Abstract
Objective
Routine use of prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AED) has been debated. We retrospectively evaluated the effects of prophylactic AED on clinical outcomes in patients with a good clinical grade suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).
Materials and Methods
Between September 2012 and December 2014, 84 patients who met the following criteria were included: (1) presence of a ruptured aneurysm; (2) Hunt-Hess grade 1, 2, or 3; and (3) without seizure presentation. Patients were divided into two groups; the AED group (n = 44) and the no AED group (n = 40). Clinical data and outcomes were compared between the two groups.
Results
Prophylactic AEDs were used more frequently in patients who underwent microsurgery (84.1%) compared to those who underwent endovascular surgery (15.9%, p < 0.001). Regardless of prophylactic AED use, seizure episodes were not observed during the six-month follow-up period. No statistical difference in clinical outcomes at discharge (p = 0.607) and after six months of follow-up (p = 0.178) were between the two groups. After six months, however, favorable outcomes in the no AED group tended to increase and poor outcomes tended to decrease.
Conclusion
No difference in the clinical outcomes and systemic complications at discharge and after six months of follow-up was observed between the two groups. However, favorable outcomes in the no AED group showed a slight increase after six months. These findings suggest that discontinuation of the current practice of using prophylactic AED might be recommended in patients with a good clinical grade.
Keywords: Antiepileptic drug, Clinical outcome, Intracranial aneurysm, Seizure, Subarachnoid hemorrhage
INTRODUCTION
Administration of antiepileptic drugs (AED) in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has become routine in the hope of achieving better outcomes for patients. Previous studies have reported a high incidence of seizures in the setting of aSAH (12.5-22%).4),23) AED use is standard practice for prevention of seizure episodes, which can cause hypoxic brain injury or subsequent electrical field suppression, possibly delaying recovery or adversely influencing the natural course of the disease. However, prophylactic AEDs have been associated with side effects including behavioral and cognitive impairments,1),16) and complicated brain hemorrhage. Therefore, more sophisticated guidelines for treatment or prevention of seizure due to SAH are needed.
According to the current guidelines,8),22) prophylactic AED may be considered for patients with known risk factors for seizure, such as poor clinical grade (Hunt-Hess [HH] grade 4 or 5), intraparenchymal hematoma, microsurgical clipping, postoperative hematoma, aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery, and cerebral ischemia.5),11),13),14),19) Among these risk factors, the most comprehensive and predictive entity is poor clinical grade such as in cases of middle cerebral arterial aneurysm with intraparenchymal hematoma requiring microsurgical clipping combined with decompressive surgery. However, the use of prophylactic AED in patients with a good clinical grade is not recommended by the guidelines but used currently in our clinical practice. Thus, we retrospectively evaluated the effects of prophylactic AED on clinical outcomes in patients with a good clinical grade suffering from aSAH.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. A total of 84 patients were enrolled from a database of 133 patients with aSAH who underwent either microsurgery or endovascular surgery between September 2012 and December 2014. All included patients met the following criteria: (1) presence of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm on computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography; (2) HH grade 1, 2, or 3 on admission; and (3) without seizure presentation. The remaining 49 patients from the database were excluded for the following reasons: (1) onset seizures (n = 4); (2) HH grade 4 or 5 on admission (n = 38); (3) history of previous seizure taking AED (n = 2); and (4) loss to follow-up (n = 5). Included patients were divided into two groups according to the usage of prophylactic AED; the AED group (n = 44) and the no AED group (n = 40). Patients were prescribed 1000 mg of levetiracetam or 900 mg valproic acid daily for at least 6 months (6 to 12 months).
Clinical data, including age, gender, initial HH grade, Fisher grade, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, treatment modality, hydrocephalus, external ventricular drainage, shunt, symptomatic vasospasm, procedure related complications, systemic complications and aneurysm characteristics (location, shape, size, and neck diameter), were reviewed and compared between the two groups. Procedure related complications were defined as new neurological deterioration related to treatment modality (microsurgery or endovascular surgery) or complications requiring additional procedures. Systemic complications were defined as major medical complications, such as infectious conditions (pneumonia or urinary tract infection), hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, pulmonary complications (atelectasis, pulmonary effusion, or pulmonary edema), cardiology complications (myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, or heart failure), and electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia or hypernatremia), affecting clinical outcomes. The patients' clinical outcomes were evaluated at discharge and after six months of follow-up using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). A favorable outcome was defined as mRS of 0 to 2 and a poor outcome as mRS of 3 to 6. No difference in overall medical management and general care in the acute period was observed between the two groups.
All statistical analyses were consulted to a biostatistician and performed using SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Variables are expressed as the mean ± SD, or the number of patients (%), as appropriate. Student's t-tests were used for numeric variables, and Fisher's exact tests for nominal variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed on variables with an unadjusted effect and a p-value < 0.10 in univariate analysis to determine risk factors associated with poor outcomes in the AED group. A p-value < 0.05 for a 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The clinical characteristics and outcomes of the 84 patients according to the use of prophylactic AED are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 52.6 ± 13.3 years (range: 25-86 years). Age, gender, underlying disease, and aneurysm profiles were not statistically different between the two groups. There was no occurrence of seizure episodes in any of the included patients during admission or follow-up. Treatment modality differed significantly between the two groups; prophylactic AED was used more frequently in patients who underwent microsurgery (84.1%) compared to those who underwent endovascular surgery (15.9%, p < 0.001). Aneurysm shape was also found to differ between the two groups (p = 0.032) because all dissecting aneurysms were treated by endovascular surgery.
Table 1. Clinical data and outcomes of the two groups.
| AED group (n = 44) | No AED group (n = 40) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 52.8 ± 12.7 | 52.4 ± 13.9 | 0.906 |
| Gender | 0.835 | ||
| Male | 21 (47.7%) | 20 (50.0%) | |
| Female | 23 (52.3%) | 20 (50.0%) | |
| AED | NA | ||
| Levetiracetam | Valproic acid | NA | |
| Valproic acid | 9 (20.5%) | NA | |
| Underlying disease | 0.673 | ||
| HTN | 9 (20.5%) | 8 (20.0%) | |
| DM | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (13.6%) | 4 (10.0%) | |
| Smoking | 8 (18.2%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
| Aneurysm location | 0.104 | ||
| ICA | 10 (22.7%) | 11 (27.5%) | |
| ACA | 15 (34.1%) | 10 (25.0%) | |
| MCA | 17 (38.6%) | 9 (22.5%) | |
| Posterior circulation | 2 (4.5%) | 10 (25.0%) | |
| Aneurysm shape | 0.032 | ||
| Saccular | 44 (100%) | 36 (90.0%) | |
| Dissecting | 0 (0%) | 4 (10.0%) | |
| Aneurysm size (mm, mean ± SD) | 6.32 ± 2.94 | 7.65 ± 5.59 | 0.177 |
| Initial HHG | 0.990 | ||
| 1 | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 2 | 29 (65.9%) | 22 (55.0%) | |
| 3 | 18 (40.9%) | 14 (35.0%) | |
| Fisher grade | 0.980 | ||
| 1 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 2 | 7 (15.9%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
| 3 | 29 (65.9%) | 26 (65.0%) | |
| 4 | 8 (18.2%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
| EVD or Shunt | 9 (20.5%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.298 |
| Hydrocephalus | 10 (22.7%) | 4 (10%) | 0.254 |
| Symptomatic vasospasm | 7 (15.9%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.772 |
| Procedure related complication | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.621 |
| Systemic complication | 9 (20.5%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.106 |
| Treatment modality | < 0.001 | ||
| Microsurgery | 37 (84.1%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
| Endovascular surgery | 7 (15.9%) | 33 (82.5%) | |
| Clinical outcome at discharge | 0.607 | ||
| Favorable (mRS 0~2) | 38 (86.4%) | 36 (90.0%) | |
| Poor (mRS 3~6) | 6 (13.6%) | 4 (10.0%) | |
| Clinical outcome on 6-month | 0.178 | ||
| Favorable (mRS 0~2) | 38 (86.4%) | 38 (95.0%) | |
| Poor (mRS 3~6) | 6 (13.6%) | 2 (5.0%) |
ACA = anterior cerebral artery; AED = antiepileptic drug; DM = diabetes mellitus; EVD = external ventricular drainage; HTN = hypertension; ICA = internal carotid artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery; NA = not applicable; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; SD = standard deviation
A total of nine systemic complications occurred with higher frequency (20.5%) in the AED group compared to the no AED group (5.0%). However, statistical significance was not achieved (p = 0.106). The frequency of each complication is shown in Table 2. Pneumonia, in four patients, was the most common systemic complication. No identifiable psychiatric problem, delirium, or hepatic dysfunction was observed even in patients treated with AED. Regardless of prophylactic AED use, there was no occurrence of seizure episodes in any patients (HH grade 1, 2, or 3) with a SAH during six months of follow-up.
Table 2. Systemic complications in both groups.
| Systemic problem | AED (n = 44) | No AED (n = 40) |
|---|---|---|
| Pneumonia | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.5%) |
| Pulmonary system | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.5%) |
| Electrolyte imbalance | 2 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Cardiology | 2 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Renal dysfunction | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Total | 9 (20.5%) | 2 (5.0%) |
AED = antiepileptic drug
No statistical difference in clinical outcomes at discharge and after six months of follow-up was observed between the two groups (p = 0.607 and 0.178, respectively). At discharge, 38 (86.4%) of 44 patients in the AED group showed a favorable outcome with one death due to pneumonia sepsis whereas 36 (90.0%) of 40 patients in the no AED group showed favorable outcomes without mortality (Fig. 1). After six months of follow-up, patients in the AED group did not show improved clinical outcomes. However, favorable outcomes of patients in the no AED group showed a slight increase to 95.0% and poor outcomes decreased to 5.0%.
Fig. 1. Bar graph of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) showing clinical outcomes of the two groups at discharge. AED = antiepileptic drug.
Analysis of risk factors associated with poor outcomes in the AED group is shown in Table 3. Logistic regression analysis showed that hydrocephalus (odds ratio [OR] = 14.286; 95% CI, 1.277 to 166.67; p = 0.031) and symptomatic vasospasm (OR = 9.615, 95% CI, 1.088 to 83.333; p = 0.042) were independently associated with poor outcomes in the AED group.
Table 3. Risk factors associated with poor outcomes in the AED group.
| Favorable (n = 38) | Poor (n = 6) | P, Univariate | P, Regression (OR, 95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year, mean ± SD) | 52.7 ± 12.6 | 52.8 ± 13.6 | 0.986 | |
| Gender | 0.133 | |||
| Male (n = 21) | 20 | 1 | ||
| Female (n = 23) | 18 | 5 | ||
| AED | 0.072 | 0.107 (0.053, 0.002-1.876) | ||
| Levetiracetam (n = 35) | 32 | 3 | ||
| Valproic acid (n = 9) | 6 | 3 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.409 | |||
| Yes (n = 9) | 7 | 2 | ||
| No (n = 35) | 31 | 4 | ||
| Diabetes | 0.999 | |||
| Yes (n = 3) | 3 | 0 | ||
| No (n = 41) | 35 | 6 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.816 | |||
| Yes (n = 6) | 5 | 1 | ||
| No (n = 38) | 33 | 5 | ||
| Smoking | 0.999 | |||
| Yes (n = 8) | 8 | 0 | ||
| No (n = 36) | 30 | 6 | ||
| Aneurysm location | ||||
| ICA (n = 10) | 7 | 3 | 0.59 | |
| ACA (n = 15) | 13 | 2 | 0.244 | |
| MCA (n = 17) | 17 | 0.998 | ||
| Posterior circulation (n = 2) | 1 | 1 | 0.624 | |
| Aneurysm size (mm, mean ± SD) | 6.3 ± 3.0 | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 0.93 | |
| Hydrocephalus | 0.003 | 0.031 (14.286, 1.277-166.667) | ||
| Yes (n = 7) | 3 | 4 | ||
| No (n = 37) | 35 | 2 | ||
| Symptomatic vasospasm | 0.015 | 0.042 (9.615, 1.088-83.333) | ||
| Yes (n = 10) | 6 | 4 | ||
| No (n = 34) | 32 | 2 | ||
| Procedure related complication | 0.33 | 0.641 (2.278, 0.071-71.429) | ||
| Yes (n = 3) | 2 | 1 | ||
| No (n = 41) | 36 | 5 | ||
| Systemic complication | 0.228 | 0.134 (5.952, 0.576-62.500) | ||
| Yes (n = 7) | 5 | 2 | ||
| No (n = 37) | 33 | 4 | ||
| Treatment modlaity | 0.228 | 0.454 (4.606, 0.085-250.555) | ||
| Microsurgery (n = 37) | 33 | 4 | ||
| Endovascular surgery (n = 7) | 5 | 2 |
ACA = anterior cerebral artery; AED = antiepileptic drug; CI = confidence interval; ICA = internal carotid artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery; OR = odds ratio; SD = standard deviation
DISCUSSION
In the current study, seizure did not occur in aSAH patients with a good clinical grade during admission or follow-up regardless of prophylactic AED use. At our institution, we tended to use prophylactic AED for patients who underwent microsurgery and patients with ruptured aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery. However, our findings indicate that treatment with AED had no effect on seizure prophylaxis. A number of retrospective series similar to ours have demonstrated no significant difference in terms of seizure outcome between groups with or without prophylaxis.3),6),9),15),18) In an analysis of four large trials, patients who received AED had an odds ratio of 1.56 for worse outcomes after three months of follow-up, as well as increased risk for vasospasm, neurological deterioration, cerebral infarction, and elevated temperature during hospitalization.18) In the current study, the clinical outcomes at discharge and after six months of follow-up were not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.607 and 0.178, respectively). At discharge, 86.4% of patients in the AED group showed a favorable outcome, but there was one death due to pneumonia. In the no AED group, 90.0% of patients showed favorable outcomes without mortality. However, after six months of follow-up, favorable outcomes of patients in the no AED group showed a slight increase to 95.0% and poor outcomes decreased to 5.0%.
In clinical practice, AED usage for patients with aSAH is generally accepted for prevention of seizure episodes. According to the current guidelines,8),22) however, prophylactic AED may be considered for patients with known risk factors for seizure, one of which is poor clinical grade (HH grade 4 or 5) on initial presentation. Unlike aSAH with a poor clinical grade, patients with a good clinical grade (HH grade 1, 2, or 3) had relatively lower risk of developing seizure due to aneurysm rupture. In addition, routine use of AED in those patients has recently come under question.21) As reported in a systematic review, the rate of early postoperative seizure was 2.3% and the rate of late postoperative seizure was 5.5%.20) The average time to late seizure was 7.45 months. Patients who experienced a late seizure were more likely to undergo repair with microsurgery than endovascular surgery. They concluded that routine perioperative AED usage did not seem to prevent seizures after aSAH. However, it should be noted that seizures might occur years after aSAH and careful monitoring for late complications remains important.
In the current study, we realized that we tended to use prophylactic AED for patients who underwent microsurgery. In the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm trial (ISAT), patients treated with microsurgery had a significantly higher risk of late seizure than those treated with endovascular surgery.17) In a survey conducted by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 24% of neurosurgeons surveyed routinely prescribed AED for three months after aSAH regardless of whether seizures occurred at presentation, in the hospital, or not at all.2),6),10),12) However, in a systematic review there was no significant difference in the incidence of early and late seizure between patients treated with AED (3.0% and 5.9%, respectively) and those not treated with AED (2.2% and 6.3%, respectively, p > 0.99).20)
From the risk factor analysis for poor outcomes in the AED group, hydrocephalus and symptomatic vasospasm were found to be were well-known and understandable risk factors. Although the adverse effects of AEDs have not been well characterized in patients with aSAH, adverse effects due to phenytoin were reported in 21.4% of patients.20) We used levetriacetam or valproic acid, and fortunately did not experience adverse effects.
There are several limitations to this study. First, it was a retrospective study based on our prospectively collected database with a small number of enrolled patients. Therefore the data do not represent the true incidence of late seizures. Second, we did not evaluate electroencephalograms (EEG), thus we could not determine the occurrence of non-convulsive seizures.
A previous study indicated that the incidence of non-convulsive seizure from intracranial hemorrhage is approximately 38%.7) However, as we enrolled only conscious patients with a good clinical grade, non-convulsive seizures would likely have been detected clinically. Third, clinical outcomes of both groups might be affected by treatment modality, which determined AED administration in our practice. This imbalance in frequency of treatment modalities should have influenced clinical outcomes. Finally, cognitive function was not evaluated. The use of anticonvulsants could decrease intelligence. In patients with aSAH, however, evaluation of cognitive function might be incomplete, time-consuming, and lack specificity. Accordingly, we only measured clinical outcomes with the mRS.
CONCLUSION
No difference in clinical outcomes and systemic complications at discharge and after six months of follow-up was observed between the two groups. However, favorable outcomes in the no AED group showed a slight increase after six months. Our findings suggest that discontinuation of the current practice of prophylactic AED use might be recommended in patients with a good clinical grade.
Footnotes
Disclosure: The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.
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