Skip to main content
PMC home page
World Journal of Gastroenterology logoLink to World Journal of Gastroenterology
. 2002 Feb 15;8(1):158–161. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.158

An analysis of 10218 ulcerative colitis cases in China

Xue-Liang Jiang 1,2, Hui-Fei Cui 1,2
PMCID: PMC4656610  PMID: 11833094

Abstract

AIM: To analyze the characteristics of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China.

METHODS: From 1981 to 2000, a total of 10218 patients of UC reported in Chinese medical literature and including our cases diagnosed were analyzed according to the diagnostic criteria of Lennard-Jones.

RESULTS: The number of cases increased by 3.08 times over the past 10 years (2506 patients were diagnosed from 1981 to 1990 while 7512 patients were diagnosed from 1991 to 2000).Lesion range were described in 7966 patients, 5592 (70.20%) were proctosigmoiditis or proctitis, 1792( 22.50%) left-sided colitis, 582(7.30%) pancolitis. Among the 8122 patients, 2826 (34.8%) had first episode, 4272 (52.6%) had chronic relapse, 869 (10.7%) were of chronic persist type, 154 (1.9%) were of acute fulminant type. The course of the illness were described in 5867 patients, 4427(75.5%) were less than 5 years, 910 (15.5%) between 5 and 10 years, 530 (9.1%) more than 10 years. Six hundred and sixteen patients patients(6.1%) had extraintestinal manifestations.The mean age at the diagnosis was 40.7 years(range 6-80 years, and the peak ages 30-49 years). The male to female ratio was1.09. Among 270 patients diagnosed in our hospital, 36 had histories of smoking, there was no negative association between the severity of UC and smoking (P > 0.05), 21 smokers were followed up for one year, 15 of them had given up smoking when the disease were diagnosed, and one year later, 7 patients relapsed, another 6 patients continued smoking, and one year later, 2 patients relapsed. Among 270 UC patients diagnosed in our hospital, 4 patients(1.48%) from 2 families had familial history of UC. Treatment was mentioned in 6859 patients, only 5-ASA and/or corticosteroid only in 1276 patients(18.6%), only Chinese herbs in 1377 patients(20.1%), combined Chinese and western medicine in 4056 patients(59.1%), surgery was performed in 87 patients(1.3%), other treatments in 63 patients(0.9%).

CONCLUSIONS: In China, number of UC patients increased significantly in the past 10 years. Lesions are commonly located to left side colon. The course is short with rare extraintestinal manifestations. The age of onset is relatively high. Males and females are nearly equally affected. No negative relation was found between smoking and severity of the disease. Familial relatives are rarely involved Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is widely used in the treatment of UC.

INTRODUCTION

Ulcerative colitis(UC) was first described by Wilks in 1859. In China, the first case of UC was reported in 1956[1]. The diagnostic criteria of UC was published firstly in1978 and was revised in 1993 on the National Conference of Chronic non-infective Diarrhea Disease in Taiyuan city, China[2-4]. The criteria are similar to Lennard-Jones, on the three major aspects: mainly by exclusion. A multi-center study was set up in Chinese PLA General Hospital of Jinan Command (Shandong province, China) in 1999, with eight comprehensive hospitals from different areas using unique diagnostic criteria and method treatment[1].

UC was thought to be infrequent in China in the past, however, it was increasing over the last 20 years[1,2,5]. Figure 1. No precise statistics are available in China, in our hospital, 57 cases were admitted from 1981 to 1990, whereas 213 cases were hospitalized from 1991 to 2000[1]. According to the statistics of World Digestology Network(http://www.wd.org.cn) data base, more than 1560 Chinese papers on this subject were published in the past 20 years, of which, 102 articles were published on World Chinese Journal of Digestology (founded in 1993) and World Journal of Gastroenterol,ogy(founded in 1995), regarding the animal model[6-16], etiology and pathogenesis[17-36], diagnostic criteria[1-4] and results of treatment, etc[37-102]. Of these 1560 papers, a total of 10218 patients of UC were reported in Chinese medical literature including those diagnosed in our hospital.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Cases reported on the conferences in China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The diagnosis of UC was based on endoscopic or radiological findings and mucosal biopsies or surgical pathology using Lennard-Jones criteria. Only those verified were included in the study. A total of 10218 patients of UC reported in Chinese medical literature including ours according to the diagnostic criteria of Lennard-Jones were analyzed. Ridit test was used, a value of P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

RESULTS

Case number

From 1981 to 2000, a total of 10218 cases of UC were reported, of these, 2506 were diagnosed from 1981 to 1990 whereas 7512 were diagnosed from 1991 to 2000, an increasing to 3.08 times in the past 10 years.

Extent of lesions range

As described in 7966 patients, 5592 (70.20%) were proctosigmoiditis/proctitis, 1792(22.50%)left-sided colitis, 582 (7.30%) pancolitis.

Clinical types

Of those described in 8122 cases, 34.8%(2826 patients) were first presentation, 52.6%(4272 patients) were chronic relapsing, 10.7%(869 patients) were chronic persistent, 1.9%(154 patients) were acute fulminant.

Course

Of those described in 5867 cases, 4427(75.5%) patients were less than 5 years, 910 patients(15.5%) between 5 and 10 years, 530 patients(9.1%) more than 10 years.

Extraintestinal manifestations

618 patients(6.1%) had extraintestinal manifestations.

Age

The mean age at the diagnosis was 40.7 years(range 6-80 years, peak age range 30-49 years).

Sex

The male to female ratio was 1.09.

Smoking

In our 270 patients, 36 patients (30 male, 6 female) had histories of smoking(more than 20 cigarette one day), there was no negative association between the severity of UC and smoking(P > 0.05, Table 1), 21 smokers were followed up for one year, 15 of them had given up smoking when the disease were diagnosed, and one year later, 7 patients relapsed, another 6 patients continued smoking, and one year later, 2 patients relapsed.

Table 1.

The association between the severity of UC and smoking

Group/severity mild moderate severe
Smokers 20 11 5
Non-smokers 130 72 32
Open in a new tab

Ridit test, P > 0.05

Family study

In our 270 UC patients, 4 patients(1.48%) from 2 families had familical history of UC. In one family, the patients were mother and son, in the other family, the patient were two sisters, and their mother had a history of bloody stool more than 9 years without seeking medical advise.

Treatment

Of the 10218 patients, treatment was mentioned in 6859 cases, only 5-ASA and/or corticosteroid only in 1276 patients(18.6%), only Chinese herbs in 1377 patients(20.1%), combined Chinese and western medicine in 4056 patients(59.1%),surgery was performed in 87 patients(1.3%),other treatments in 63 patients(0.9%).Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Treatment of UC in China. WM:western medicine TCM:tradi-tional Chinese medicine.

DISSCUSION

The characteristic features of UC in China are as follows:

UC increased significantly in the past 10 years

The incidence of UC varies greatly in different geographical areas of the world[90-92,95,101-102]. A high incidence is seen in Northern Europe and North America. In the western world, a sharp rise in the incidence of UC has been observed since early 1950s[95], and now the incidence is stable. UC has been thought uncommon in China, however, an analysis of 1560 papers and 10218 cases indicate that the incidence is rising in recent years. From 1981 to 1990, 2506 patients were diagnosed while 7512 patients were diagnosed from 1991 to 2000. The number of cases increase by 3.08 times in the past 10 years. This is due to increasing awareness, better health care and improved study diagnostics. However, it may also be a real increase, reflecting changes in life style and dietary composition. These may shed some light on the role of environmental factors in the etiology of UC[1].

Lesions mostly affect left sided colon

In China, UC is usually restricted to the rectum, sigmoid and descending colon, proctocolitis are common. Our data showed 92.7% were restrict to left colon(70.20% proctosigmoiditis/ proctitis, 22.50% left-sided colitis), 7.30% pancolitis, the later was commonly seen in the Western countries[101].

The course of illness is shorter with less extraintestinal manifestations

Occasionally, the disease may present as a single mild episode of diarrhea, but may at anytime relapse. In China, 34.8% were first presentation, 52.6% chronic relapsing, 10.7% chronic persistent, only 1.9% acute fulminant. Usually, the history revealed months or years of general ill health with continuous or intermittent diarrhea. In China, among that, the course of UC is commonly less than 5 years(75.5%), only 9.1% more than 10 years. Symptoms may be mild, systemic complications are rare, only 6.1% has extraintestinal manifestations, much less than that in the Western countries[99].

The onset of illness is relatively higher

In china, the onset of UC is relatively higher in the middle and old-age group(30-49 years old), mean age at the diagnosis was 40.7 years, but may occur at any age ( range 6-80 years), while in the western countries the peak age is 30 years old[91].

Male and female are nearly equally affected

The reports on sex difference are variable, but there seem to be a tendency to a male preponderance especially in high incidence areas. Our data suggest that the male to female ratio was 1.09, with nearly equal frequencies.

No relation between smoking and severity of illness

Smoking is the only consistent risk factor in case-control studies of UC, and there is no apparent relation seen between ulcerative colitis and cigarette smoking in our cases.

Familial relatives are rarely involved

Genetic study of UC are rarely performed in China. In our 270 UC patients, 4 patients(1.48%) from 2 families had family history of UC, which is much rarer than expected. The familial tendency may be much lower than that seen in western countries[91,102].

Traditional Chinese medicine are widely used for the treatment of UC

SASP, is still the major drug used for the treatment of UC in China, which is effective in inducing remission and maintenance in mild-to-moderate cases. 5-ASA is too costly, corticosteroids are more commonly used, whereas 6-MP is only used by some authors. Heparin or oral low molecular weight heparin has been found to paradoxically induce remission in occasional patients with corticosteroid-resistant UC in China[48,57,60]. In China, herb medicine as heartleaf houttuynia[12,13], has been widely used in patients with mild-to-moderate disease, as well as an adjunct to patient with moderate-to-severe disease. Combined Chinese and western medicine is the predominance treatment in China.

Footnotes

Supported by the Key Research Fund of Jinan Command, No.9801

Edited by Wu XN

References

  • 1.Jiang XL, Wang ZK, Qin CY. Current research status and strategy on ulcerative colitis in China. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:610–613. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Jiang XL. Diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:332. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang ZK. Diagnosis, clinical types and criteria of effectiveness of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:332–334. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.An ZY. Diagnostic criteria of ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1994;2:57. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Jiang XL, Pan BR, Ma JY, Ji ZH, Ma LS. Review for the 20th century and prospect for the 21st century of digestology. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:1161–1176. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Cui SY, Zhang HB, Wu CZ, Sun GC, Zhao WP, Xu T, Li M. The clinical and experimental treatment of ulcerative colitis using Bupisan. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:219–220. [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Yi JY, Xia B, Huang MF, Fu N, Deng CS. Observation of experimen-tal model of ulcerative colitis in rats. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:721–722. [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Zhu BX, Lu YM, Ye SM. Effects of sulfphasalazine on oxygen free radicals in experimental colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:769–770. [Google Scholar]
  • 9.He QW, Chen YM, Jia YL, Li XY, Jiang HY. The pathogenetic effects of immunocomplex on ulcerativecolitis. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:87. [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Zou YH, Zhang YB, Chen WQ, Zhong TJ, Liu XQ, Zhao H, Lian ZC, Su Q, Su XR, Huang HD. Effects of Chinese medicine compound Weichangkang on rat ulcerative colitis and its NO abnormality. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:288–290. [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang D, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ. A new ulcerative colitis model induced by compound method and the change of im-munity and ultrastructures. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:381. [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang D, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. Effect of heartleaf houttuynia herb on colonic pressure in rats with ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:639. [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang D, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. Experimental and clinical study of heartleaf houttuynia herb on ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:786. [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Zheng L, Gao ZQ, Wang SX. A chronic ulcerative colitis model in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:150–152. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i1.150. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Li L, Wang ZL, Ke JT, Zhang M, Shao JF, Zhong CN. Animal model selection for experimental ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2001;9:584–585. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Jiang XL, Cui HF. A new chronic ulcerative colitis model produced by combined methods in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:742–746. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i5.742. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Wu XN. New advance on pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1995:129–131. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Xu CT, Wang RL, Ma LS. Alterations of serum motilin, peptide YY, IgG and ferritin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:247–248. [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Zhang L, Wang AM, Guo RF, Zhang WN. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor level in patients with ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:251–252. [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Chen X, Zhang ZY, Xu ED, Na JH, Yang NH. Bone mineral density and serum Ca, P and Mg in ulcerative colitis patients. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:385–386. [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Liu TT, Wang YJ, Sun ZQ, Qi F, Ren HB, Zhang WL, Zhang L. Detection of blood platelet activation in patients with ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:736. [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. Expression of adhesion molecules in tissues and peripheral lymphocyte of patients with ulcerative colitis. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:54–55. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Li HM. The characteristic of pathogenesis and the rule of treatment in spleen-weak patients with chronic colitis and ulcerative colitis. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:726. [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Jin W, Wu SH, Zhang ZJ, Lin PG, Ren XQ, Sui WL. Effect of Chinese herb Changyannin on T lymphocyte subgroup in patients with ul-cerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:616–617. [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F, Wang D, Zhang XL. Expression of lymphocyte apoptosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:903–904. [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Wang D, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F. One case report of ulcerative colitis accompanied with acute myocardial infarction. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:963. [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Qi F, Wang D, Zhang XL. Detection of soluble CD44v6 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:1028. [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Tai WP, Luo HS. The role of short chain fatty acid on the etiology and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:96–97. [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Cheng GR, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Wang YP. Ex-pression of apoptosis on biopsy tissue in patients with ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:107–108. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Jiang XL, Quan QZ, Liu T, Dong XC. Recent advances in research of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:216–218. [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Wen B, Ma GF. Determination of plasma nitric oxide, molitin and their significances in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:69s. [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Xia B, Guo HJ, Crusius J, Deng CS, Meuwissen S, Pena A. In vitro production of TNF-alpha,IL-6 and sIL-2R in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:252–255. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v4.i3.252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Wang JN, Li ZF, Fu Y, Ke Y, Xu RC, Lin GB. The change of serum TNFα and IL-6 in patients with ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:727–728. [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Luo YJ, Yu JP. Molecular marker of IBD activity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2001;9:698–701. [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Feng BS, Niu ZX, Zhang LF. LPO Change in experimental ulcer-ative colitis in rats. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1995;3(Suppl 4):7. [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Cui SL, Tang B, Wang WM, Chen K, Liang J, Wang SC. Clinical investigation of serum TNF-α and IL-8 levels in patients with ulcer-ative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:719–720. [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Li GQ, Feng YK. Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:334–335. [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Chen ZH, Shao XY. Examination of X ray and colonoscopy in ulcer-ative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:335–336. [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Wang Q, Xu L. Laboratory test and activity evaluation of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:336–337. [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Han Y, Li SR. Current medical therapy for ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:1273–1275. [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Xu CT, Pan BR. Current medical therapy for ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 1999;5:64–72. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Du YC, Wang JM, Du XL. Effectiveness evaluation of different path-way of administration in ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1993;1:187–188. [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Zhou ZY. Treatment of 97 ulcerative colitis patients. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1995;3:167. [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Wang JD. Drug treatment of ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:338. [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Li Q, Shen J. Treatment and follow up of 58 patient with ulcerative colitis. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:535. [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Zhu XL, Li SX. Curative effect of drug injection via intra arterial catheter in ulcerative colitis. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:705–706. [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Chen QP. Surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:339–340. [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Jiang XL, Qin CY, Li GQ. Other treatments for ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:341–342. [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Rampton DS, Phil D. New treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:369–376. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v4.i5.369. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Qing GL, Zhang AG, Niu YH, Yu DS, Guo YR. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with SASP suppository. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1994;2:120. [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Cui GT, Bu XZ, Chen ZX, Chen JS, Zhang PY. Treatment of ulcer-ative colitis with cimitidine and microwave. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:345. [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Sun QJ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with metronidazole and anisodamine. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:510. [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Liu JY, Li YF, Fan MM. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with 4-ASA. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:183. [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Li SQ, Zhang JB. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with sucralfate paste. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:330. [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Zhou BX, Lv YM. Influence of sulfphasalazine on propane dialdehyde of ulcerative colitis intestinal mucosa. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:619. [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Cui GT, Lv ZF. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with ranitidine enema. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:86s. [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Jiang XL, Liu T. Treatment of refractory ulcerative colitis with heparin. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:694. [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Qin QY, Han GQ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with aminosalicylate and corticosteriods. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:338–339. [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Li RP, Wang YB. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with immunosuppressive agent. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:718. [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Cui HF, Jiang XL. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant ulcerative colitis with oral low molecular weight heparin. World J Gastroenterol. 1999;5:448–450. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i5.448. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Qiu BX, Qiu SS. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chi-nese medicine. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:58s–59s. [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Jiang B, Wu XW, Wang Y, Si YL, Hu WJ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese herb Ziqintang. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1994;2:174. [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Wu ZQ, Wang HL. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese herb. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:356–357. [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Cao GL. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese herb Changanye. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:100s. [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Li L, Wei JQ, Zhang CQ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with tradi-tional Chinese herb Sanhuangtang and Binpengsan. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:125s. [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Li SL, Meng FS, Wang SL, Wang SQ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese herb. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:132. [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Wu B, Liu CL, Li WH. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese herb. Xin Xiaohuabingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:185s. [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Zhao XX, Long ZX, Han CB. Treatment of nonspecific ulcerative colitis with Chinese medicine. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:78–79. [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Chen ZS, Nie ZW, Shun QL, Yan H. Clinical and pharmacological effect of Jianpiling on chronic ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:960–963. [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Wang ZK, Xin ZP, Fan SD. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with tradi-tional Chinese medicine. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:340–341. [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Chen ZS, Zhou CM, Lu Y, Nie ZW, Sun QL, Wang YX, Chi Y. Study on TCM syndrome-typing of chronic ulcerative colitis. China Natl J New Gastroenterol. 1996;2:141–143. [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Zhao LM, Guan DA, Pei HW. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1993;1:105. [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Zhu YJ, Chen WS, Wang XL. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1994;2:103. [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Guo SH, Guo JS. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1994;2:122. [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Liu QM, Bi F, Zhou SJ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1995;3:115–116. [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Chen ZS, Yan H, Lu Y. Advance of treatment on ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:301–303. [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Sheng YZ, Ru PY, Wang SY. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with combined therapy. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:346. [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Ding ZQ, Wang YF, Lv CL. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1996;4:355–356. [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Sun SR, Liang LJ, Guo JQ, Song DL. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Xin Xiaohua bingxue Zazhi. 1997;5:400. [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Chen HW, Miao ZD. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with cimitidine and Yunzhigantai. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;6:1009. [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Wang BH. Advances in treatment of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1999;7:177–179. [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Wu HG, Zhou LB, Huang C, Pan YY, Chen HP, Shi Z, Hua XG. Gene expression of cytokines in acupuncture and moxibustion treat-ment for ulcerative colitis in rats. Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 1998;6:853–855. [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Wu HG, Lu HB, Zhao C, Shi Z, Liu HR, Chen HP. The mechanism of iNOS gene modulation on acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for ulcerative colitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6(Suppl 3):64. [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Wu HG, Zhou LB, Shi DR, Liu SM, Liu HR, Zhang BM, Chen HP, Zhang LS. Morphological study on colonic pathology in ulcerative colitis treated by moxibustion. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:861–865. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i6.861. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Hu QY, Hu XY, Jiang Y. Clinical investigation of ulcerative colitis patients treated by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:93. [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Jiao JL, Wang SM. Li YC, Yao LY, Li SJ, Meng YX, Liu QG, Liu GQ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with Kuijiekang. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:572. [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Hu FF, Ni DQ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with folic acid and TCM. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2000;8:1144. [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Zhou QH, Gu SL, Yu J. Clinical and experimental study on treatment of retention enema for chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis with quick -acting kuijie powder. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6(Suppl 3):76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Wu HG, Zhou LB, Pan YY, Huang C, Chen HP, Shi Z, Hua XG. Study of the mechanisms of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for ulcerative colitis rats in view of the gene expression of cytokines. World J Gastroenterol. 1999;5:515–517. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i6.515. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Xia B, S ShivanandaI, Zhang GS, Yi JY, JBA CRUSIUS, AS PE A. Inflammatory bowel disease in Hubei Province of China. China Natl J New Gastroenterol. 1997;3:119–120. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v3.i2.119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Xia B, Crusius J, Meuwissen S, Pea A. Inflammatory bowel disease: definition, epidemiology, etiologic aspects, and immunogenetic studies. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:446–458. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v4.i5.446. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Shivananda S. Epidemiology and disease outcome in inflammatory bowel disease: observations from the European Collaborative Study. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:25s. [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Geng X, Taniguchi M, Dai HH, Lin JJC, Lin J, Das KM. Autoimmu-nity in ulcerative colitis: humoral and cellular immune response by tropomyosin in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:9. [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Rask-Madsen J. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of IBD. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4:20–22. [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Russel M. The epidemiology of IBD worldwide. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:6. [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Das KM, Farag SA. Current medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i4.483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Rampton DS. Management of difficult inflammatory bowel disease: where are we now. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i3.315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Rampton DS. Management of difficult inflammatory bowel disease: where are we now. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:315–323. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i3.315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Das KM, Farag SA. Current medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:483–489. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i4.483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Das KM, Farag SA. Current medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i4.483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Salupere R. Inflammatory bowel disease in Estonia: a prospective epidemiologic study 1993-1998. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7:387–388. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i3.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Kirsner JB. Historical origins of current IBD concepts. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7:175–184. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i2.175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from World Journal of Gastroenterology are provided here courtesy of Baishideng Publishing Group Inc

RESOURCES