Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of storage temperature and time on blood gas and acid-base balance of ovine venous blood. Ten clinically healthy sheep were used in this study. A total number of 30 blood samples, were divided into three different groups, and were stored in a refrigerator adjusted to +4 ºC (Group I, n = 10), at RT of about 22-25 ºC (Group II, n = 10) and in an incubator adjusted to 37 ºC (Group III, n = 10) for up to 48 h. Blood samples were analysed for blood gas and acid-base indices at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of storage. In comparison to the baseline value (0), there were significant decreases of blood pH of samples stored at RT and in the incubator after 1 h (p<0.05), the pH value of refrigerated blood samples exhibited insignificant changes during the study (p<0.05). Mean values of pCO2 showed a significant increase in Group I and Group III after 1 h then a progressive decrease after 12 h in all Groups. Mean pO2 values were significantly higher for Group I after 2 h and for Groups II and III after 1 h (p<0.05). In general, base excess decreased significantly for all the groups during the study especially in Groups II and III. In comparison with baseline values, in all groups, bicarbonate (HCO3) increased between 1 h and 6 h (p<0.05), and later decreased at the end of the study (p<0.05). In conclusion, status of acid-base indices of the samples stored at refrigerator and RT were found within normal reference range and it may be of clinical diagnostic use for up to 6 h.
Keywords: Acid-base indices, Clinical relevance, Ovine, Storage temperature time
Introduction
Evaluations of blood gas and acid-base balance are an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that affect sheep. Various metabolic and respiratory diseases affect venous blood gas composition and acid–base values of sheep (Carlson, 1996; Radostits et al., 2006). Therefore, accurate estimation of these blood indices is of great importance for veterinary clinicians and research workers.
Accurate acid-base analysis requires careful sample management. For carrying out blood gas and acid-base analysis, blood samples should be collected anaerobically from a large, free-following vessel into a heparinised tube (George, 1986). In man (Knowles et al., 2006), cattle (Gokce et al., 2004) and goat (Leal et al., 2010) blood gas composition and acid–base values may change depending on the type of syringe used for sampling, delays in measurement time and variations in storage temperature.
Continuous aerobic and anaerobic metabolism between the drawing of the blood samples and their analysis intervals may affect blood gas and acid-base indices in humans (Liss and Payne, 1993), cattle (Szenci and Besser, 1990; Gokce et al., 2004), goat (Leal et al., 2010) and dogs (Haskins, 1977). In vitro, blood metabolism includes both aerobic metabolism with production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and anaerobic glycolysis with production of lactic acid. Subsequent rising of partial tension of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is a common sequel for these metabolic activities in the stored blood (Haskins, 1977). Oxygen consumption is altered depending on the enzymatic activities of the citric acid and cytochrome systems in leucocytes and reticulocytes. Furthermore, glycolysis is the predominant metabolic activity of mature erythrocytes (Szenci and Besser, 1990).
As previously demonstrated for measurement of blood gas and acid-base indices, blood samples must be measured immediately if kept at room temperature (RT), or within 3 hours if kept on ice (+4ºC) (George, 1986; Duncan and Prasse, 1986). Under field condition, it is difficult to estimate the blood gas and acid-base variables in a short period of time; therefore it may be necessary to store blood samples until analysis (Szenci and Besser, 1990).
Several studies have investigated the changes in blood gas composition and acid-base values during storage of blood samples from cattle (Szenci and Besser, 1990; Gokce et al., 2004), goat (Leal et al., 2010) and dogs (Haskins, 1977).
It is very important to examine the stability of blood gas and acid-base indices in stored ovine blood, as there is a lack of consensus in literature regarding the extends of changes in blood gas and acid-base values that may affect the clinical interpretation of ovine venous blood stored at (RT) (22-25 ºC) or at 37 ºC for long period of time. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the influence of storage of blood samples for up to 48 h at different temperatures (+4, 22-25 and 37 ºC) on blood gas composition and acid-base indices in ovine venous blood.
Materials and Methods
Animals and sampling
Ten clinically healthy, 4-6 year old, Baladi non-pregnant ewes were used in this study. All animals were under the same feeding and management systems. On the day of sampling, rectal temperature of each animal was measured as well as faecal samples were collected. Anaerobically, three jugular venous blood samples were drawn from each animal into 3 ml plastic syringes (containing freeze-dried lithium heparin with a 23 gauge × 1-inch needle). Immediately after venipuncture, the tip of the needle was sealed with a rubber stopper in order to prevent gas from moving in or out of it (Haskins, 1977).
The samples were placed in a bed of crushed ice, taken immediately to the laboratory and analysed within 10 min. Following the first (0) hour’s analysis, a total 30 blood samples were allocated into three groups and then stored, respectively, in a refrigerator set to +4 ºC (Group I, n = 10), at RT ranging from 22 to 25 ºC (Group II, n = 10) and in an incubator adjusted to 37 ºC (Group III, n = 10), for up to 48 h. Blood gas and acid/base indices were analysed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of storage for all groups. For haematological examinations, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein into evacuated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containing tubes.
Clinical examination
All animals were examined clinically with measurements of rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and ruminal cycle as described by Pugh (2002).
Acid-base and blood gas analysis
The blood samples were analysed for pH, pCO2, partial tension of oxygen (pO2), actual base excess (BEact), standard base excess (BEstd), standard bicarbonate (stdHCO3), actual bicarbonate (actHCO3) concentrations, total carbon dioxide content (tCO2) and oxygen saturation (O2SAT) using blood gas analyser (ABL 5, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Haematological analysis
Blood samples collected in EDTA were used for estimation of total red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and total white blood cells (WBCs), manually as described by Coles (1980).
Statistical methods
Values are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean (SE). For statistical evaluations, all data were processed via the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 10.0 for Windows).
Blood analytics were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with main effects of storage temperature (group), time intervals, and their interaction. The statistical significance of differences between group means was estimated by post hoc analysis using the least significant difference (LSD) test at p<0.05 (Dunn and Clark, 2009).
Results
The mean values of clinical parameters of the animals used in this study were detected as 38.6 ± 0.06 ºC for rectal temperature, 80 ± 0.91 beats/min for pulse rate, 23 ± 0.42 breaths/min for respiratory rate and 2.1 cycles/2 min for ruminal cycle. The mean initial haematological values of sheep studied were detected as 7.0 ± 0.3 T/l for RBCs, 110 ± 2.0 g/l for Hb and 7.7 ±0.6 G/l for WBCs. Faecal analysis revealed no internal parasitic infection.
Blood gas and acid-base indices were summarised in tables 1-4 and Fig. 1. The pH values of the samples stored at 22-25 ºC and 37 ºC tended to be altered significantly with time (Table 3). In comparison with the initial values, pH values increased significantly after 2 h, for samples stored at 22-25 ºC (p<0.05), while pH values decreased significantly after 1 h for samples stored at 37 ºC (p<0.05).
Table 1.
Average values of pCO2 and pO2 measured at regular time intervals in ovine venous blood samples stored at +4 ºC (Group I), 22-25 ºC (Group II) and 37 ºC (Group III) (n = 10) (mean ± SE)
| parameter | Group | Time (hours) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | P1 | ||
| pCO2 (mmHg) | I | 42±0.7 | 52±3.5 | 49±2.3 | 49±2.3 | 47±2.0 | 47±2.1 | 47±2.0 | 33±2.0 | 20±2.0 | 8±1.0 | p<0.001 |
| b | a | AB,a | A,a | AB,ab | A,ab | A,ab | c | d | C,e | |||
| II | 42±0.7 | 46±2.8 | 42±2.5 | 42±2.3 | 41±2.4 | 39±2.4 | 39±2.4 | 28±2.5 | 25±3.9 | 21±1.9 | p<0.001 | |
| a | a | B,a | B,a | B,a | B,a | B,a | b | bc | A,c | |||
| III | 42±0.7 | 56±2.6 | 52±2.3 | A,52±2.0 | 52±2.1 | 52±2.1 | 49±1.5 | 33±2.7 | 22±2.6 | 15±0.3 | p<0.001 | |
| c | a | A,ab | A,ab | A,ab | A,ab | A,b | d | e | B,f | |||
| P2 | p<0.05 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.001 | p<0.01 | p<0.001 | ||||||
| pO2 (mmHg) | I | 36±1.0 | 41±0.6 | 42±0.7 | 44±1.0 | 47±0.6 | 47±1.0 | 50±0.7 | 53±0.8 | 60±1.0 | 75±6.0 | p<0.001 |
| g | B,fg | B,ef | B,ef | B,de | B,de | B,cd | B,c | B,b | A,a | |||
| II | 36±1.0 | 51±2.2 | 53±2.3 | 55±2.6 | 58±2.4 | 61±2.7 | 61±3.1 | 66±3.1 | 68±4.5 | 65±6.3 | p<0.001 | |
| f | A,e | A,ed | A,ed | A,bcde | A,abcd | A,abcd | A,abc | A,a | A,ac | |||
| III | 36±1.0 | 39±0.9 | 40±0.7 | 40±0.7 | 41±0.9 | 41±1.2 | 40±1.3 | 37±2.4 | 25±2.2 | 24±0.4 | p<0.001 | |
| d | B,abc | B,ab | B,ab | C,a | C,a | C,a | C,cbd | C,e | B,e | |||
| P2 | P<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | |||
P1, significant differences within group compared to baseline value (a,b,c,d,e,f,g); P2, in each column different letters (A, B, C) indicated significant between group (p< 0.05), (p< 0.01), (p< 0.001); pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg); pO2, partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg).
Table 2.
Average values of tCO2 and O2 SAT measured at regular time intervals in ovine venous blood samples stored at +4 ºC (Group I), 22-25 ºC (Group II) and 37 ºC (Group III) (n = 10) (mean ± SE)
| parameter | Group | Time (hours) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | P1 | ||
| tCO2 (mmol/l) | I | 21±0.5 | 29±1.2 | 27±0.8 | 27±0.8 | 27±0.7 | 27±0.8 | 26±0.8 | 18±0.7 | 11±0.9 | 5±0.3 | p<0.001 |
| c | a | ab | ab | ab | ab | b | d | f | B,e | |||
| II | 21±0.5 | 27±0.9 | 26±0.8 | 26±0.8 | 25±0.8 | 24±0.9 | 25±0.9 | 17±1.0 | 13±1.6 | 8±1.3 | p<0.001 | |
| b | a | a | a | a | a | a | c | d | A,e | |||
| III | 21±0.5 | 28±0.9 | 26±0.7 | 26±0.7 | 26±0.6 | 25±0.6 | 25±0.6 | 16±0.9 | 10±0.9 | 10±0.5 | p<0.001 | |
| c | a | b | b | b | b | b | d | e | A,e | |||
| P2 | p<0.001 | |||||||||||
| O2 SAT (%) | I | 80±3.5 | 72±1.5 | 76±2.2 | 76±1.6 | 80±0.6 | 80±1.5 | 83±0.7 | 86±0.4 | 90±0.6 | 94±0.8 | p<0.001 |
| cd | B,e | B,de | B,de | B,cd | B,cd | B,cb | A,bf | A,af | A,a | |||
| II | 80±3.5 | 83±2.0 | 86±1.4 | 86±1.8 | 89±1.1 | 88±1.3 | 90±1.2 | 92±1.0 | 92±1.1 | 89±1.6 | p<0.001 | |
| f | A,df | A,bcd | A,bcd | A,ac | A,ac | A,ac | A,a | A,a | B,ac | |||
| III | 80±3.5 | 68±1.4 | 68±1.3 | 68±1.4 | 71±1.2 | 69±2.3 | 69±2.4 | 62±5.4 | 42±5.0 | 32±0.4 | p<0.001 | |
| a | B,bc | C,bc | C,bc | C,bd | C,bc | C,bc | B,c | B,e | C,f | |||
| P2 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.05 | p<0.001 | |||
P1, significant differences within group compared to baseline value (a,b,c,d,e,f); P2, in each column different letters (A, B, C) indicated significant between group (p<0.05), (p<0.001); tCO2, total carbon dioxide (mmol/l); O2 SAT, oxyhaemoglobin saturation (%).
Table 3.
Average values of pH, BEact and BEstd measured at regular time intervals in ovine venous blood samples stored at +4 ºC (Group I), 22-25 ºC (Group II) and 37 ºC (Group III) (n = 10) (mean ± SE)
| parameter | Group | Time (hours) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | P1 | ||
| pH | I | 7.38 ±0.03 | 7.37 ±0.01 | 7.36 ±0.01 | 7.35 ±0.01 | 7.36 ±0.03 | 7.35 ±0.01 | 7.36 ±0.03 | 7.36 ±0.01 | 7.34 ±0.01 | 7.34 ±0.02 | P=0.389 |
| a | A,a | B,a | B,a | B,a | B,a | B,a | A,a | A,a | a | |||
| II | 7.38 ±0.03 | 7.36 ±0.01 | 7.39 ±0.01 | 7.38 ±0.01 | 7.39 ±0.01 | 7.40 ±0.02 | 7.40 ±0.02 | 7.38 ±0.01 | 7.33 ±0.02 | 7.30 ±0.01 | p<0.01 | |
| ab | A,bc | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,c | d | |||
| III | 7.38 ±0.03 | 7.30 ±0.01 | 7.30 ±0.01 | 7.29 ±0.01 | 7.28 ±0.01 | 7.28 ±0.01 | 7.28 ±0.01 | 7.29 ±0.02 | 7.26 ±0.02 | 7.30 ±0.03 | p<0.001 | |
| a | B,b | C,b | C,bc | C,bc | C,bc | C,bc | B,bcd | B,cd | bc | |||
| P2 | p<0.01 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | P<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.01 | ||||
| BEact (mmol/l) | I | 0.40 ±0.4 | 1.20 ±0.6 | 0.60 ±0.3 | -0.20 ±0.4 | 0.00 ±0.4 | -0.20 ±0.4 | -0.20 ±0.4 | -6.80 ±0.6 | -13.20 ±0.8 | -21.60 ±0.7 | p<0.001 |
| a | a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,b | A,c | B,d | |||
| II | 0.40 ±0.4 | 0.00 ±0.5 | -0.20 ±0.3 | -0.20 ±0.3 | -0.20 ±0.3 | -0.80 ±0.5 | -0.80 ±0.5 | -7.40 ±0.6 | -11.80 ±1.0 | -17.60 ±1.1 | p<0.001 | |
| a | a | A,a | AB,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,b | A,c | A,d | |||
| III | 0.40 ±0.4 | -0.60 ±0.6 | -2.00 ±0.7 | -2.60 ±0.5 | -2.80 ±0.5 | -3.60 ±0.4 | -3.60 ±0.4 | -10.20 ±0.6 | -16.40 ±0.7 | -22.60 ±0.3 | p<0.001 | |
| a | ab | B,bc | B,cd | B,cd | B,d | B,d | B,e | B,f | B,g | |||
| P2 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | P<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.05 | p<0.001 | ||||
| BEstd (mmol/l) | I | 0.60 ±0.3 | 2.40 ±0.9 | 0.80 ±0.5 | 1.00 ±0.6 | 0.40 ±0.5 | 0.40 ±0.5 | 0.40 ±0.5 | -7.20 ±0.7 | -14.20 ±0.8 | -22.80 ±0.6 | p<0.001 |
| b | a | ab | A,ab | A,b | A,b | A,b | A,c | AB,d | B,e | |||
| II | 0.60 ±0.3 | 0.20 ±0.6 | 0.40 ±0.6 | 0.00 ±0.6 | -0.60 ±0.6 | -1.00 ±0.7 | -0.60 ±0.6 | -8.20 ±0.9 | -12.40 ±1.3 | -18.0 ±1.3 | p<0.001 | |
| a | a | a | AB,a | AB,a | AB,a | A,a | AB,b | A,c | A,d | |||
| III | 0.60 ±0.3 | 1.00 ±0.7 | -0.80 ±0.7 | -1.20 ±0.6 | -2.00 ±0.5 | -2.40 ±0.6 | -2.60 ±0.6 | -10.40 ±0.7 | -16.80 ±0.9 | -23.40 ±0.3 | p<0.001 | |
| ab | a | bc | B,cd | B,cd | B,bcd | B,d | B,e | B,f | B,g | |||
| P2 | p<0.05 | p<0.05 | p<0.01 | p<0.01 | p<0.05 | p<0.01 | p<0.001 | |||||
P1, significant differences within group compared to baseline value (a,b,c,d,e,f,g); P2, in each column different letters (A, B, C) indicated significant between group (p<0.05), (p<0.01), (p<0.001); BEact, extracellular base excess (mmol/l); BEstd, blood base excess, (mmol/l).
Table 4.
Average values of ActHCO3 and StdHCO3 measured at regular time intervals in ovine venous blood samples stored at +4 ºC (Group I), 22-25 ºC (Group II) and 37 ºC (Group III) (n = 10) (mean ± SE)
| parameter | Group | Time (hours) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | P1 | ||
| ActHCO3 (mmol/l) | I | 21±0.3 | 28±1.1 | 26±0.7 | 26±0.7 | 25±0.6 | 25±0.6 | 25±0.7 | 17±0.8 | 10±0.9 | 4.4±0.4 | p<0.001 |
| c | a | b | b | b | b | b | d | AB,e | B,f | |||
| II | 21±0.3 | 25±0.8 | 25±0.7 | 24±0.7 | 24±0.8 | 23±0.8 | 23±0.8 | 16±1.0 | 13±1.5 | 8±1.2 | p<0.001 | |
| b | a | a | a | a | ab | ab | d | A,e | A,f | |||
| III | 21±0.3 | 27±0.8 | 25±0.6 | 24±0.6 | 24±0.6 | 23±0.6 | 23±0.6 | 15±0.9 | 9±0.9 | 8±0.3 | p<0.001 | |
| c | a | ab | b | b | bc | bc | d | B,e | A,e | |||
| P2 | p<0.05 | p<0.01 | ||||||||||
| StdHCO3 (mmol/l) | I | 20±0.3 | 25±0.5 | 24±0.8 | 24±0.4 | 24±0.4 | 24±0.4 | 24±0.5 | 19±0.5 | 14±0.4 | 9±0.6 | p<0.001 |
| b | a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,c | A,d | B,e | |||
| II | 20±0.3 | 24±0.5 | 24±0.3 | 24±0.3 | 24±0.3 | 24±0.4 | 24±0.4 | 18±0.4 | 15±0.8 | 12±0.6 | p<0.001 | |
| b | a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,a | A,c | A,d | A,e | |||
| III | 20±0.3 | 23±0.5 | 22±0.5 | 22±0.5 | 21±0.4 | 21±0.4 | 21±0.4 | 16±0.4 | 12±0.5 | 10±0.3 | p<0.001 | |
| cd | a | B,b | B,b | B,cb | B,cb | B,c | B,e | B,f | B,g | |||
| P2 | p<0.01 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | ||||
P1, significant differences within group compared to baseline value (a,b,c,d,e,f); P2, in each column different letters (A, B, C) indicated significant between group (p<0.05), (p<0.01), (p<0.001); ActHCO3, actual bicarbonate concentrations (mmol/l); StdHCO3, standard bicarbonate concentration (mmol/l).
Fig. 1.
Influence of storage time on the pH of ovine blood samples stored at +4 ºC (Group I), 22-25 ºC (Group II) and 37 ºC (Group III) (n = 10) (mean ± SE). Dashed horizontal lines represent the reference values (pH = 7.32 – 7.5) according to Kaneko et al. (2008).
Although the values of pH fluctuated with time in groups I and II, it remained within the normal reference range especially between 1 h and 12 h. Moreover, in Group III, pH values were lower than the lower reference limit (Fig. 1).
Changes in pCO2 and pO2 are summarised in Table 1. Between 1 and 6 h, the mean pCO2 values of samples stored at +4 and 37 ºC increased significantly (p<0.05), while they remained nearly without noticeable changes at 22-25 ºC.
In all groups, mean values of pCO2 decreased to values lower than their initial values after 6 h (p<0.05). The mean values of pO2 of samples kept at +4 and 22-25 ºC increased with time (p<0.001). However, a significant decrease was recorded after 24 h for samples stored at 37 ºC (p<0.05).
Alterations in tCO2 and O2 SAT values are summarised in Table 2. In all groups, the mean tCO2 values increased significantly between 1 and 6 h (p<0.05), but later decreased to values lower than their initial values (p<0.05). Values of O2 SAT in Group I decreased after 1 h (p<0.05) then increased gradually until the end of the study. On the other hand O2 SAT values significantly increased in Group II (p<0.001), but they significantly decreased in Group III (p<0.001) until the end of the study.
Base excess concentrations nearly decreased for all three groups during the study compared to their baseline values except in Group I, BEstd concentration increased after 1 h (p<0.05) then decreased thereafter. The most prominent decrease in BE values was observed in samples stored at 37 ºC (Table 3). In comparison with baseline values, ActHCO3 and StdHCO3 values increased in samples kept at +4 ºCbetween 1 and 6 h (p<0.05), later decreasing to values lower than their base values (p<0.05). In comparison with baseline values of Group II, ActHCO3 increased until 4 h (p<0.05) then significantly decreased (p<0.05), while StdHCO3 increased until 6 h (p<0.05) then significantly decreased (p<0.05). In Group III, values of ActHCO3 increased between 1 and 4 h then gradually decreased thereafter when compared with the initial value (p<0.05), while values of StdHCO3 increased between 1 and 3 h then decreased until the end of study (p<0.05) (Table 4). There were significant time-group (storage temperature) interactions on all measured parameters (Table 5).
Table 5.
Influence of time, storage temperature (group of animals), and their interaction on blood gases and acid-base balance of ovine venous blood (n = 30)
| Parameters | Main effects (P < F) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Group | Time × Group | |
| pH | 0.228 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| pCO2 (mmHg) | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 |
| pO2 (mmHg) | 0.869 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ActHCO3 (mmol/l) | <0.001 | 0.374 | 0.002 |
| StdHCO3 (mmol/l) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| tCO2 (mmol/l) | <0.001 | 0.995 | 0.002 |
| BEact (mmol/l) | 0.072 | 0.123 | 0.013 |
| BEstd (mmol/l) | 0.856 | 0.016 | 0.041 |
| O2 SAT (%) | 0.969 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (mmHg); pO2, partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg); ActHCO3, actual bicarbonate concentrations (mmol/l); StdHCO3, standard bicarbonate concentration (mmol/l); tCO2, total carbon dioxide (mmol/l); BEact, extracellular base excess (mmol/l); BEstd, blood base excess, (mmol/l);; O2 SAT, oxyhaemoglobin saturation (%).
Discussion
Influences of storage time and temperature on blood gas and acid base indices has been studied before in man (Liss and Payne, 1993; Beaulieu et al., 1999), in cattle (Szenci and Besser, 1990; Szenci et al., 1991) and goat (Leal et al., 2010).
In previous studies, it has been assumed that the blood gas and acid-base parameters usually stabilised in the blood samples between 15 min and 2 h in man (Mahoney et al., 1991; Beaulieu et al., 1999), up to 24 h in cattle (Szenci and Besser, 1990; Piccione et al., 2004) and up to 6 h after refrigeration in goat (Leal et al., 2010).
However, measurements of blood gas and acid-base analysis should be carried out as soon as possible after sampling (Piccione et al., 2007; Cingi et al., 2009). In the present study, the pH values of the blood samples kept at +4 ºC and 22-25 ºC were found to be suitable for clinical purposes up to 48 h and 12 h, respectively, while those stored at 37 ºC were found unsuitable for clinical usage (Fig. 1) (Table 3).
Furthermore, storage time was found to significantly alter the blood pH values in all groups except in group I, where storage time had no significant effect on pH value (p = 0.389). The prominent, rapid and significant decreases in blood pH (p<0.001) (Fig. 1) and BE (p<0.001) (Table 3) were observed for those samples stored at 37 ºC, compared to other groups (Groups I and II).
In vitro, metabolic process remains active during storage. Therefore such a drop in blood pH and BE could be attributed to the continuity of metabolism in the form of oxygen consumption as a result of anaerobic metabolism with generation of carbon dioxide in the tricarboxylic acid cycles (TCA) (Boink et al., 1991) or accumulation of lactic acid due to glycolysis (Szenci and Besser, 1990).
Furthermore, the much greater drop in the pH of blood samples stored at 37 ºC may be attributed to lactic acid generation due to anaerobic metabolism as a result of high storage temperature (Liss and Payne, 1993). In the present study, increased values of HCO3 in all groups between 1 and 6 h may be due to increased values of tCO2 (George, 1986). Previously, Carlson and Bruss (2008) stated that HCO3 actually accounts for approximately 95 % of the measured tCO2. The later drop in concentrations of HCO3 could be attributed to accumulation of lactic acid due to glycolysis (Gokce et al., 2004) or lowered tCO2 (George, 1986).
In the current study, increases in the pCO2 values of blood samples in groups I and II between 1 and 6 h, later lowered to values lower than their baseline values. Previous studies have reported that in vitro blood pCO2 values rises depending on aerobic and anaerobic metabolic activities in blood cells (Sandhagen et al., 1988; Beaulieu et al., 1999; Leal et al., 2006). Furthermore, unlike O2, CO2 does not influx through plastic syringe wall (Mahoney et al., 1991); therefore, the significant rises of pCO2 especially in groups I and II may be the result of high cell metabolic activities (Foster and Terry, 1967). Increased concentrations of pCO2 during an aerobic storage of bovine blood at +4 ºC have been documented (Poulsen and Surynek, 1977).
In the present study, pO2 values of the three groups showed significant increase in all time periods except in group III, pO2 concentrations decreased after 24 h (Table 1). Increased pO2 concentrations may be due to increased diffusion of oxygen through the plastic wall of the syringe (Paerregaard et al., 1987; Beaulieu et al., 1999) and to release of O2 from haemoglobin as a result of the reduction in blood pH (Szenci and Besser, 1990).
White blood cells are responsible for most of the aerobic metabolism in the blood (Liss and Payne, 1993; Kee et al., 2010) causing consumption of oxygen in blood samples stored under in vitro anaerobic condition (Szenci and Besser, 1990). Furthermore, pO2 decreases in blood samples with anaemia (Haskins, 1977) and in samples with high white blood cell counts (Schmidt and Muller-Plathe, 1992). Since in the current study, the initial mean WBCs and RBCs counts and Hb concentrations of the blood samples were within normal reference range, decreased pO2 values after 24 h in blood samples stored at 37 ºC in comparison with their baseline value could be attributed to an increase in aerobic metabolism and O2 consumption by white blood cells (Liss and Payne, 1993).
In the present study, pO2 values were found lower in blood samples stored at 37 °C than those stored at +4 and 22-25 ºC (p<0.05). This finding supports the fact that aerobic metabolism of white blood cells was higher at 37 ºC than at RT and +4 ºC.
Increased tCO2 values in different groups between 1 and 6 h may be due to dissociations of H2CO3 and carbamino acids (George, 1986). Furthermore, O2 SAT values were decreased in association with the drop in blood pH in blood samples stored at 37 ºC. This could be attributed to shifting of haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right (Bohr effect) as a result of decrease in blood pH (Szenci and Besser, 1990; Carlson and Bruss, 2008).
A time - group interaction on all measured parameters indicating the effects of storage temperature were not similar across the time periods. In the present study, it seemed that venous blood samples stored at different temperature regimens may be unsuitable for accurate blood gas and acid-base balance interpretation. In contrast, Leal et al. (2006) concluded that ovine venous blood samples stored at refrigeration are viable for blood gas and acid-base balance since the 24th hours after collection. Such difference may be due to different species of sheep.
Conclusion
In conclusion, blood gas and acid-base indices of blood samples stored at 22-25 (RT) and 37 ºC changed greatly when compared with the samples stored at +4 ºC (refrigeration). Blood gas and acid-base values of blood samples stored at 37 ºC were unstable, while acid-base indices of blood samples kept at 22-25 ºCseemed stable for up to 6 h. Furthermore, blood samples stored for more than 6 h at different temperature regimens were unsuitable for accurate interpretation of blood gas and acid-base indices in Baladi sheep.
Clinical relevance
It is a fact that blood gas analysis and acid-base indices have a valuable diagnostic importance in ovine medicine. They are used diagnostically in cases of ruminal acidosis, pregnancy toxaemia, diarrhoea and renal insufficiency. Acid-base indices of ovine venous blood samples stored at 22-25 ºC (RT) or +4 ºC (refrigeration or ice box) remain within normal reference range and could be used diagnostically for clinical purposes up to six hours.
Conflict of interest statement
None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.
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