Skip to main content
PMC home page
BioMed Research International logoLink to BioMed Research International
. 2015 Oct 18;2015:630397. doi: 10.1155/2015/630397

Curcumin Enhanced Busulfan-Induced Apoptosis through Downregulating the Expression of Survivin in Leukemia Stem-Like KG1a Cells

Guangyang Weng 1, Yingjian Zeng 2, Jingya Huang 3, Jiaxin Fan 2, Kunyuan Guo 1,*
PMCID: PMC4628751  PMID: 26557682

Abstract

Leukemia relapse and nonrecurrence mortality (NRM) due to leukemia stem cells (LSCs) represent major problems following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To eliminate LSCs, the sensitivity of LSCs to chemotherapeutic agents used in conditioning regimens should be enhanced. Curcumin (CUR) has received considerable attention as a result of its anticancer activity in leukemia and solid tumors. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms in leukemia stem-like KG1a cells exposed to busulfan (BUS) and CUR, either alone or in combination. KG1a cells exhibiting BUS-resistance demonstrated by MTT and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assays, compared with HL-60 cells. CUR induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in KG1a cells. Apoptosis of KG1a cells was significantly enhanced by treatment with CUR+BUS, compared with either agent alone. CUR synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of BUS. Seven apoptosis-related proteins were modulated in CUR- and CUR+BUS-treated cells analyzed by proteins array analysis. Importantly, the antiapoptosis protein survivin was significantly downregulated, especially in combination group. Suppression of survivin with specific inhibitor YM155 significantly increased the susceptibility of KG1a cells to BUS. These results demonstrated that CUR could increase the sensitivity of leukemia stem-like KG1a cells to BUS by downregulating the expression of survivin.

1. Introduction

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is currently one of the most effective methods of curing hematopoietic malignances [1–3]. In 1977, Thomas reported long-term survival in 13 patients with leukemia who underwent HSCT [4]. However, leukemic patients who received allo-HSCT are still susceptible to relapse and to nonrecurrence mortality (NRM) associated with the toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agents used for conditioning [5, 6], such as busulfan (BUS), cytoxan, and etoposide. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are considered to be responsible for leukemia relapse and drug resistance [7, 8]. Complete elimination of LSCs and reduced doses of chemotherapeutic agents are thus essential strategies for improving the prognosis in these patients [9]. Lapidot et al. demonstrated that acute myeloid LSCs possessed the cell phenotype of CD34+CD38− [10]. Notably, KG1a cells with a similar phenotype have demonstrated self-renewal potential and chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance [11, 12]. KG1a cells are thus considered as leukemia stem-like cells and provide an ideal cells model for studying LSCs.

The alkylating agent BUS is commonly applied in different conditioning regimens for HSCT, to eliminate the underlying leukemia cells and exert an immunosuppressive effect. However, BUS is associated with severe toxicities, including liver, lung, and skin toxicities, hemorrhagic cystitis, diarrhea, and mucositis [13, 14]. The ability of BUS to inhibit or effectively kill LSCs also remains unclear, leaving the potential for leukemia relapse after HSCT.

Curcumin (CUR) is a polyphenol derived from the rhizomes of turmeric, which has received considerable attention as a result of its chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, and chemosensitizing activities in leukemia and various solid tumors, via targeting multiple signaling pathways [15–19]. CUR thus represents a potential sensitizing agent when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs for treating LSCs.

In this study, we explored the cytotoxic efficiencies and molecular mechanisms of CUR and BUS alone and in combination in KG1a cells.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents

Reagents include RPMI-1640 (Hyclone, SH30809.01B), fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, SH30084.03), penicillin and streptomycin (PAA, P11-010), CUR (Sigma, 458-37-7), DMSO (Amresco, 67-68-5), BUS (Sigma, 55-98-1), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (Seebio, 298-93-1), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Amresco, 9004-65-3), anti-CD34-PE/CD38-FITC (BD Biosciences, USA), FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences, USA), CycleTEST Plus DNA Kit (BD Biosciences, USA), anti-PARP (BD, USA, 1 : 500), anti-caspase-3 (CST, USA, 1 : 5000), anti-survivin (BD, USA, 1 : 5000), ym155 (SELLECK, 781661-94-7), Human Apoptosis Antibody Array Kit (RayBio, USA), electrophoresis apparatus trophoresis (Tanon EPS200), and LI-COR Odyssey Scanner (USA).

2.2. Cell Lines and Culture

Human acute myeloid leukemia KG1a cells and human acute promyelocyte leukemia HL-60 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 with 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37°C under 5% CO2, which were kindly presented by Miaorong She (Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China).

2.3. Cell Viability Assay

Cells viability was estimated by MTT assay. KG1a and HL-60 cells in logarithmic phase at 5 × 105 cells/mL were incubated in 96-well plates in the presence or absence of the indicated test samples in a final volume of 0.2 mL for 24 h or 48 h at 37°C under 5% CO2. 20 μL MTT solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) was then added to each well and incubated for 4 h at 37°C, followed by the addition of 200 μL DMSO. Finally the plates were shaken and examined at 490 nm using a microplate reader (MK3, Shanghai). Each assay was performed in triplicate. Cells viability was calculated as follows: survival ratio (%) = (OD value of experimental samples/OD value of control samples) × 100%.

2.4. Flow Cytometry Analysis for Immunophenotyping

Single-cell suspensions of 1.0 × 106 of KG1a and HL-60 cells were washed in PBS containing 2% fetal calf serum (FCS). The cells were resuspended in PBS and incubated for 30 min at 4°C with antibodies to surface antigens CD34 and CD38. Mouse IgG isotype was used as a control. The cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry.

2.5. Methylcellulose Colony Formation Test

Approximately 500 treated or untreated cells per well were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 0.9% methylcellulose and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a final volume of 1 mL at 37°C under 5% CO2. Colonies (>50 cells) were counted and photographs were taken under a light microscopy after 14 days. All the samples were analyzed in triplicate.

2.6. Measurements of Apoptosis

The apoptotic rates of KG1a and HL-60 cells were determined by annexin V binding assays, according the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, approximately 1.0 × 106 cells in 6-well plates were treated with various concentrations of the indicated test samples at 37°C under 5% CO2 for 48 h. The cells were then harvested to analyze apoptosis. Cells were washed twice with cold PBS and then resuspended in 1x Binding Buffer at a concentration of 1 × 106 cells/mL and 100 μL of the solution (1 × 105 cells) was transferred to a 5 mL culture tube and then 5 μL of FITC annexin V and 5 μL PI were added and the cells were gently vortexed, followed by incubation for 15 min at room temperature (25°C) in the dark. Finally, 400 μL of 1x Binding Buffer was added to each tube and the cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry.

2.7. Cell Cycle Analysis

Approximately 1.0 × 106 cells in 6-well plates were treated with various concentrations of the indicated test samples at 37°C under 5% CO2 for 48 h. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry using the CycleTEST Plus DNA Kit (BD Biosciences), according to manufacture's instructions.

2.8. Western Blot Analysis

Total cellular proteins were isolated with lysis buffer (RIPA). Equal amounts of protein were subjected to 10% or 15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking with 5% skim milk, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (anti-PARP, anti-caspase-3, and anti-survivin) over night at 4°C and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody at room temperature for 1-2 h. The protein bands were imaged using a chemiluminescence reagent (CTB, USA) and densities value of the bands was analyzed using Image J software, with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; HC301; 1 : 5000) as the internal reference.

2.9. Analysis of Apoptosis-Related Proteins by RayBio Arrays

The expression of 43 apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed using a Human Apoptosis Antibody Array Kit (RayBio, USA). Briefly, according to instructions, each of the capture antibodies was printed on the membranes, followed by addition of the treated or untreated cell lysate. After extensive washing, the membranes were incubated with a cocktail of biotin-conjugated anti-apoptotic protein antibodies. After incubation with the infrared fluorescent agent-streptavidin, the fluorescence signals were visualized using a LI-COR Odyssey Scanner.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

The data ware represented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 and Graphpad Prism 5 software. Means of different groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison to evaluate the differences between two groups under multiple conditions. If the date failed the normality test, the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks was used for data that failed the normality test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Compusyn software was used to evaluate the synergistic effects of drug combinations. The combination index (CI) was generated by Compusyn software, where CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1 indicated synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively.

3. Results

3.1. CD34+CD38− KG1a Cells Were Insensitive to BUS

The percentages of CD34+CD38− cells were 92.3% in KG1a cells, but no CD34+CD38− cells were detected among the HL-60 cells (Figure 1(a)). KG1a and HL-60 cell lines were treated with various concentrations of BUS for 48 h followed by cell viability and apoptosis analyses. BUS suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in more mature HL-60 cells, but not in KG1a cells (Figures 1(b) and 1(c)). The IC50 values for BUS were 22523.1 μM in KG1a cells and 354.5 μM in HL-60 cells, respectively. The apoptotic rate was significantly higher in HL-60 cells, compared with KG1a cells. These results indicated that leukemia stem-like KG1a cells were insensitive to BUS and exhibited drug resistance.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

CD34+CD38−KG1a cells were insensitive to BUS. (a) KG1a cells were stained with FITC-conjugated CD38 antibody and PE-conjugated CD34 antibody and subjected to flow cytometry to analyze the purity of the CD34+CD38− cells population. (b, c) KG1a cells were exposed to different concentrations of BUS for 24 or 48 h (c). MTT assay was performed (b) and apoptosis (c) was detected by annexin V/PI assay. Cells in the lower right quadrant represent early apoptosis and cells in the upper right quadrant represent late apoptosis. The graph displays the means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 (compared with untreated KG1a cells).

3.2. CUR Inhibited Cell Growth and Induced Cell Apoptosis in KG1a Cells

KG1a cells were treated with various concentrations of CUR (0–32 μM) for 24 and 48 h and the cytotoxic effects were detected by MTT assay. CUR exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in KG1a cells (Figure 2(a)). The IC50 values at 24 and 48 h were 51.3 μM and 18.4 μM, respectively. The antiproliferation effect of CUR in KG1a cells was confirmed further by colony formation assays. CUR suppressed colony formations in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2(c)). To determine if CUR-induced growth inhibition was related to the cell cycle arrest, KG1a cells were exposed to CUR for 48 h followed by detection by flow cytometry. CUR induced S phase arrest in KG1a cells (Figure 2(b)). Treatment with 32 μM CUR significantly increased the percentage of cells in S phase from 24.14% to 40.08%. We investigated the effect of CUR for 48 h on early and late apoptosis in KG1a cells by annexin V analysis. CUR induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in KG1a cells (Figure 2(d)). These results demonstrated that CUR could inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in KG1a cells.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

CUR suppressed cell growth, induced S phase arrest, and induced cell apoptosis in KG1a cells. (a) KG1a cells were treated with different concentrations of CUR for 24 or 48 h. MTT assays were performed. (b) KG1a cells were treated with different concentrations of CUR for 48 h and analyzed for DNA content by flow cytometry. (c) KG1a cells were treated with CUR and inoculated in methylcellulose for 14 days and then observed under a right microscope (magnification ×40). The graph displays means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 (compared with control). (d) KG1a cells were treated with different concentrations of CUR for 48 h and analyzed by flow cytometry. The graph displays means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01 (compared with control).

3.3. CUR Increased BUS-Induced Apoptosis by Downregulating Procaspase-3 followed by PARP Degradation in KG1a Cells

We determined if CUR could increase BUS-induced apoptosis in KG1a cells by examining proapoptotic effects of CUR and BUS alone and in combination (CUR + BUS) using annexin V/PI. Apoptosis was significantly increased in CUR + BUS group, compared with CUR- or BUS-alone groups (Figure 3(a)). For instance, apoptotic rates in cells treated with 16 μM CUR, 80 μM BUS, and the combination groups were 15.6 ± 1.5%, 5.7 ± 0.7%, and 28.3 ± 0.8%, respectively. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that the markers of apoptosis procaspase-3 cleaved PARP were significantly regulated in combination groups (Figure 3(b)). These results indicated that CUR significantly enhanced BUS-induced apoptosis.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

CUR increased BUS-induced apoptosis by downregulating procaspase-3 followed by PARP degradation in KG1a cells. (a, b) KG1a cells were treated with different concentrations of CUR or BUS alone or CUR + BUS for 48 h and analyzed by flow cytometry (a) and western blot (b). The graphs represent means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

3.4. CUR Synergistically Enhanced the Cytotoxic Effect of BUS in KG1a Cells

We investigated the ability of CUR to enhance the cytotoxic effect of BUS by treating KG1a cells with combinations of the two drugs at different doses but in a constant ratio (CUR to BUS: 8 μM to 80 μM, 16 μM to 160 μM, and 32 μM to 320 μM, resp.) for 48 h. Synergistic effects were estimated using Compusyn software. Cotreatment with all doses exhibited synergistic effects in KG1a cells (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). For example, 16 μM CUR plus 80 μM BUS resulted in a proliferation inhibition of 60.20% (Figure 4(c)), compared with CUR (44.40%) and BUS alone (4.53%), indicating a synergistic effect (CI = 0.733), in accord with the result of apoptosis assays. Cotreatment with 16 μM CUR and 80 μM BUS for 48 h also induced S and G2/M phase arrest in KG1a cells (Figure 4(d)), which may represent one of the mechanisms responsible for the synergism.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

CUR synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of BUS in KG1a cells. KG1a cells were exposed to CUR + BUS at different doses but in a constant ratio (CUR to BUS: 8 μM to 80 μM, 16 μM to 160 μM, and 32 μM to 320 μM, resp.) for 48 h examined by MTT assay. (a, b) CI-effect plots and median-effect plots were generated using Compusyn software. The points A, B, and C represent CI values for the three combination groups, respectively. (c) The graph displays means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001. (d) KG1a cells were treated with CUR or BUS alone or CUR + BUS for 48 h and analyzed with flow cytometry. The percentages of cells in S and G2/M phases were significantly higher in CUR + BUS group compared with the CUR- or BUS-alone group.

3.5. Effects of BUS and CUR on Protein Expression in KG1a Cells

We investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for CUR-induced apoptosis and enhanced BUS-induced apoptosis in KG1a cells treated with 16 μM CUR, 80 μM BUS, and their combination by detecting expression levels of 43 apoptosis-related proteins using RayBio human apoptosis arrays. The threshold values of fold-change were usually set at ≤0.667 or ≥1.5. Three proteins (Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), caspase-3, and HTRA) were upregulated and four proteins (Bcl-2, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 (cIAP-2), survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)) were downregulated in CUR group and combination group (Table 1; Figure 5(a)). Survivin was significantly more downregulated in the combination group compared with the CUR group. This result was further confirmed by western blot analysis (Figure 5(b)). Survivin is known to be an important antiapoptosis protein that participates in the modulation of apoptosis by various signal pathways. We therefore considered that survivin was a likely key factor in CUR-induced apoptosis and BUS sensitivity in KG1a cells.

Table 1.

Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in various treated groups.

Name Control CUR BUS CUR + BUS CUR/control BUS/control CUR + BUS/control
(fold-change) (fold-change) (fold-change)
BAD 9754.372 11939.256 8854.383 21865.952 1.224 0.908 2.242
BAX 11665.057 11534.453 11072.484 10875.680 0.989 0.949 0.932
Bcl-2 5201.059 4032.165 4793.070 2454.999 0.775 0.922 0.472
Bcl-w 3934.754 3354.182 3464.131 3789.188 0.852 0.880 0.963
BID 1241.608 1159.421 1473.127 1702.301 0.934 1.186 1.371
BIM 8791.171 7763.556 8225.960 8295.705 0.883 0.936 0.944
Caspase-3 5414.356 9883.863 4966.096 12514.137 1.825 0.917 2.311
Caspase-8 6636.880 7681.166 7505.017 7338.462 1.157 1.131 1.106
CD40 7229.618 5707.767 6661.514 5874.868 0.789 0.921 0.813
CD40L 16087.024 12956.135 15884.779 14392.403 0.805 0.987 0.895
cIAP-2 1971.306 1308.320 1917.709 702.301 0.664 0.973 0.356
CytoC 8302.835 6758.989 8156.269 7832.756 0.814 0.982 0.943
DR6 3370.080 2669.250 3008.736 2958.532 0.792 0.893 0.878
Fas 25854.867 22694.082 24157.601 23693.574 0.878 0.934 0.916
FasL 7155.526 6020.454 7420.907 7047.913 0.841 1.037 0.985
HSP27 2395.653 2109.392 2279.382 2807.833 0.881 0.951 1.172
HSP60 24408.943 20936.090 30040.496 23881.647 0.858 1.231 0.978
HSP70 6055.367 7532.267 6146.040 6971.961 1.244 1.015 1.151
HTRA 10052.830 20991.713 12382.184 26027.247 2.088 1.232 2.589
IGF-I 1772.604 1407.585 1857.630 1717.974 0.794 1.048 0.969
IGF-II 7991.872 8066.316 10003.085 9495.273 1.009 1.252 1.188
IGFBP-1 3060.239 2144.135 2680.707 2416.014 0.701 0.876 0.789
IGFBP-2 3750.645 2977.966 3901.504 3569.769 0.794 1.040 0.952
IGFBP-3 5321.179 3985.511 5547.657 5313.061 0.749 1.043 0.998
IGFBP-4 2012.843 1573.358 1736.271 1873.496 0.782 0.863 0.931
IGFBP-5 11366.442 9202.906 10929.497 10428.404 0.810 0.962 0.917
IGFBP-6 2354.116 1950.567 2340.662 2413.603 0.829 0.994 1.025
IGF-1sR 5755.629 4286.285 5791.576 5056.269 0.745 1.006 0.878
Livin 7478.838 6829.468 7818.628 7778.504 0.913 1.045 1.040
p21 17207.390 15850.718 18463.352 17993.517 0.921 1.073 1.046
p27 8486.943 7790.358 8890.430 8879.213 0.918 1.048 1.046
p53 9829.587 9303.164 11354.853 11263.882 0.946 1.155 1.146
SMAC 9838.568 10157.840 11915.987 12549.047 1.032 1.211 1.275
Survivin 76507.100 31134.629 81877.505 11691.497 0.407 1.070 0.153
sTNF-R1 3284.761 2747.670 3781.346 3136.960 0.836 1.151 0.955
sTNF-R2 3504.793 2428.035 3118.079 2815.066 0.693 0.890 0.803
TNF-alpha 2641.505 1771.889 2802.065 2499.200 0.671 1.061 0.946
TNF-beta 6946.720 4871.952 6715.585 6430.648 0.701 0.967 0.926
TRAILR-1 3835.964 3031.569 4114.182 4102.643 0.790 1.073 1.070
TRAILR-2 7488.942 6315.272 7505.017 7691.701 0.843 1.002 1.027
TRAILR-3 4649.857 3717.494 4614.036 4605.376 0.799 0.992 0.990
TRAILR-4 4613.933 3900.142 4694.541 4706.646 0.845 1.017 1.020
XIAP 5465.996 2412.352 6570.195 1011.597 0.441 1.202 0.185
Open in a new tab

KG1a cells were treated with CUR (16 μM), BUS (80 μM) alone, or CUR + BUS for 48 h tested by protein arrays kit. The data represent fluorescence intensities of 43 apoptosis-related proteins. The bold bands indicate proteins that were modulated by CUR or CUR + BUS. The threshold values of fold-change were usually set at ≤0.667 or ≥1.5.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Expression of antiapoptosis protein survivin in KG1a cells. (a, b) KG1a cells were treated with CUR (16 μM), BUS (80 μM), or CUR + BUS for 48 h tested by protein arrays kit (a) as described in “methods.” The intensities of green fluorescence spots represent survivin expression. Survivin expression was significantly decreased in CUR and CUR + BUS groups, compared with controls, the same as the results analyzed by western blot analysis.

3.6. Suppression of Survivin with YM155 Could Induce Apoptosis and Increase the Susceptibility to BUS in KG1a Cells

We clarified the role of CUR-induced survivin downregulation in sensitization of KG1a cells to BUS by suppressing survivin expression using the specific inhibitor YM155. The proapoptotic effect and sensitivity to BUS were evaluated by flow cytometry. The cytotoxic activity of YM155 in KG1a cells was detected by MTT assays. YM155 exhibited time- and dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effects in KG1a cells (Figure 6(a)). The IC50 values of 24 and 48 h were 8.86 ng/mL and 2.43 ng/mL, respectively. The YM155 IC50 of 2.43 ng/mL was used in subsequent experiments. KG1a cells were exposed to 2.43 ng/mL YM155 and 80 μM BUS alone or in combination for 48 h and early and late apoptotic rates were then examined. YM155-induced apoptosis (14.90%) (Figure 6(b)) was similar to CUR-induced apoptosis in KG1a cells (15.50%, 16 μM, Figure 3(a)). Suppression of survivin by YM155 increased the susceptibility to BUS, with a BUS-induced apoptotic rate of 40.36%, compared with 8.67% for BUS alone. These results revealed that suppression of survivin could contribute to CUR-induced apoptosis and the synergistic effect of CUR and BUS in KG1a cells.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Suppression of survivin with YM155 could induce apoptosis and increase the sensitivity to BUS in KG1a cells. (a) KG1a cells were treated with different concentrations of YM155 for 24 and 48 h and examined by MTT assay. ∗∗ P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 (compared with control) and # P < 0.05 (compared with 48 h group). (b) KG1a cells exposed to YM155 (2.43 ng/mL) and BUS (80 μM) alone or CUR + BUS were analyzed by flow cytometry. The graph displays means ± SD of three independent experiments. ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

4. Discussion

LSCs were a rare population of cells in patients with leukemia. They possess characteristics of self-renewal, chemotherapy resistance, and immune resistance [20–22]. LSCs were thus commonly regarded as the origin of leukemia relapse and refractory [12, 23]. LSCs have been reported to demonstrate a CD34+CD38− phenotype [10, 12, 24, 25], reflected by the acute immature myeloid leukemia cells KG1a cell line, which expresses high level of CD34 and lacks CD38. We also provided the first demonstration that leukemia stem-like KG1 cells were insensitive to BUS according to MTT assays and annexin V/PI assays, compared with the more mature acute promyelocyte leukemia HL-60 cells. KG1a cells have previously been shown to be resistant to the common chemotherapeutic agent daunorubicin [12]. CD34+CD38− KG1a cells maybe thus provide an ideal model of LSCs, in accord with previous studies [12, 26].

CUR and its analogs have been showed to suppress the growth of various leukemia cells, including U937 cells [27, 28], K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells [27], and HL-60 acute promyelocyte leukemia cells [29, 30], but its effects on LSCs have not been determined. CUR inhibited proliferation and induced S phase arrest and apoptosis in leukemia stem-like KG1a cells. CUR was previously shown to target cancer cells or cancer stem cells by several mechanisms, including autophagy, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis in hepatoma cells (HepG2, SMMC-7721, and BEL-7402) [31], reducing the expression of stem cell markers (DCLK1/Lgr5/CD44) in colon cancer stem-like HCT-116 [32], and reducing microtentacles and preventing reattachment in breast cancer stem-like cells [33]. CUR has thus demonstrated indeed extensive anticancer effects in various tumors and has been shown to modulate numerous targets including the activation of transcription factors (NF-kB, STAT3, and AP-1), receptors (CXCR-4, HER-2, and IL-8), kinases (EGFR, ERK, and JAK), cytokines (TNF, IL), and others (cyclin-D1/E,XIAP-1)[15, 34]. Unfortunately, the mechanism of S phase arrest induced by CUR was not explored further in depth in this study. In a word, CUR exhibited an inhibitory effect on leukemia stem-like KG1a cells, which was particularly worthy of attention.

Insensitivity of LSCs to conditioning chemotherapeutic drugs such as BUS is a major reason for leukemia relapse after HSCT. In this study, KG1a cells displayed resistance to BUS, indicated by a lack of apoptosis induction. We there explored the effects of the combination of CUR and BUS on apoptosis in KG1a cells. Encouragingly, CUR markedly enhanced BUS-induced apoptosis, as confirmed by annexin V/PI and western blot analysis. Similarly, the combination of various concentrations of CUR and BUS produced a synergistic antiproliferation effect in KG1a cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that CUR potentiates the effect, including enhancing the antiapoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, bortezomib, FOLFOX, and paclitaxel in vitro or in vivo [35–39]. The results of the current study suggested that CUR has the potential to be a powerful chemosensitizing agent in various cancer cells, including cancer stem cells (CSCs). Notably, Yu et al. demonstrated that CUR either alone or together with FOLFOX could efficiently eliminate FOLFOX-resistant colon cancer stem cells [36]. However, the effects of the combination of CUR with BUS on cancer stem cells, especially LSCs, have not been reported. BUS is well-known conditioning agent for HSCT, and its ability to eliminate LSCs is vital for the successful cure of leukemia in patients undergoing this treatment. Gerber et al. pointed out that minimal residual disease detected during complete remission was enriched for CD34+CD38−ALDHint leukemia cells, which were highly correlated with subsequent clinical relapse [25]. Combined treatment with CUR may allow a reduction in the clinical dose of BUS for HSCT, with the potential for reducing NRM. Nakane et al. showed that reduced-intensity conditioning by BUS was associated with lower NRM in patients undergoing unrelated bone marrow transplantation [40]. The results of the current study showed a significant reduction in the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase in the combination group (Figure 4(d)), suggesting that cells in G0/G1 phase were more sensitive to this drug combination. Interestingly, cancer stem cells (including LSCs) tend to remain in quiescent phase and possess drug resistance [41–44]. The discovery that CUR could sensitize leukemia stem-like KG1a cells to BUS suggested that further studies are warranted, especially with a view to elucidating the mechanism responsible for this effect.

The results of apoptosis arrays showed that seven apoptosis-related proteins were significantly modulated in KG1a cells treated with CUR and CUR + BUS (Figure 5(a); Table 1). A mechanistic diagram was thus presented in Figure 7. Activated caspase-3 is the common effector caspase of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis and is thus a marker of apoptosis [45]. Activated caspase-9 is an upstream protein effector that may stimulate caspase-3 [45]. XIAP inhibits caspases, including caspase-3 and caspase-9, by direct physical interactions [46]. Interestingly, we found that XIAP expression in KG1a cells was downregulated by CUR and especially by CUR + BUS. cIAP-2, another member of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, was downregulated in the same two groups. cIAP-2 could bind caspase-3 and mark it for proteasomal degradation rather than inhibit it by physical interaction [47]. These results suggest that the downregulation of XIAP and cIAP-2 was closely related to the CUR-induced enhancement of apoptosis in KG1a cells. Notably, we provide the first evidence to demonstrate that CUR alone, and especially in combination with BUS, increased the expression of proapoptotic serine protease HTRA-2 in leukemia cells, particularly in leukemia stem-like cells (Table 1). HTRA2 plays a pivotal role in the induction of apoptosis in the response to various stressors, mediating interactions with a variety of inhibiter of IAPs, such as XIAP and cIAP-1/2, through their BIR domains [48–50]. The neutralization of IAPs causes the activation of caspases 3/7/9 and thus contributes to the induction of apoptosis [48, 49]. Hence, the increase in HTRA-2 observed in the current study may thus be an important mechanism in the downregulation of XIAP and cIAP-2, finally, leading to apoptosis induction and enhancement of apoptosis in CUR + BUS-treated KG1a cells.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Open in a new tab

Mechanisms of CUR-induced apoptosis and enhanced sensitivity to BUS in KG1a cells, indicating the potential role of survivin.

This study also demonstrated that survivin expression was downregulated by CUR and CUR + BUS (Figures 5(a) and 5(b); Table 1). Survivin is an important IAP that tends to be overexpressed in cancer cells [51], including cancer stem cells [52, 53], which exerts antiapoptotic effects via various mechanisms. For example, survivin inhibits caspase-dependent apoptosis through cooperation with XIAP, inhibits the SMAC-XIAP complex, and interferes with caspase-3/caspase-9 [51] (Figure 7). Our results showed that KG1a cells overexpressed survivin protein (Figure 5(a)), in accord with the characteristics of leukemia stem-like cells. CUR alone and especially CUR + BUS decreased survivin expression in KG1a cells (consistent with the results of apoptosis showed in Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Growing evidence has demonstrated that downregulating or inhibiting survivin could induce apoptosis and eradicate cancer stem cells or LSCs [52, 54–56]. This suggests that CUR may induce apoptosis and enhance BUS-induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of survivin in KG1a cells. This was confirmed by treating KG1a cells with survivin inhibitor YM155 alone or in combination with BUS. YM155 induced apoptosis and enhanced BUS-induced apoptosis in KG1a cells, in a similar manner to CUR (Figure 6(b)). Survivin appears to act as a key protein in the mechanisms whereby CUR sensitizes KG1a cells to BUS. BAD and Bcl-2 proteins were also shown to be modulated by CUR and CUR + BUS, and further studies are warranted to explore their roles in the CUR-induced effects in KG1a cells.

In summary, this study demonstrated underlying new mechanisms whereby CUR may overcome BUS insensitivity by downregulating survivin in leukemia stem-like KG1a cells. CUR, alone or in combination with BUS, could be a potential anti-LSCs agent for preventing leukemia relapse and reducing the NRM after HSCT. BUS is currently still widely used in the pretreatment of HSCT, but it shows significant side effects and carcinogenicity in patients undergoing HSCT, resulting in danger of being replaced by other conditioning regimens. CUR may solve these issues by combining BUS in the conditioning regimen.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Yanjie HE (Laboratory of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital) for assistance with experimental techniques, Pingfang Xia for revising the paper, and Miaorong She for KG1a cells. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 30973454).

Conflict of Interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Authors' Contribution

Guangyang Weng and Yingjian Zeng contributed equally to this work.

References

  • 1.Hamilton B. K., Copelan E. A. Concise review: the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Stem Cells. 2012;30(8):1581–1586. doi: 10.1002/stem.1140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Phillips G. L. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): how can we improve outcomes in the near future? Leukemia Research. 2012;36(12):1490–1495. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.08.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Sureda A., Pereira M. I. B., Dreger P. The role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2012;24(6):727–732. doi: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328359557e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Thomas E. D. A review of the results of human marrow transplantation in Seattle. Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1977;40:863–872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Pavletic S. Z., Kumar S., Mohty M., et al. NCI first international workshop on the biology, prevention, and treatment of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report from the committee on the epidemiology and natural history of relapse following allogeneic cell transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2010;16(7):871–890. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.04.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Yoshihara S., Ando T., Ogawa H. Extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an easily overlooked but significant pattern of relapse. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2012;18(12):1800–1807. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.05.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Linenberger M. L., Hong T., Flowers D., et al. Multidrug-resistance phenotype and clinical responses to gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Blood. 2001;98(4):988–994. doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.4.988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Dean M., Fojo T., Bates S. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2005;5(4):275–284. doi: 10.1038/nrc1590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Pei S., Jordan C. T. How close are we to targeting the leukemia stem cell? Best Practice and Research: Clinical Haematology. 2012;25(4):415–418. doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2012.10.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Lapidot T., Sirard C., Vormoor J., et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature. 1994;367(6464):645–648. doi: 10.1038/367645a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Fuchs D., Daniel V., Sadeghi M., Opelz G., Naujokat C. Salinomycin overcomes ABC transporter-mediated multidrug and apoptosis resistance in human leukemia stem cell-like KG-1a cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2010;394(4):1098–1104. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.She M., Niu X., Chen X., et al. Resistance of leukemic stem-like cells in AML cell line KG1a to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Letters. 2012;318(2):173–179. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Mohty M., Malard F., Blaise D., et al. Reduced-toxicity conditioning with fludarabine, once-daily intravenous busulfan, and antithymocyte globulins prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation: results of a multicenter prospective phase 2 trial. Cancer. 2015;121(4):562–569. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Almog S., Kurnik D., Shimoni A., et al. Linearity and stability of intravenous busulfan pharmacokinetics and the role of glutathione in busulfan elimination. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2011;17(1):117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.06.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Jiao Y., Wilkinson J. T., Di X., et al. Curcumin, a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is a biologically active iron chelator. Blood. 2009;113(2):462–469. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-155952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.van't Land B., Blijlevens N. M. A., Marteijn J., et al. Role of curcumin and the inhibition of NF-ΚB in the onset of chemotherapy-induced mucosal barrier injury. Leukemia. 2004;18(2):276–284. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Li Y., Zhang T. Targeting cancer stem cells by curcumin and clinical applications. Cancer Letters. 2014;346(2):197–205. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Goel A., Aggarwal B. B. Curcumin, the golden spice from Indian saffron, is a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer for tumors and chemoprotector and radioprotector for normal organs. Nutrition and Cancer. 2010;62(7):919–930. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2010.509835. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Rahmani A. H., Al Zohairy M. A., Aly S. M., Khan M. A. Curcumin: a potential candidate in prevention of cancer via modulation of molecular pathways. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:15. doi: 10.1155/2014/761608.761608 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Ho M. M., Hogge D. E., Ling V. MDR1 and BCRP1 expression in leukemic progenitors correlates with chemotherapy response in acute myeloid leukemia. Experimental Hematology. 2008;36(4):433–442. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.11.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Zou G.-M. Cancer stem cells in leukemia, recent advances. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2007;213(2):440–444. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ruggeri L., Mancusi A., Capanni M., et al. Donor natural killer cell allorecognition of missing self in haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: challenging its predictive value. Blood. 2007;110(1):433–440. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-038687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Stubbs M. C., Armstrong S. A. Therapeutic implications of leukemia stem cell development. Clinical Cancer Research. 2007;13(12):3439–3442. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Bonnet D., Dick J. E. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nature Medicine. 1997;3(7):730–737. doi: 10.1038/nm0797-730. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Gerber J. M., Smith B. D., Ngwang B., et al. A clinically relevant population of leukemic CD34+CD38−cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;119(15):3571–3577. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-364182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Hu L., Cao D., Li Y., He Y., Guo K. Resveratrol sensitized leukemia stem cell-like KG-1a cells to cytokine-induced killer cells-mediated cytolysis through NKG2D ligands and TRAIL receptors. Cancer Biology and Therapy. 2012;13(7):516–526. doi: 10.4161/cbt.19601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Sánchez Y., Simón G. P., Calviño E., de Blas E., Aller P. Curcumin stimulates reactive oxygen species production and potentiates apoptosis induction by the antitumor drugs arsenic trioxide and lonidamine in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2010;335(1):114–123. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.168344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Kwon Y.-K., Jun J.-M., Shin S.-W., Cho J.-W., Suh S.-I. Curcumin decreases cell proliferation rates through BTG2-mediated cyclin D1 down-regulation in U937 cells. International Journal of Oncology. 2005;26(6):1597–1603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Derochette S., Franck T., Mouithys-Mickalad A., Deby-Dupont G., Neven P., Serteyn D. Intra- and extracellular antioxidant capacities of the new water-soluble form of curcumin (NDS27) on stimulated neutrophils and HL-60 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2013;201(1–3):49–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Wu J.-C., Lai C.-S., Badmaev V., Nagabhushanam K., Ho C.-T., Pan M.-H. Tetrahydrocurcumin, a major metabolite of curcumin, induced autophagic cell death through coordinative modulation of PI3K/Akt-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2011;55(11):1646–1654. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Zhou T., Ye L., Bai Y., et al. Autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma induced by EF25-(GSH)2: a novel curcumin analog. PLoS ONE. 2014;9 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107876.e107876 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Kantara C., O'Connell M., Sarkar S., Moya S., Ullrich R., Singh P. Curcumin promotes autophagic survival of a subset of colon cancer stem cells, which are ablated by DCLK1-siRNA. Cancer Research. 2014;74(9):2487–2498. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Charpentier M. S., Whipple R. A., Vitolo M. I., et al. Curcumin targets breast cancer stem-like cells with microtentacles that persist in mammospheres and promote reattachment. Cancer Research. 2014;74(4):1250–1260. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Anand P., Sundaram C., Jhurani S., Kunnumakkara A. B., Aggarwal B. B. Curcumin and cancer: an ‘old-age’ disease with an ‘age-old’ solution. Cancer Letters. 2008;267(1):133–164. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Park J., Ayyappan V., Bae E.-K., et al. Curcumin in combination with bortezomib synergistically induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma U266 cells. Molecular Oncology. 2008;2(4):317–326. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.09.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Yu Y., Kanwar S. S., Patel B. B., Nautiyal J., Sarkar F. H., Majumdar A. P. N. Elimination of colon cancer stem-like cells by the combination of curcumin and FOLFOX. Translational Oncology. 2009;2(4):321–328. doi: 10.1593/tlo.09193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Srimuangwong K., Tocharus C., Tocharus J., Suksamrarn A., Chintana P. Y. Effects of hexahydrocurcumin in combination with 5-fuorouracil on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;18(47):6951–6959. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Faião-Flores F., Suarez J. A. Q., Pardi P. C., Maria D. A. DM-1, sodium 4-[5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-penta-1,4-dienyl]-2-methoxy-phenolate: a curcumin analog with a synergic effect in combination with paclitaxel in breast cancer treatment. Tumor Biology. 2012;33(3):775–785. doi: 10.1007/s13277-011-0293-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Zhang X.-Y., Bai Q.-X., Huang G.-S., Zhao H., Chen J.-J., Yang L.-J. Effect of curcumin in combination with bortezomib on proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cell line H929 and its mechanism. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2011;19(3):684–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Nakane T., Nakamae H., Koh H., et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning by fludarabine/busulfan without additional irradiation or T-cell depletion leads to low non-relapse mortality in unrelated bone marrow transplantation. International Journal of Hematology. 2011;93(4):509–516. doi: 10.1007/s12185-011-0805-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Wang J.-Y., Yu P., Chen S., et al. Activation of Rac1 GTPase promotes leukemia cell chemotherapy resistance, quiescence and niche interaction. Molecular Oncology. 2013;7(5):907–916. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.05.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Testa U. Leukemia stem cells. Annals of Hematology. 2011;90(3):245–271. doi: 10.1007/s00277-010-1118-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Sehl M., Zhou H., Sinsheimer J. S., Lange K. L. Extinction models for cancer stem cell therapy. Mathematical Biosciences. 2011;234(2):132–146. doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.09.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Lane S. W., Scadden D. T., Gilliland D. G. The leukemic stem cell niche: current concepts and therapeutic opportunities. Blood. 2009;114(6):1150–1157. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-202606. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Zeestraten E. C., Benard A., Reimers M. S., et al. The prognostic value of the apoptosis pathway in colorectal cancer: a review of the literature on biomarkers identified by immunohistochemistry. Biomarkers in Cancer. 2013;5:13–29. doi: 10.4137/bic.s11475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Eckelman B. P., Salvesen G. S., Scott F. L. Human inhibitor of apoptosis proteins: why XIAP is the black sheep of the family. EMBO Reports. 2006;7(10):988–994. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Choi Y. E., Butterworth M., Malladi S., Duckett C. S., Cohen G. M., Bratton S. B. The E3 ubiquitin ligase cIAP1 binds and ubiquitinates caspase-3 and -7 via unique mechanisms at distinct steps in their processing. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2009;284(19):12772–12782. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m807550200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Verhagen A. M., Silke J., Ekert P. G., et al. HtrA2 promotes cell death through its serine protease activity and its ability to antagonize inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002;277(1):445–454. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m109891200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Miguel Martins L., Iaccarino I., Tenev T., et al. The serine protease Omi/HtrA2 regulates apoptosis by binding XIAP through a Reaper-like motif. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002;277(1):439–444. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m109784200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Sekine K., Hao Y., Suzuki Y., Takahashi R., Tsuruo T., Naito M. HtrA2 cleaves Apollon and induces cell death by IAP-binding motif in Apollon-deficient cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2005;330(1):279–285. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Cheung C. H. A., Huang C.-C., Tsai F.-Y., et al. Survivin—biology and potential as a therapeutic target in oncology. OncoTargets and Therapy. 2013;6:1453–1462. doi: 10.2147/ott.s33374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Bongiovanni L., Di Diodoro F., Della S. L., Brachelente C. On the role of survivin as a stem cell biomarker of canine hair follicle and related tumours. Veterinary Dermatology. 2014;25(2):138–141, e39–e40. doi: 10.1111/vde.12114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Kanwar J. R., Mahidhara G., Roy K., et al. Fe-bLf nanoformulation targets survivin to kill colon cancer stem cells and maintains absorption of iron, calcium and zinc. Nanomedicine. 2015;10(1):35–55. doi: 10.2217/nnm.14.132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Fukuda S., Abe M., Onishi C., et al. Survivin selectively modulates genes deregulated in human leukemia stem cells. Journal of Oncology. 2011;2011:14. doi: 10.1155/2011/946936.946936 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Gedaly R., Galuppo R., Daily M. F., et al. Targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in liver cancer stem cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with FH535. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099272.e99272 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Galuppo R., Maynard E., Shah M., et al. Synergistic inhibition of HCC and liver cancer stem cell proliferation by targeting RAS/RAF/MAPK and WNT/beta-catenin pathways. Anticancer Research. 2014;34:1709–1713. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from BioMed Research International are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES