig. 4). A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (n=61, 63.6%) was most commonly prescribed additional medication. Rebamipide (n=21, 21.9%), an H2-receptor blocker (n=18, 18.6%), and misoprostol (n=10, 10.4%) were also commonly prescribed therapeutic drugs in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury.
Fig. 4.
Treatment modalities of patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury. Data are presented as number (%).
4. Clinical features of recurrent and nonrecurrent cases of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury
Only six NSAID-induced small intestinal injury cases recurred during the follow-up period. The mean age of the recurrent cases was 66.8±5.1 years (range, 60 to 74 years). Four of the six patients revisited the hospital complaining of symptoms of bleeding, and recurred or continued anemia was found in two cases. Of the recurring patients, only one underwent CE again. The majority of patients were supposed to recur with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury based on negative findings in studies other than CE. All six recurrent cases continued to take aspirin after initial diagnosis, but, only 21.2% of patients continued to take aspirin in nonrecurrent cases (p=0.001). Aspirin was the most commonly prescribed medication for the recurrent cases. One patient was taking a NSAID other than aspirin due to severe pain from arthritis. Cardiovascular disease, such as ischemic heart disease, was the reason for taking medication in four of six recurrent cases. All patients recovered by conservative management without endoscopic treatment or surgery (Table 3).
The clinical characteristics of cases involving recurrence and nonrecurrence were observed (Table 4). Mean age was significantly higher in recurrent than in nonrecurrent cases (66.8±5.1 years vs 60.1±14.8 years, p=0.023). No significant difference was observed in the male to female distribution. The initial drug history was not different between the two groups. However, taking aspirin was more common among recurrent cases. But, the difference was not statistically significant. Of the recurrent cases, one patient who was initially diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury due to taking an NSAID because of arthritis changed medication to aspirin after suffering ischemic heart disease. Including this case, the majority of recurrent patients were taking aspirin. Hypertension was more common in recurrent cases (42.7% vs 100%, p=0.023), but other underlying diseases were not different. As the key CE findings were significantly different between recurrent and nonrecurrent cases, ulcerations and erosions were more common in nonrecurrent than recurrent cases. Ulcerations were commonly noted in recurrent cases; however, other findings, such as diffuse small bowel bleeding and mucosal spotty hemorrhage, were also noted.
Table 4.
Comparison of Recurrent and Nonrecurrent Patients
| Variable | Nonrecurrent cases (n=110) | Recurrent cases (n=6) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 60.1±14.8 | 66.8±5.1 | 0.023 |
| Male:female | 65:45 | 4:2 | 0.949 |
| Initial drug history | 0.349 | ||
| Aspirin | 38 (34.5) | 4 (66.7) | |
| NSAID (except aspirin) | 42 (38.2) | 2 (33.3) | |
| Aspirin+NSAID | 12 (10.2) | 0 | |
| Continuance of NSAID | 0.001 | ||
| Discontinue | 80 (67.8) | 0 | |
| Continue | 25 (21.2) | 6 (100.0) | |
| Underlying disease | |||
| Hypertension | 47 (42.7) | 6 (100.0) | 0.023 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (15.5) | 3 (50.0) | 0.092 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 24 (21.8) | 3 (50.0) | 0.279 |
| Chronic renal disease | 4 (3.6) | 1 (16.7) | 0.304 |
| Arthritis | 24 (21.8) | 2 (33.3) | 0.789 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9 (8.2) | 0 | 0.742 |
| Hemoglobin level | 9.62±2.59 | 8.35±2.31 | 0.244 |
| Key findings of capsule endoscopy | 0.001 | ||
| Ulcer | 69 (62.7) | 2 (33.3) | |
| Erosion | 25 (22.7) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Mucosal erythema | 7 (6.4) | 0 | |
| Mucosal spotty hemorrhage | 3 (2.7) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Diffuse small bowel bleeding | 0 | 1 (16.7) | |
| Angiodysplasia | 0 | 1 (16.7) |
Data are presented as mean±SD or number (%).
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
5. Change in diagnosis
Twelve patients who were initially diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury had their changed diagnosis after other diseases were identified during the follow-up period. Among these 12 cases, five were due to initial misdiagnosis. Chiefly, errors in drug history of the patients resulted in the misdiagnosis. The adjusted diagnoses were as follows: angiodysplasia, ischemic enteritis, tuberculosis enteritis, Dieulafoy’s lesion, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, idiopathic ulceration, Behçet’s disease, and ileal erosion.
DISCUSSION
NSAIDs are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs due to their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.13 Previous studies have focused primarily on their upper GI events. NSAID-induced small intestinal injury has gained more attention due to the introduction of new diagnostic modalities, such as CE and double-balloon endoscopy.9 However, little is known about the mechanism of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. Our study focused not only on the prevalence and characteristics of patients diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury but included data accumulated during long-term observations of these patients, such as recurrence and changes in diagnoses.
The number of patients undergoing CE for various reasons is increasing. However, CE remains a relatively rarely performed examination. Thus, the Korean Gut Image Study Group founded the capsule endoscopy nationwide database registry in 2002 to accumulate and analyze clinical data of CE. The Study Group for Double-Balloon Endoscopy reported that NSAID-induced small intestinal injury occurred in 51% of the patients taking NSAIDs, based on the registry data accumulated during a 2-year period beginning in 2008.14 However, this study did not include long-term follow-up data. Our study is the first report to analyze the data collected from the nationwide database registry of CE and include long-term follow-up data.
Only six cases (4.3%) in the capsule endoscopy nationwide database registry in Korea recurred as NSAID-induced small intestinal injury during the follow-up period from 2002 to 2012. Most of these patients recovered without endoscopic or surgical intervention. Patients were treated with medications even after recurrence. Initial drug history, initial hemoglobin level, and the treatment options were not different between recurrent and nonrecurrent cases. However, older age and hypertension were positive predictive factors for recurrence. More atypical CE findings, such as diffuse small bowel bleeding, mucosal spotty hemorrhage, and angiodysplasia were observed in the recurrent group. Thus, older patients, those with hypertension, and atypical CE findings were monitored carefully because of the high probability of recurrence regardless of drug history or treatment options. Continuous use of aspirin was the most significant factor to cause recurrence. But recurrence of NSAID bleeding is not frequent and most of recurred bleeding can be managed conservatively similar to first episode of bleeding.
Among the 140 patients diagnosed with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury, 12 were diagnosed with another disease during the follow-up period. Five of these cases were misdiagnosed initially. Mistakes in taking the drug history were the major cause of misdiagnosis. Seven cases initially diagnosed as NSAID-induced small intestinal injury were changed to other diseases. After its diagnosis, NSAID-induced small intestinal injury reacted well to medication and conservative treatment, and the recurrence rate was relatively low. Initial history taking was important because the diagnosis of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury is largely dependent on drug history.
It is important to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the drugs prescribed for patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. Administration of NSAIDs is known to induce upper GI complications, and PPIs prevent their occurrence.15,16 However, to date, no medications that could prevent or heal NSAID-induced small intestinal injuries were available. PPIs are the most effective medications for gastroduodenal bleeding and ulcers but cannot be expected to be clinically efficacious for small intestinal mucosal injury, as acid is not secreted into the small intestine.17 PPIs worsen NSAID-induced small intestinal injury in animals, and emerging evidence indicates that such worsening may occur in some humans.18,19 Managing patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury relies empirically on misoprostol and rebamipide. Misoprostol has demonstrated positive therapeutic effects in NSAID-induced small intestinal injury.20 Niwa et al.17 found that subjects who received an NSAID and placebo demonstrated a significantly greater number of small intestine mucosal injuries than those who received rebamipide. However, these studies were relatively small, and therapeutic efficacy was evaluated over the short-term. In the present study, the PPI, rebamipide, H2 blocker, and misoprostol were the most commonly prescribed drugs in patients with NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. When the influence of the drugs on disease recurrence was evaluated, no significant differences were observed.
To our knowledge, this is the first study about the long-term outcome of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury assessed by CE based on a nationwide multicenter data registry.
Several limitations of this study should be discussed. First, it was a retrospective analysis. We collected data from the capsule endoscopy nationwide database registry. Furthermore, we reviewed the charts of patients and conducted telephone interviews to collect data. Hence, recall error could have influenced the results. Second, we did not assess the severity of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury in each patient. Recurrence may be dependent on disease severity at original presentation. However, we are uncertain whether the recurrence rate was dependent on the severity of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. Third, a complete follow-up of all patients was not possible. Therefore, 116 of 140 patients were enrolled in this analysis of recurrence. And all cases with anemia or occult obscure gastrointestinal bleeding did not undergo follow-up complete blood count regularly after the first presentation. So, we think there were more current cases that did not be revealed.
In conclusion, the recurrence of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury was infrequent regardless of conservative management, such as discontinuing NSAID therapy or administration of additional medications. Hence, an initially accurate diagnosis by performing CE and a thorough medication history were important. Although changes in diagnosis following an initially accurate diagnosis were infrequent; however, some patients were subsequently diagnosed with another disease during the follow-up period. Therefore, differential diagnoses should be considered carefully when evaluating NSAID-induced small intestinal injury.
Footnotes
See editorial on page 697.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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