Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants at MESA Exam 5 (2010–2012) *
| Characteristic | Non-diabetes | Diabetes |
|---|---|---|
| Participants - n (%) | 680 (80) | 170 (20) |
| Demographic | ||
| Age - years | 69.6 ± 9.3 | 70.1 ± 8.1 |
| Female sex - n (%) | 370 (54) | 95 (56) |
| Male sex - n (%) | 310 (46) | 75 (44) |
| Race/Ethnicity - n (%) § | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 200 (29) | 15 (9) |
| African-American | 193 (28) | 73 (43) |
| Hispanic | 287 (42) | 82 (48) |
| Gross family annual income (US Dollars) | 50085 ± 34113 | 40188 ± 31524 |
| Clinical | ||
| HbA1c – % | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 1.7 |
| HbA1c (log-scale) – % | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2 ± 0.2 |
| HOMA-IR€ | 246.3 ± 173.2 | N/A |
| HOMA-IR (log-scale) € | 5.3 ± 0.7 | N/A |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.2 ± 9.6 | 135.6 ± 54.6 |
| Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) | 57.5 ± 37.7 | 77.5 ± 45.3 |
| Body-mass index¶ | 29 ± 5.4 | 31.7 ± 5.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99.5 ± 13.8 | 107.5 ± 13.4 |
| Beta-blocker - n (%) | 105 (15) | 57 (34) |
| Steroid - n (%) | 31 (5) | 7 (4) |
| Hormone replace therapy - n (%) | 18 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Aspirin therapy - n (%) | 282 (41) | 103 (61) |
| Current Smoking - n (%) | 32 (5) | 14 (8) |
| CES-D score | 8.3 ± 7.9 | 9.3 ± 8 |
| Log Transformed Cortisol Features # | ||
| Wake-up Cortisol | 2.59 ± 0.85 | 2.54 ± 0.79 |
| Cortisol Awakening Response | 0.28 ± 0.72 | 0.24 ± 0.75 |
| Early Decline Slope | −0.45 ± 0.52 | −0.34 ± 0.49 |
| Late Decline Slope | −0.09 ± 0.07 | −0.09 ± 0.07 |
| Overall Decline Slope | −0.10 ± 0.06 | −0.09 ± 0.06 |
| Bedtime Cortisol | 1.10 ± 0.87 | 1.20 ± 0.85 |
| Total AUC (16-hours) Cortisol | 1.70 ± 0.65 | 1.78 ± 0.59 |
| Diabetes Status | ||
| Normal - n (%) | 503 (74) | |
| Impaired Fasting Glucose - n (%) | 177 (26) | |
| Untreated Diabetes - n (%) | 10 (6) | |
| Treated Diabetes - n (%) | 160 (94) |
*
Plus-minus values are means ± SD.
§
Race was self-reported.
€
HOMA-IR was not calculated for participants with diabetes.
¶
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
#
Cortisol features were calculated using log-transformed cortisol values (unit: log(nmol/L)); for complete analytic data see Supplemental Table 2.