Abstract
Purpose
There is insufficient data about the role of eradication of H. pylori after endoscopic resection (ER) for gastric dysplasia. The aim was to investigate the benefit of H. pylori eradication after ER in patients with gastric dysplasia to prevent metachronous gastric neoplasms.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 1872 patients who underwent ER of gastric dysplasia. We excluded patients with a follow-up period of <2 years or who had not undergone tests for active H. pylori infection. A total of 282 patients were enrolled. The patients were categorized into those without active H. pylori infection (H. pylori-negative group, n = 124), those who successfully underwent H. pylori eradication (eradicated group, n = 122), and those who failed or did not undergo H. pylori eradication (persistent group, n = 36).
Results
Metachronous recurrence was diagnosed in 36 patients, including 19 in the H. pylori-negative group, 10 in the eradicated group, and 7 in the persistent group. The cumulative incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group in comparison with either of the H. pylori-persistent (non-eradicated or failed) groups (p = 0.039). Similarly, the incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group compared with the H. pylori-negative group (p = 0.041).
Conclusion
Successful H. pylori eradication may reduce the development of metachronous gastric neoplasms after ER in patients with gastric dysplasia.
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a group I carcinogen for gastric cancer as defined by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a subdivision of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Correa et al. contend that H. pylori infection is closely associated with progression to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia, and cancer [2]. The reported progression rate of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia to gastric cancer varies from 0 to 1.8%, 0 to 10%, and 0 to 73% per year, respectively [3]. Male gender is the significant risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, with a nearly 2:1 male to female dominance [4]. Previous studies showed that seroprevalence of H. pylori was higher in males than in females [5–7]. Currently, endoscopic resection (ER) is the accepted standard treatment for selected cases of early gastric cancer (EGC) in Korea. Because gastric dysplasia is a precancerous lesion, this pathology also can be a candidate for ER, which has the additional benefit of providing a histologic diagnosis that could result in an upgrade from biopsy-proven dysplasia to cancer [8]. In Korea, ER is widely used for the treatment of gastric dysplasia and EGC [9]. ER can preserve the stomach; however, metachronous gastric cancer may develop in the stomach remnant after the procedure [10,11]. For this reason, endoscopic surveillance for metachronous gastric neoplasms has become an emerging issue during the follow-up interval after ER. Some studies have shown that the eradication of H. pylori after ER is helpful to prevent the development of metachronous gastric cancer [12–14]; however, several other studies have failed to show a prophylactic benefit for H. pylori eradication [15,16]. At present, the guidelines for the treatment H. pylori infection in Korea recommends eradication of H. pylori after ER of EGC according to the findings of positive studies [17]. However, there is insufficient data about the role of eradication of H. pylori after ER for the treatment of gastric dysplasia. The aim of this study was to determine whether H. pylori eradication prevents the development of metachronous gastric neoplasms in patients with gastric dysplasia following ER.
Methods
Patients
Between January 2007 and January 2014, 1872 patients were diagnosed with low- and high-grade gastric dysplasia and underwent ER at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Of these patients, we excluded 612 patients who did not undergo tests for active H. pylori infection including a urea breath test, a rapid urease test, or histopathological examination. We also excluded 971 patients with only a short-term follow-up period (<2 years) and 7 patients who had a recurrence in a previous ER site. Ultimately we enrolled a total of 282 patients for analysis in this study. The ER procedures were performed by expert endoscopists who had a previous experience of over 1000 gastric endoscopy cases per year. The patients were divided into three groups according to presence of active H. pylori infection and successful eradication. The patient selection and grouping flow diagram is shown in Fig 1: (1) those without active H. pylori infection at the time of ER (the H. pylori-negative group, n = 124), (2) those with a successfully treated H. pylori infection (the H. pylori-eradicated group, n = 122), (3) those who failed treatment of H. pylori infection or were untreated (the H. pylori-persistent group, n = 36). A time interval of at least 6 months was observed between H. pylori treatment and the development of metachronous gastric neoplasms to accurately assess the effect of H. pylori eradication on the incidence of metachronous gastric lesions after ER. Patients were evaluated in terms of their clinicopathological characteristics including age, gender, tumor location, gross appearance, histological type, tumor size, multiplicity of tumors, and the presence of co-morbid ulcers such as gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer. The definition of smoking and alcohol drinking history were divided into yes or no. The clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed retrospectively from patient medical records. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Severance Hospital approved this study. We received a consent exemption from the IRB. Patients records and information was anonymized.
Fig 1. A flow chart of patient enrollment.
Evaluation of H. pylori infection status and treatment
To determine the H. pylori infection status rapid urease and urea breath tests and histological assessment were used. Patients who showed negative results for all three examinations were assigned to the H. pylori-negative group. The patients who had a positive result for at least one test among these were assigned to the active H. pylori infection group. The active H. pylori infection group was subdivided into two groups depending on their infection treatment outcome and assigned to either the eradicated or persistent groups. H. pylori eradication therapy was carried out in accordance with the guideline for treatment of H. pylori infection in Korea [17]. Of the total 282 patients, 122 patients assigned to the eradicated group received triple therapy of a standard dose of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 1000 mg of amoxicillin twice a day for 7 days. Twelve patients in the eradicated group who initially failed eradication after conventional triple therapy underwent a secondary regimen of bismuth-based quadruple therapy.
Follow-up schedule after the endoscopic resection
Follow-up endoscopic examinations with endoscopy and biopsy were conducted at regular intervals after endoscopic resection (3 and 12 months and annually after the first year of follow-up). A biopsy was performed at the previous ER site and any other sites suspected to represent a recurrence of metachronous neoplasm.
Histopathological evaluation of the gastric lesion
Biopsy or resection specimens were examined by two expert pathologists. The histology of gastric cancers were reviewed according to the new Japanese classification for gastric carcinomas [18] and the grade of gastric dysplasia was categorized according to the Vienna classification [19]. A metachronous neoplasm was defined as evident dysplasia or carcinoma that developed subsequently (i.e., more than 6 months after ER of the primary gastric dysplasia).
Statistical analysis
The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the clinicopathological factors between the groups according to the presence/absence of active H. pylori infection and failed/successful eradication. The Student’s t-test was used for non-categorical variables in the intergroup comparisons of clinicopathological characteristics. The threshold for statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The incidence of metachronous gastric neoplasms was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and compared among the three groups by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model and multivariate analyses were used for risk assessment. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
The baseline characteristics of the three groups are summarized in Table 1. The enrolled patients included 200 (70.9%) males and 82 (29.1%) females and the median age was 68 years old. There were no significant differences among the three groups in the sex ratio, smoking and alcohol history, previous ulcer history and histology, or the location and size of the tumor. The clinicopathological characteristics of patients according to the development of metachronous neoplasms are shown in Table 2. Among the 282 patients, metachronous recurrence developed in 36 (14.6%) patients after ER of gastric dysplasia. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the sex ratio, smoking and alcohol consumption history, initial histology, lesion size, or location of the tumor. The metachronous group was significantly older than the non-metachronous group (p = 0.035).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients.
| Characteristic | H. pylori negative group (n = 124, %) | Eradicated group (n = 122, %) | Persistent group (n = 36, %) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (year) a | 68.89 ± 8.78 | 66.64 ± 8.55 | 67.61 ± 8.49 | 0.126 |
| Sex | 0.621 | |||
| Male | 91 (73.4) | 83 (68.0) | 26 (72.2) | |
| Female | 33 (26.6) | 39 (32.0) | 10 (27.8) | |
| Smoking | 47 (37.9) | 62 (50.8) | 14 (38.9) | 0.347 |
| Alcohol | 58 (46.8) | 62 (50.8) | 20 (55.6) | 0.324 |
| Family history of Gastric cancer | 19 (15.3) | 26 (21.3) | 6 (16.7) | 0.462 |
| Previous ulcer | 5 (4.0) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (5.6) | 0.793 |
| Histology | 0.597 | |||
| Low-grade dysplasia | 85 (68.8) | 87 (71.3) | 26 (72.2) | |
| High-grade dysplasia | 39 (31.5) | 35 (28.7) | 10 (27.8) | |
| Location | 0.418 | |||
| Upper 1/3 | 11 (8.9) | 13 (10.7) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Middle 1/3 | 53 (42.7) | 40 (32.8) | 17 (47.2) | |
| Lower 1/3 | 60 (48.4) | 69 (56.6) | 18 (50.0) | |
| Gross appearance | 0.504 | |||
| Elevated | 117 (94.4) | 106 (86.9) | 20 (55.6) | |
| Flat | 4 (3.2) | 13 (10.7) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Depressed | 3 (2.4) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Multiplicity | 14 (11.3) | 12 (9.8) | 1 (2.8) | 0.178 |
| Maximum diameter of lesion (mm) a | 10.84 ± 7.56 | 11.08 ± 8.87 | 10.55 ± 6.22 | 0.960 |
| Metachronous recurrence b | 19 (15.3) | 10 (8.2) | 7 (19.4) | 0.095 |
| Dysplasia | 15 (79.0) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (57.2) | |
| Cancer | 4 (21.0) | 4 (40.0) | 3 (42.9) | |
| Follow up duration (months, median, range) | 53.0 (26.3–85.7) | 58.3 (24.3–85.9) | 57.2 (28.1–85.2) | 0.026 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori.
aStatistical significance were tested by oneway analysis of variances among groups
bStatistical significance were tested by Fisher’s exact test between three groups.
Table 2. Comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics between patients with and without metachronous recurrence.
| Characteristics | Non-metachronous group (n = 246, %) | Metachronous group (n = 36) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (year) | 67.35 ± 8.72 | 70.47 ± 7.93 | 0.035 |
| Sex (male) | 174 (70.7) | 26 (72.2) | 0.854 |
| Smoking | 108 (43.9) | 15 (41.7) | 0.801 |
| Alcohol | 120 (48.8) | 20 (55.6) | 0.448 |
| Previous ulcer | 6 (2.4) | 2 (5.6) | 0.271 |
| Histology | 0.778 | ||
| Low-grade dysplasia | 172 (69.9) | 26 (72.2) | |
| High-grade dysplasia | 74 (30.1) | 10 (27.8) | |
| Location | 0.137 | ||
| Upper 1/3 | 25 (10.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Middle 1/3 | 95 (38.6) | 15 (41.7) | |
| Lower 1/3 | 126 (51.2) | 21 (58.3) | |
| Gross appearance | 0.618 | ||
| Elevated | 223 (90.7) | 34 (94.4) | |
| Flat | 17 (6.9) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Depressed | 6 (2.4) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Multiplicity | 26 (10.6) | 1 (2.8) | 0.222 |
| Maximum diameter of lesion (mm) | 11.15 ± 8.08 | 9.17 ± 6.78 | 0.212 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori.
Metachronous recurrence
During the follow-up period, 36 metachronous recurrences were found on endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy. Metachronous recurrence was diagnosed in 19 of 124 patients (15.3%) in the H. pylori-negative group, in 10 of 122 patients (8.2%) in the eradicated group, and in 7 of 36 patients (19.4%) in the persistent group. The median time until metachronous recurrence was 36 months (range, 6–85 months). The cumulative incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group in comparison with either of the H. pylori-persistent (non-eradicated or failed) groups (p = 0.039, Fig 2A). Moreover, this result was distinct by 36 months after ER. Similarly, the incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group compared with the H. pylori-negative group (p = 0.041, Fig 2B). Univariate analysis using Cox’s proportional hazards model showed that the persistent group had a higher risk of developing metachronous gastric neoplasms than the eradicated group (hazard ratio [HR] 3.974, p = 0.005).
Fig 2.
(A) The cumulative incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group in comparison with the H. pylori-persistent (non-eradicated or failed) groups (p = 0.039). (B) The cumulative incidence of metachronous recurrence was significantly lower in the H. pylori-eradicated group in comparison with the H. pylori negative group (p = 0.041).
Discussion
According to the current Korean guidelines for treatment of H. pylori infection, eradication therapy is recommended after ER of EGC. H. pylori infection plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Huang et al. show by a meta-analysis that the odds ratio for the development of gastric cancer in H. pylori-infected patients is 1.92, and younger patients with H. pylori infection have a higher relative risk to develop gastric cancer than older patients [20]. Therefore, there is some evidence that H. pylori eradication could prevent metachronous recurrence after ER of EGC; however, data are still lacking whether there are prophylactic benefits of H. pylori eradication to prevent the development of metachronous lesions after ER of pre-malignant lesions such as gastric dysplasia.
Rapid urease test, histology, and urea breath tests are the recommended diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection. The urea breath test had high sensitivity and specificity (≥ 95%). However, false negative rates greater than 30% have been reported when antibiotics or PPI were used. For the rapid urease test, test sensitivity ranges from 85–98% and specificity ranges from 89–100%. Hematoxylin and eosin staining has a sensitivity of 69–93% and a specificity of 87–90% [17].
Recently, ER of gastric dysplasia has become accepted as a reasonable treatment option. Although the ER of low-grade dysplasia diagnosed by forceps biopsy is controversial, tumors with a size >1 cm and/or with surface redness or nodularity are believed to have significant risk for high-grade dysplasia or EGC [21]. Therefore, in Korea, ER is commonly performed for patients with both low- and high-grade dysplasia.
Since a risk of metachronous recurrence still exists in the remnant stomach following ER of gastric dysplasia, surveillance for metachronous gastric neoplasms is believed important during the follow-up period. Gutierrez-Gonzalez et al. show that identical genetic alterations are present in dysplasia and the surrounding intestinal metaplasia (IM) [22]. They also demonstrate that genetic changes in the IM are likely to lead to dysplasia, and further genetic alterations can cause the progression of dysplasia to gastric cancer referred to as “cancer in adenoma” [22,23]. Several causative genetic and epigenetic changes in the IM or dysplasia are reversed by H. pylori eradication. In this study, successful eradication of H. pylori infection significantly lowers metachronous recurrence; therefore, the eradication of H. pylori infection may prevent the emergence of metachronous gastric neoplasms after ER of gastric dysplasia.
There are some reports that H. pylori eradication has a prophylactic effect to prevent metachronous gastric neoplasms after ER of EGC. One large, randomized controlled trial shows a reduced incidence of metachronous gastric cancer (odds ratio [OR] 0.353, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.161–0.775, p = 0.009), and recommends that prophylactic eradication should be performed after ER [12]. However, this trial doesn’t address whether there is a similar benefit to eradicate H. pylori infection after ER of gastric dysplasia. Unlike previous studies, we focused the role of H. pylori eradication in the development of metachronous lesions after ER of gastric dysplasia which was a precancerous lesion. And, in our study, H. pylori eradication could also prevent metachronous lesions after ER of gastric dysplasia, similar EGC.
H. pylori infection both initiates and promotes the gastric carcinogenesis; therefore, eradication should both inhibit newly developed gastric cancers and reduce the growth rate of existing gastric cancers [24]. After a median follow-up period of 36 months, metachronous recurrence developed in 36 patients. Although a 3-year follow-up period is short, eradication of H. pylori after ER of dysplasia might inhibit the occurrence of new gastric neoplasms and delay the growth rate of gastric cancer. Our study has some limitations. The H. pylori-negative group showed a lower metachronous recurrence rate than non-eradicated group, but a higher recurrence rate than the eradicated group. This unexpected result may be due to false negative H. pylori infection status. Additional potential causes for the false negative result might be due to antibiotic therapy administered to treat other infections, the masking effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), inadequate sampling, or suboptimal staining technique [25]. We didn’t analyze the background mucosa for atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, which might also affect the rate of metachronous recurrence in the H. pylori-negative group. We didn’t consider the re-infection of H. pylori. However, five (4.1%) patients were re-infected with H. pylori in eradicated group. Therefore, the annual re-infection rate was quite low.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that H. pylori eradication after ER in patients with gastric dysplasia may reduce the development of subsequent metachronous gastric neoplasms. Therefore, H. pylori eradication is recommended after ER of gastric dysplasia.
Data Availability
In order to protect the personal information of data used in the manuscript, data will be available upon request from the Yonsei University Health System Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee.
Funding Statement
The authors have no support or funding to report.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
In order to protect the personal information of data used in the manuscript, data will be available upon request from the Yonsei University Health System Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee.