Crystal structure of the new hybrid material bis­(1,4-diazo­niabi­cyclo­[2.2.2]octa­ne) di-μ-chlorido-bis­[tetra­chlorido­bis­muthate(III)] dihydrate

The title salt, (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O, bears a close resemblance to its homologous anti­monate structure. The crystal structure is formed by an alternating packing of organic and inorganic layers along [001] and contains isolated (Bi₂Cl₁₀)⁴⁻ bi­octa­hedra.

Abstract

The title compound bis­(1,4-diazo­niabi­cyclo­[2.2.2]octa­ne) di-μ-chlorido-bis­[tetra­chlorido­bis­muthate(III)] dihydrate, (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O, was ob­tain­ed by slow evaporation at room temperature of a hydro­chloric aqueous solution (pH = 1) containing bis­muth(III) nitrate and 1,4-di­aza­bicyclo­[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in a 1:2 molar ratio. The structure displays a two-dimensional arrangement parallel to (100) of isolated [Bi₂Cl₁₀]⁴⁻ bi­octa­hedra (site symmetry -1) separated by layers of organic 1,4-diazo­niabi­cyclo­[2.2.2]octane dications [(DABCOH₂)²⁺] and water mol­ecules. O—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds lead to additional cohesion of the structure.

Chemical context  

In recent years, many new organic–inorganic hybrid com­pounds have been synthesized because of their inter­esting physical behaviour and applications in optoelectronics (Jakubas & Sobczyk, 1990 ▸). The main inter­esting optical activity observed in this kind of compounds is generally the result of the presence of an active ns ² lone pair (Chaabouni et al., 1998 ▸) in the inorganic parts. It can also be the result of an important structural distortion in the organic cations (Ishihara et al., 1990 ▸; Lacroix et al., 1994 ▸). The combination of the particular properties of the organic and inorganic moieties can induce inter­esting new properties. In particular for the halogenated bis­muth or anti­mony anionic networks (Ahmed et al., 2001 ▸; Jakubas et al., 2005 ▸), the anionic arrangement leads to four kinds of dimensionalities: quantum dots (zero-di­men­sional, 0D) observed in hybrids such as (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Sb₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O (Ben Rhaiem et al., 2013 ▸), quantum wires (one-dimensional, 1D) as is the case in the structure of (C₂H₇N₄O)₂ [BiCl₅] (Ferjani et al., 2012 ▸), quantum wells (two-dimensional, 2D) and a bulk (three-dimensional, 3D) topology. The organic cations are usually filling the empty space left by the inorganic network. Here we report the structure of a new hybrid bis­muthate compounds having a 0D dimensionality with respect to its inorganic part.

Structural commentary  

The structural unit (Fig. 1 ▸) of the compound is built up by an isolated dimeric deca­chlorido­bis­muthate(III) [Bi₂Cl₁₀]⁴⁻ anion, two organic 1,4-diazo­niabi­cyclo­[2.2.2]octane dications [(DABCOH₂)²⁺] and two water mol­ecules. These components are linked by strong hydrogen bonds. The inorganic moiety is an edge-sharing di­octa­hedron located site with symmetry . The two (DABCOH₂)²⁺ dications (Fig. 4 ▸) in the structural unit are related to the dimeric [Bi₂Cl₁₀]⁴⁻ units by means of N2—H2⋯Cl2 and N2—H2⋯Cl1 inter­actions.

Figure 1.

Plot of the mol­ecular entities of (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]. 2H₂O, showing the atom numbering scheme. Atomic displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radius. [Symmetry codes: (i) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1; (ii) −x + 2, y + 0.5, −z + 0.5; (iii) x − 1, −y + 0.5, z + 0.5.]

Figure 4.

Hydrogen-bonding environment of the cationic organic part of the title compound.

The bond lengths and angles of the dication are within normal ranges and are comparable to those observed in similar structures. Table 1 ▸ summarizes the most important distances in these mol­ecules. The C—N bond lengths vary from 1.479 (11) to 1.508 (12) Å. The C—C bond lengths vary from 1.500 (13) to 1.535 (13) Å. The angles in this mol­ecule are between 109.8 (7) and 110.7 (8)° for C—N—C and between 108.1 (8) and 109.2 (8)° for N—C—C.

Table 1. Selected geometric parameters ().

BiCl5	2.588(2)	N1C5	1.504(9)
BiCl3	2.601(2)	N2C4	1.489(10)
BiCl2	2.6611(19)	N2C2	1.492(9)
BiCl4	2.704(2)	N2C6	1.494(10)
BiCl1	2.8610(19)	C1C2	1.517(11)
BiCl1i	2.884(2)	C6C5	1.531(11)
N1C1	1.485(9)	C3C4	1.493(11)
N1C3	1.503(9)

Symmetry code: (i) .

As listed in Table 1 ▸, the bond lengths of bis­muth to terminal chlorides [2.587 (5)–2.704 (5) Å] are shorter than the bridging ones [2.863 (4) and 2.884 (4) Å]. The Cl—Bi—Cl angles vary from 84.46 (12) to 95.4 (2)° for the cis and 173.25 (15) to 176.64 (15)° for the trans arrangement. Using Shannon’s method (Shannon, 1976 ▸), the distortion index of 1.87 (9) × 10⁻³ reveals only a small distortion in the BiCl₆ octa­hedron. The bis­muth 6s ² electron pair has stereochemical activity and the hydrogen-bond orientation can be related to the bis­muth polyhedra distortion. The final Fourier difference map reveals four large peaks at approximately 1 Å from the bis­muth atom that can be attributed to the delocalization of the 6s ² electron pair as is the case in most other bis­muth-based structures.

The (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O structure is very close to that of (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Sb₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O (Ben Rhaiem et al., 2013 ▸). The cell parameters of both structures can be compared after making a necessary transformation (cba) in the Pnnm anti­mony unit cell to be comparable to the bis­muth one (Table 2 ▸). Apart from the higher symmetry of the anti­mony structure, an important distortion is noted in the SbCl₆ octa­hedra confirmed by the Shannon’s distortion index (Shannon,1976 ▸) [6.20 (9) × 10⁻³], more than three times larger than the one for the title bis­muth compound [1.87 (9) × 10⁻³] . It is worth noting that the water mol­ecule plays a more efficient role in the bis­muth based compound. In (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Sb₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O, the H₂O mol­ecules are only linked to (DABCOH₂)²⁺ and in the (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O structure they are directly hydrogen bonded to both the organic and inorganic parts (Fig. 3 ▸). The atomic radius of bis­muth is larger than that for anti­mony, and thus an increase of the cell volume is expected. In fact, the main increase is observed for the c axis [13.99 (2) Å] because the metallic coordination polyhedra are aligned along this axis. On the other hand, a roughly equivalent decrease of the b parameter is observed causing the unit-cell volume of the two compounds approximately to be the same. A general comparison of the two structures reveals that they have a similar 3D pattern, built up by isolated bi­octa­hedra, (DABCOH₂)²⁺ cations and water mol­ecules leaving empty the same voids. On the other hand, the water mol­ecule immediate environment is more regular in the Sb structure (Fig. 3 ▸ b) and the (DABCOH₂)²⁺ cation is more distorted in the Bi structure (Fig. 3 ▸ a) explaining the lowering of the symmetry in the title compound.

Table 2. Comparison of the cell parameters of the structures of [Bi₂Cl₁₀](C₆H₁₄N₂)₂2H₂O and [Sb₂Cl₁₀](C₆H₁₄N₂)₂2H₂O.

	[Bi2Cl10](C6H14N2)22H2O	[Sb2Cl10](C6H14N2)22H2O	Parameter variation (%) [(X Bi X Sb)/(X Sb)]100
Crystal system	monoclinic	orthorhombic	-
Space group	P21/c	Pnnm Pnmn (cba)	-
a ()	7.875(3)	9.162(1) => 7.566(2)	4.08(2)
b ()	18.379(5)	20.689(7) => 20.689(7)	11.16(3)
c ()	10.444(4)	7.566(2) => 9.162(1)	13.99(2)
()	105.95(3)	90.00	-
V (3)	1453.4(9)	1446.8(7)	0.45(7)

Figure 3.

Water-mol­ecule hydrogen-bonding inter­action between organic and inorganic parts: (a) in the title compound [symmetry codes: (i) x + 1, −y + 0.5, z − 0.5; (ii) x, −y + 0.5, z + 0.5]; (b) in the structure of (C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Sb₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O

Supra­molecular features  

As shown in Fig. 2 ▸, every anionic unit is linked to four water mol­ecules and two organic cations. The water mol­ecules (Fig. 3 ▸) are strongly hydrogen bonded to the inorganic part by means of O—HW1⋯Cl5ⁱⁱ [symmetry code: (ii) x, −y + 0.5, z + 0.5] and O—HW2⋯Cl5 inter­actions. The DABCO cations are hydrogen bonded to water mol­ecules, leading to chains composed of organic moieties, inorganic clusters and H₂O mol­ecules running along the b direction (Fig. 1 ▸). The water mol­ecules stabilize the structure by playing a bridge role between organic and inorganic parts. Furthermore, they ensure the link in the other directions leading to a hydrogen-bond-based three-dimensional network. The structure can be seen (Fig. 5 ▸) as an alternation of organic and inorganic layers parallel to (100) which are linked by a strong hydrogen-bond pattern (Table 3 ▸).

Figure 2.

Hydrogen-bonding environment of the anionic part of the structure. [Symmetry codes: (i) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1; (ii) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1.5; (iii) x, −y + 0.5, z − 0.5.]

Figure 5.

Projection of the crystal structure of the bis­muthate hybrid compound along the c axis, showing the alternation of organic and inorganic layers.

Table 3. Hydrogen-bond geometry (, ).

DHA	DH	HA	D A	DHA
OwHw2Cl5	0.91	2.63	3.458(8)	163
N1H1Owii	0.91	1.87	2.739(10)	159
OwHw1Cl5iii	0.91	2.80	3.475(9)	138
N2H2Cl1	0.91	2.73	3.352(6)	127
N2H2Cl2	0.91	2.65	3.325(7)	132

Symmetry codes: (ii) ; (iii) .

Synthesis and crystallization  

(C₆H₁₄N₂)₂[Bi₂Cl₁₀]·2H₂O crystals were obtained at ambient conditions by dissolving Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and DABCO (C₆H₁₂N₂) in water in a 1:2 molar ratio. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 1 with HCl. The mixture was stirred and kept for several days. Colourless crystals were obtained after a few weeks.

Refinement  

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 4 ▸. The isotropic displacement parameter of the hydrogen atoms for the water mol­ecule were fixed to be restrained to be approximately 1.5 times those of the parent atom and the water mol­ecule geometries were regularised using distance restraints

Table 4. Experimental details.

Crystal data
Chemical formula	(C6H14N2)2[Bi2Cl10]2H2O
M r	1036.88
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)	293
a, b, c ()	7.875(3), 18.379(5), 10.444(4)
()	105.95(3)
V (3)	1453.4(9)
Z	2
Radiation type	Mo K
(mm1)	13.03
Crystal size (mm)	0.5 0.3 0.2
Data collection
Diffractometer	EnrafNonius CAD-4
Absorption correction	scan (North et al., 1968 ▸)
T min, T max	0.013, 0.074
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2(I)] reflections	3159, 3159, 2681
R int	0.035
(sin /)max (1)	0.638
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)], wR(F 2), S	0.036, 0.102, 1.06
No. of reflections	3159
No. of parameters	142
No. of restraints	2
H-atom treatment	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
max, min (e 3)	3.48, 2.57

Computer programs: CAD-4 EXPRESS (EnrafNonius, 1994 ▸), XCAD4 (Harms Wocadlo, 1995 ▸), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▸), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015 ▸), DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006 ▸) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ▸).

Supplementary Material

CCDC reference: 971956

Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report

supplementary crystallographic information

Crystal data

(C6H14N2)2[Bi2Cl10]·2H2O	F(000) = 968
Mr = 1036.88	Dx = 2.369 Mg m−3
Monoclinic, P21/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 7.875 (3) Å	Cell parameters from 3158 reflections
b = 18.379 (5) Å	θ = 2.2–2.7°
c = 10.444 (4) Å	µ = 13.03 mm−1
β = 105.95 (3)°	T = 293 K
V = 1453.4 (9) Å3	Prism, colourless
Z = 2	0.5 × 0.3 × 0.2 mm

Data collection

Enraf–Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer	2681 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.035
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 27.0°, θmin = 2.2°
ω/2θ scans	h = −10→1
Absorption correction: ψ scan North et al. (1968). Number of ψ scan sets used was 5 Theta correction was applied. Averaged transmission function was used. No Fourier smoothing was applied.	k = −1→23
Tmin = 0.013, Tmax = 0.074	l = −12→13
3159 measured reflections	2 standard reflections every 120 min
3159 independent reflections	intensity decay: 10%

Refinement

Refinement on F2	2 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: mixed
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.036	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.102	w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0625P)2 + 4.4831P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.06	(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
3159 reflections	Δρmax = 3.48 e Å−3
142 parameters	Δρmin = −2.57 e Å−3

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
Bi	0.42097 (3)	0.42073 (2)	0.34670 (2)	0.02518 (11)
Cl1	0.2576 (2)	0.50934 (10)	0.50438 (18)	0.0329 (4)
Cl2	0.4635 (3)	0.32483 (10)	0.54389 (18)	0.0361 (4)
Cl3	0.1117 (3)	0.36755 (11)	0.2279 (2)	0.0441 (5)
Cl4	0.3821 (3)	0.52442 (12)	0.1571 (2)	0.0438 (5)
Cl5	0.5941 (4)	0.33648 (14)	0.2288 (3)	0.0635 (7)
OW	0.7852 (9)	0.2151 (4)	0.4798 (8)	0.0609 (18)
HW1	0.701 (11)	0.194 (6)	0.501 (12)	0.070*
HW2	0.732 (14)	0.251 (4)	0.434 (10)	0.070*
N1	0.0157 (8)	0.3538 (3)	0.8660 (6)	0.0291 (12)
H1	−0.0668	0.3405	0.9173	0.035*
N2	0.2250 (8)	0.3886 (3)	0.7369 (6)	0.0319 (13)
H2	0.3082	0.4026	0.6866	0.038*
C1	0.1780 (10)	0.3089 (4)	0.9111 (8)	0.0340 (16)
H1A	0.1513	0.2584	0.8867	0.041*
H1B	0.2238	0.3117	1.0072	0.041*
C6	0.0703 (11)	0.3511 (5)	0.6456 (7)	0.0403 (19)
H6A	0.1062	0.3045	0.6179	0.048*
H6B	0.0224	0.3805	0.5668	0.048*
C3	0.0613 (10)	0.4331 (4)	0.8868 (8)	0.0344 (16)
H3A	−0.0457	0.4618	0.8708	0.041*
H3B	0.1310	0.4413	0.9778	0.041*
C4	0.1641 (11)	0.4551 (4)	0.7924 (8)	0.0385 (17)
H4A	0.0904	0.4841	0.7209	0.046*
H4B	0.2650	0.4843	0.8386	0.046*
C5	−0.0695 (11)	0.3398 (5)	0.7206 (7)	0.0386 (17)
H5A	−0.1673	0.3731	0.6874	0.046*
H5B	−0.1147	0.2905	0.7078	0.046*
C2	0.3144 (11)	0.3374 (4)	0.8454 (8)	0.0385 (17)
H2A	0.4078	0.3625	0.9105	0.046*
H2B	0.3663	0.2973	0.8090	0.046*

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U11	U22	U33	U12	U13	U23
Bi	0.02361 (17)	0.02675 (16)	0.02414 (16)	−0.00230 (9)	0.00482 (11)	−0.00228 (8)
Cl1	0.0253 (8)	0.0374 (9)	0.0354 (9)	0.0006 (7)	0.0073 (7)	0.0026 (7)
Cl2	0.0343 (9)	0.0360 (9)	0.0374 (9)	0.0016 (7)	0.0087 (7)	0.0066 (7)
Cl3	0.0352 (10)	0.0522 (11)	0.0396 (10)	−0.0140 (9)	0.0011 (8)	0.0003 (8)
Cl4	0.0282 (9)	0.0570 (12)	0.0434 (10)	−0.0072 (8)	0.0052 (8)	0.0165 (9)
Cl5	0.0703 (16)	0.0640 (15)	0.0643 (15)	0.0110 (12)	0.0319 (13)	−0.0197 (12)
OW	0.045 (4)	0.073 (5)	0.067 (5)	0.017 (3)	0.019 (3)	−0.016 (4)
N1	0.024 (3)	0.037 (3)	0.030 (3)	−0.001 (2)	0.013 (2)	−0.002 (2)
N2	0.027 (3)	0.035 (3)	0.037 (3)	0.003 (2)	0.016 (3)	0.005 (3)
C1	0.032 (4)	0.034 (4)	0.036 (4)	0.010 (3)	0.009 (3)	0.011 (3)
C6	0.044 (5)	0.054 (5)	0.021 (3)	0.002 (4)	0.005 (3)	−0.003 (3)
C3	0.032 (4)	0.030 (3)	0.043 (4)	0.002 (3)	0.012 (3)	−0.007 (3)
C4	0.038 (4)	0.030 (4)	0.050 (5)	−0.003 (3)	0.017 (4)	0.001 (3)
C5	0.033 (4)	0.050 (4)	0.028 (4)	−0.005 (3)	−0.001 (3)	−0.005 (3)
C2	0.034 (4)	0.041 (4)	0.040 (4)	0.012 (3)	0.010 (3)	0.014 (3)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Bi—Cl5	2.588 (2)	N2—H2	0.9800
Bi—Cl3	2.601 (2)	C1—C2	1.517 (11)
Bi—Cl2	2.6611 (19)	C1—H1A	0.9700
Bi—Cl4	2.704 (2)	C1—H1B	0.9700
Bi—Cl1	2.8610 (19)	C6—C5	1.531 (11)
Bi—Cl1i	2.884 (2)	C6—H6A	0.9700
Cl1—Bii	2.884 (2)	C6—H6B	0.9700
OW—HW1	0.850 (10)	C3—C4	1.493 (11)
OW—HW2	0.850 (10)	C3—H3A	0.9700
N1—C1	1.485 (9)	C3—H3B	0.9700
N1—C3	1.503 (9)	C4—H4A	0.9700
N1—C5	1.504 (9)	C4—H4B	0.9700
N1—H1	0.9800	C5—H5A	0.9700
N2—C4	1.489 (10)	C5—H5B	0.9700
N2—C2	1.492 (9)	C2—H2A	0.9700
N2—C6	1.494 (10)	C2—H2B	0.9700
Cl5—Bi—Cl3	95.45 (9)	C2—C1—H1B	110.0
Cl5—Bi—Cl2	90.07 (8)	H1A—C1—H1B	108.4
Cl3—Bi—Cl2	91.28 (7)	N2—C6—C5	108.1 (6)
Cl5—Bi—Cl4	92.39 (9)	N2—C6—H6A	110.1
Cl3—Bi—Cl4	90.73 (7)	C5—C6—H6A	110.1
Cl2—Bi—Cl4	176.66 (6)	N2—C6—H6B	110.1
Cl5—Bi—Cl1	173.58 (7)	C5—C6—H6B	110.1
Cl3—Bi—Cl1	88.74 (7)	H6A—C6—H6B	108.4
Cl2—Bi—Cl1	84.97 (6)	C4—C3—N1	108.6 (6)
Cl4—Bi—Cl1	92.41 (7)	C4—C3—H3A	110.0
Cl5—Bi—Cl1i	91.38 (8)	N1—C3—H3A	110.0
Cl3—Bi—Cl1i	173.16 (6)	C4—C3—H3B	110.0
Cl2—Bi—Cl1i	88.44 (6)	N1—C3—H3B	110.0
Cl4—Bi—Cl1i	89.25 (6)	H3A—C3—H3B	108.4
Cl1—Bi—Cl1i	84.43 (6)	N2—C4—C3	109.0 (6)
Bi—Cl1—Bii	95.57 (6)	N2—C4—H4A	109.9
HW1—OW—HW2	102 (10)	C3—C4—H4A	109.9
C1—N1—C3	110.0 (6)	N2—C4—H4B	109.9
C1—N1—C5	109.4 (6)	C3—C4—H4B	109.9
C3—N1—C5	109.5 (6)	H4A—C4—H4B	108.3
C1—N1—H1	109.3	N1—C5—C6	108.0 (6)
C3—N1—H1	109.3	N1—C5—H5A	110.1
C5—N1—H1	109.3	C6—C5—H5A	110.1
C4—N2—C2	110.9 (6)	N1—C5—H5B	110.1
C4—N2—C6	109.5 (6)	C6—C5—H5B	110.1
C2—N2—C6	109.1 (6)	H5A—C5—H5B	108.4
C4—N2—H2	109.1	N2—C2—C1	108.5 (6)
C2—N2—H2	109.1	N2—C2—H2A	110.0
C6—N2—H2	109.1	C1—C2—H2A	110.0
N1—C1—C2	108.6 (5)	N2—C2—H2B	110.0
N1—C1—H1A	110.0	C1—C2—H2B	110.0
C2—C1—H1A	110.0	H2A—C2—H2B	108.4
N1—C1—H1B	110.0

Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
Ow—Hw2···Cl5	0.91	2.63	3.458 (8)	163
N1—H1···Owii	0.91	1.87	2.739 (10)	159
Ow—Hw1···Cl5iii	0.91	2.80	3.475 (9)	138
N2—H2···Cl1	0.91	2.73	3.352 (6)	127
N2—H2···Cl2	0.91	2.65	3.325 (7)	132

Symmetry codes: (ii) x−1, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iii) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2.