Abstract
Individuals with lower income and less education are two to four times more likely to develop diabetes than more advantaged individuals. In response to this, there is a need for developing health promotion activities targeting hardly reached populations. The aim of this study was to examine the perspectives of hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes on patient education, focusing on their wishes and needs regarding format and approach. Data were collected through qualitative interviews with nine individuals with type 2 diabetes with little or no education and characterized as hardly reached patients by health professionals. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to systematic text condensation. We identified four main categories of preferences for patient education: 1) flexibility related to start time, duration, and intensity; 2) simple and concrete education tools, with regard to design and extent; 3) being together, related to meeting people in a similar situation; and 4) respectful educators, related to constructive patient–educator relationships. Insights into the preferences of hardly reached people with diabetes can contribute to the development of appropriately tailored patient education for this patient group.
Keywords: patient education, type 2 diabetes, hardly reached people, preferences
Introduction
Social factors such as income and education play a key role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.1–4 Individuals with lower income and less education are two to four times more likely to develop diabetes than more advantaged individuals.1 Moreover, lower income and less education are important determinants of the mortality risk associated with type 2 diabetes.5
Structured self-management education is widely recognized as an important cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes; successful diabetes management requires sustained behavior change and the necessary skills to handle everyday life with diabetes.6 Hence, it is critical that all people with type 2 diabetes, including those in high-risk groups, are offered structured self-management education. However, targeting people with low income and low education poses a considerable challenge; they attend patient education programs less frequently and may be labeled as “hard-to-reach” or “hardly reached”.7 Fisher et al emphasize that individuals frequently characterized as hard-to-reach are better described as hardly reached; the problem lies not in their personal characteristics but in the frequent failure of interventions to engage them.8 Thus, an important consideration is whether patient education adequately corresponds to the wishes and needs of hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes or whether changes in format and approach are needed. In this study, hardly reached people were defined as individuals with low or no education and job status outside the labor market.
We examined the perspectives of hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes on patient education, focusing on their wishes and needs regarding format and approach.
Methods
We conducted interviews with nine individuals with type 2 diabetes (Table 1). Participants were recruited from three patient education centers in Denmark (two municipality based and one hospital based). Known patient educators assisted us using a purposive sampling strategy.9 Potential subjects were identified by patient educators on the basis that they had previously taken part in existing patient education courses on offer at the respective patient education centers without, apparently, obtaining any measurable benefit from their participation. This included people who educators experienced to be difficult to engage in education sessions or who did not participate due to complex life conditions. Additional sampling criteria included low or no education and job status outside the labor market (eg, retired or on disability pension). We experienced significant difficulty in recruiting participants due to their cancellations of scheduled interviews and late arrivals for the interviews. Thus, the recruitment process was time consuming and challenging and resulted in a smaller number of participants than intended. Two authors (RT and GE) conducted interviews in Danish lasting 120–180 minutes each. Five participants were interviewed in their homes and four at different patient education centers. The long duration of the interviews reflects the fact that a considerable amount of time was required to adapt the conversation to the premises and narratives of participants. Furthermore, the participants were introduced to six education tools drawing on different perceptual elements (auditory, visual, tactual, and kinesthetic), inspired by the learning styles introduced by Dunn and Dunn.10 This included three education tools from two existing patient education concepts11,12 and three newly developed tools to explore patients’ experiences and challenges related to living with diabetes. Tools from the existing patient education concepts are structured around elements such as images, quotations, and statements. The newly developed tools specifically address tactile and kinesthetic learning through, eg, physical involvement and samples of food items. The use of these tools successfully facilitated interaction in the interviews. A standard informed consent was obtained from all participants assuring anonymity and confidentiality; participants received a copy of the consent form.
Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Participant | Age | Sex | Diabetes duration (years) | Employment status | Comorbidities | Occupation | Cohabitation status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | Male | 2 | Unemployed | Back and knee problems and dyslexia | Health care assistant | Living with brother |
| 2 | 73 | Female | 10 | Retired | Heart problems, dermatitis, and memory difficulties | Secretary | Living alone |
| 3 | 74 | Male | N/A | Retired | Memory and learning difficulties | Bricklayer | Divorced and living alone |
| 4 | 49 | Female | N/A | Disability pensioner | Depression, mild brain injury, asthma, and dyslexia | None | Living alone |
| 5 | 43 | Female | 1 | Disability pensioner | ADHD | None | Living alone |
| 6 | 52 | Male | 2 | Disability pensioner | Arthritis and dyslexia | Shoemaker | Divorced and living alone |
| 7 | 72 | Male | 3–4 | Retired | Heart problems and high cholesterol | None | Living with wife |
| 8 | 41 | Male | 1 | Re-training | None | None | Living alone |
| 9 | 66 | Female | 20 | Retired | Arthritis | None | Living with husband |
Abbreviation: N/A, not available.
A semistructured interview guide addressed the following three main themes: 1) experience with patient education (focusing on format and approach); 2) experience with other learning situations and everyday life with diabetes; and 3) preferences for various education tools representing different learning styles. The third theme was addressed by the use of the aforementioned education tools. The introduction of these tools implied that participants were provided with a brief explanation of the tool, its intended function, and an example of how it could be applied in an education situation.
Interviews were video recorded and transcribed verbatim in Danish. Data were analyzed by RT and GE using systematic text condensation,13 which consisted of 1) reading all the material to get an overall impression and identify preliminary themes; 2) identifying, classifying, and sorting meaning units related to previously identified themes and labeling code groups; 3) systematic abstraction of meaning units within the thematic codes; and 4) reconceptualization of data and development of concepts and descriptions. Throughout the analysis, our focus was to identify recurring wishes and needs related to the format and approach of patient education.
Results
Participants (five men and four women, age 37–74) reported various health problems and difficulties besides diabetes (Table 1).
Participants articulated various perspectives. Four broad categories represented different aspects of wishes and needs related to the format and approach of patient education (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Selected citations representing patient preferences.
Flexibility
Participants wished for flexibility in terms of overall planning and scheduling and the duration and intensity of a given educational situation. A flexible start time was mentioned as important. The majority of participants reported that their circadian rhythm was incompatible with regular working hours in the health care service. In addition, some participants reported regularly being late for appointments and having trouble getting up and around, which necessitates a flexible format. Thus, educators should be able to adjust the intensity and duration of patient education to the given situation. Participants reported that flexibility was particularly important in situations where participants cannot maintain focus or if unexpected interruptions occur, such as spontaneous breaks or people arriving very late.
Simple and concrete education tools
This category is related to both the complexity and extent of education tools and the perceptual elements they contain. Participants requested easy-to-understand education and education tools with a very clear purpose and little introduction. The need for simplicity was also observed during the interviews. When introducing an education tool containing many choices, some participants appeared over stimulated, becoming excessively talkative, and others became passive. Most participants reported being dyslexic and were uncomfortable being asked to read or write. Participants’ perceptual preferences were assessed through their own words and through their responses to different education tools presented during interviews. They stated and exhibited a clear preference for education tools drawing on tactile and kinesthetic elements, such as “hands-on” learning or experimental learning, including physical involvement.14 Participants responded very positively to education tools requiring light physical activity. They seemed to prefer larger educational materials and those they could touch and feel.
Being together
Participants clearly expressed a desire to meet others in similar situations. Group-based education seemed very attractive. However, several participants also expressed the view that too many other participants could create insecurity and reticence. Compared to the usual format of 12–15 participants in group-based patient education, the interviewees found that six or seven people would be an optimal group size.
Respectful educators
Most participants described very negative experiences in previous contacts with health care professionals and others employed in the health and social services sector. These experiences significantly affected their views on educators. Negative experiences primarily related to participants’ feelings of being treated disrespectfully. Therefore, they requested more respectful educators. However, participants also viewed health care professionals as authority figures, which contributed to their experiences of very unequal relationships.
Discussion
This study sheds light on four practical elements related to patient education targeting hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes. Strengths of this study include interviews that were geographically dispersed and represented both sexes. We conducted in-depth interviews based on a semistructured guide, and all participants provided full interviews.
Limitations include the sample size and strategy. Originally, we intended to include more participants in the study. However, the recruitment process was extremely challenging and time consuming. We found that we reached saturation in relation to the main topics according to the criteria for saturation as defined by Crouch and McKenzie15 and Bowen.16 To address the issue of saturation, we conducted in-depth interviews for at least 120 minutes each and analyzed data using a validated model that relied on continuous monitoring of interview material in relation to conceptualization of data. Altogether, saturation was reached for all four main categories: flexibility, simple and concrete education tools, being together, and respectful educators.
We sought participants who are hard to identify and to maintain contact with, which includes frequent difficulty in keeping appointments. Thus, the purposive sampling represents hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes who were known to a patient educator. It is possible that a different sampling strategy and study population would yield different findings. For instance, it is likely that patients with no prior experience with patient education differ from patients having received some kind of patient education.
Although we interviewed people with diabetes, our results may be transferable to people with other chronic diseases. Our findings correspond to studies among other hardly reached groups, such as ethnic minorities, low-income people, and people with limited literacy skills.17–19 A study examined barriers and facilitators to accessing social services for hardly reached groups from a voluntary and community sector perspective.20 The study describes a number of perceived barriers that correspond to findings in our study including participants’ previous negative experiences with the health care and social services, including factors such as poor location and opening hours. The study suggests that offering flexible services, respectful treatment, and establishing trust can improve access. The study further concludes that outreach services may be relevant to this target group.20
Findings related to the challenges of attending patient education also concern the general population of people with diabetes.21 Addressing this issue may therefore not only benefit the hardly reached but also the general population being offered patient education for people with diabetes.
The preferences of hardly reached people with diabetes may be related to a low level of health literacy in this group. Previous studies have demonstrated that low income and low education are associated with poor health literacy among people with diabetes.22,23 Future studies of preferences of hardly reached people with diabetes may benefit from drawing on the field of health literacy.
Insights into the education preferences of hardly reached people with diabetes may contribute to the development of appropriately tailored patient education targeting this group of people. All study findings point to very concrete elements of patient education that are suitable and obtainable first steps to improvement, such as offering flexible start times and smaller groups. In addition, participants reported substantial emotional barriers toward health care professionals, which clearly indicated a need for clarifying roles and expectations to build new positive and constructive relationships and avoid further disappointment. In light of this finding, it requires significant education skills as well as empathy to accommodate such personal stories in group-based education sessions.
Furthermore, our findings may inform the development of tailored education tools emphasizing tactile and kinesthetic elements to stimulate learning through physical involvement. Hartman et al reported that individuals with limited literacy skills preferred practical hands-on activities in nutrition education. The authors further suggest that learning through games may be of value to this group.17 However, more insights about the wishes and needs of hardly reached people with type 2 diabetes are needed, relating to the content and format of patient education as well as the development and testing of education programs and tools.
Acknowledgments
We thank Susanne Mittag and Sabrina Jensen for transcribing interviews and providing useful comments. We also thank the participants for agreeing to be interviewed and for their valuable contribution to this research. This work was supported by the Danish Ministry of Health.
Footnotes
Disclosure
RT, AV, RASP, and IW are employed by Steno Diabetes Center A/S, a research hospital working in the Danish National Health Service and owned by Novo Nordisk A/S. GE was at the time of investigation employed by Steno Diabetes Center A/S, a research hospital working in the Danish National Health Service and owned by Novo Nordisk A/S. SV is employed by the Danish Diabetes Association, an NGO independent of commercial interests and views. BLM is employed by Region of Southern Denmark, which is one of the five administrative units in Denmark. Region of Southern Denmark relies entirely on central state funding and funding from the municipalities and pursues no commercial interests. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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