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. 2015 Nov 24;2:150067. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.67

A collection of Australian Drosophila datasets on climate adaptation and species distributions

Sandra B Hangartner 1,2,a, Ary A Hoffmann 1, Ailie Smith 3, Philippa C Griffin 1
PMCID: PMC4658573  PMID: 26601886

Abstract

The Australian Drosophila Ecology and Evolution Resource (ADEER) collates Australian datasets on drosophilid flies, which are aimed at investigating questions around climate adaptation, species distribution limits and population genetics. Australian drosophilid species are diverse in climatic tolerance, geographic distribution and behaviour. Many species are restricted to the tropics, a few are temperate specialists, and some have broad distributions across climatic regions. Whereas some species show adaptability to climate changes through genetic and plastic changes, other species have limited adaptive capacity. This knowledge has been used to identify traits and genetic polymorphisms involved in climate change adaptation and build predictive models of responses to climate change. ADEER brings together 103 datasets from 39 studies published between 1982–2013 in a single online resource. All datasets can be downloaded freely in full, along with maps and other visualisations. These historical datasets are preserved for future studies, which will be especially useful for assessing climate-related changes over time.

Subject terms: Experimental evolution, Population genetics, Climate-change ecology, Evolutionary biology, Evolutionary genetics

Background & Summary

The Australian Drosophila Ecology and Evolution Resource (ADEER) contains three main Drosophila data collections: (1) clinal data, (2) species distribution data and (3) genomics data. The clinal and species distribution collections are described in this data descriptor, whereas the genomics data will be described elsewhere. The majority of data was generated by Ary Hoffmann’s research group at the University of Melbourne, with contributions from several other Australian researchers (see Acknowledgements).

Drosophila species have long been used as model organisms to answer fundamental questions in biology, and the most intensively studied Drosophila species (in particular Drosophila melanogaster) are Northern Hemisphere in origin1. Drosophilids as a broader taxonomic group are very diverse in Australia, with over 300 species identified in the tropical and temperate forests located on the east coast. Australia contains a disproportionately large number of species in the genus Scaptodrosophila, many of them endemic to this continent2. The ADEER collection broadens the scope of worldwide drosophilid data, by focussing on clinal patterns in traits and genes in Australian drosophilids as well as on thoroughly-studied species distributions. This collection contains data on the ecology and evolution of eleven species in the genera Drosophila and Scaptodrosophila including rainforest specialists (e.g. D. birchii), endemic species (e.g. D. bunnanda) and cosmopolitan species (e.g. D. melanogaster).

The east coast of Australia spans a gradient of climatic conditions from cool-temperate Tasmania to tropical northern Queensland. This gradient is unique as it occurs within a narrow elevation range and on a small continent with an ancient geology and a rich biodiversity with a high proportion of endemic species across several biomes3. The gradient provides a model system for studying equivalent climatic gradients on other continents, and represents an outstanding natural laboratory for the study of traits and genes that are associated with climatic adaptation4. Changes in traits and genes along this gradient (i.e. clines) can arise by natural selection, producing continuous patterns over geographic space. The eastern Australian gradient has been used to investigate the involvement of numerous phenotypic traits and genetic markers in climate adaptation4. The clinal data collection contains data from eight species from studies published between 1982–2013 and includes morphological, life-history, stress resistance traits as well as genetic markers. Most of these studies used common garden experiments to test for clinal variation, but some studies were performed in the field.

The species distribution collection includes five species from the melanogaster species group (montium subgroup) and two species from the repleta species group within the genus Drosophila, as well as two Scaptodrosophila species. These datasets contain presence records from field collections between 1924 and 2013 which are based on previously-published records in the literature, collections made by the dataset authors, and specimens in the Australian Museum5–7. Many species are restricted to the tropics, a few are temperate specialists, and some are broadly distributed across climatic regions. The varied distributions of drosophilid species along the temperate–tropical cline provide a powerful tool for studying climate adaptation and species distribution limits.

Previous work on Drosophila species using the Australian cline has demonstrated that monitoring biological changes along geographic climate gradients is a powerful approach for detecting evolutionary shifts under climate change8,9. Ongoing data collections from the eastern Australia cline provide an opportunity to monitor phenotypic traits and genetic markers by comparison to historical data, as climate change proceeds. Such temporal studies are particularly useful for tracking continuing evolutionary responses to climate change as well as dynamically projecting species distributions under ongoing climate change scenarios.

Methods

Clinal data collection

The clinal data collection contains data on morphological, life-history and stress resistance traits, as well as genetic marker data (Tables 1 and 2 (available online only), Fig. 1). All datasets of this kind involve flies collected at multiple locations within their geographic distribution, usually along a north-south gradient on the east coast of Australia. Material and methods for each dataset appear in detail in the original publication; here we provide a general summary of the approaches used.

Table 1. Overview of all datasets included in ADEER.

Data file name Collection Species Trait Trait group Data type Publication DOI / PMID for original publication Data record accession on ADEER DOI for ADEER Data repository DOI for Dryad
Collection, species and traits studied, data type, the original publication, data depository, data record accession, DOI for ADEER and Dryad, and DOI (or PMID) for the original publication are listed for each dataset.                      
1 Azevedo et al. 20 Egg size & ovariole number Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Ovariole number and egg size Life history and morphology Population means Azevedo et al. 20 10.2307/2410702 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00273b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
2 Azevedo et al. 11 Wing traits Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Wing to aspect ratio Morphology Population means Azevedo et al. 11 10.2307/2410702 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00277b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
3 Gockel et al. Microsatellite markers Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Gockel et al. 22 11333239 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00279b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
4 Gockel et al. 22 Wing area Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Wing area Morphology Population means Gockel et al. 22 11333239 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00280b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
5 Griffiths et al. 23 Development time Clinal Drosophila birchii Development time Life history Population means Griffiths et al. 23 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00782.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00283b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
6 Griffiths et al. 23 Stress resistance & wing size Clinal Drosophila birchii Cold-, desiccation-, heat-, starvation resistance and wing centroid size Stress resistance and morphology Population means Griffiths et al. 23 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00782.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00282b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
7 Hallas et al. 19 Stress resistance and size Clinal Drosophila serrata Cold-, desiccation- and starvation resistance, mass and wing length Stress resistance and morphology Population means Hallas et al. 19 10.1017/S0016672301005523 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00315b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
8 Hoffmann & Shirriffs 24 Wing traits Clinal Drosophila serrata Wing landmarks Morphology Individual measurements Hoffmann & Shirriffs 24 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01418.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00257b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
9 Hoffmann et al. 10 Desiccation resistance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Desiccation resistance Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 10 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00681.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00259b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
10 Hoffmann et al. 10 Starvation resistance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Starvation resistance Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 10 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00681.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00261b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
11 Hoffmann et al. 10 Line means Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Cold resistance, desiccation resistance, starvation resistance, lipid content and thorax length Stress resistance and morphology Subgroup means Hoffmann et al. 10 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00681.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00260b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
12 Hoffmann et al. 31 Cold recovery time Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Cold recovery time Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 31 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00367.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00223b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
13 Hoffmann et al. 31 Cold resistance survival Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Cold resistance survival Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 31 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00367.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00224b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
14 Hoffmann et al. 31 Heat knockdown time Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Heat knockdown time Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 31 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00367.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00225b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
15 Hoffmann et al. 14 Overwinter fecundity Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Overwinter mortality, overwinter fecundity Life history Population means Hoffmann et al. 14 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00561.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00263b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
16 Hoffmann et al. 38 Frost locusA Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Frost locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Hoffmann et al. 38 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01149.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00265b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
17 Hoffmann et al. 38 Frost locusB Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Frost locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Hoffmann et al. 38 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01149.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00266b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
18 James & Partridge 26 Development time Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Development time Life history Population means James & Partridge 26 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1995.8030315.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00286b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
19 James & Partridge 26 Time to pupation Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Time to pupation Life history Population means James & Partridge 26 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1995.8030315.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00285b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
20 James et al. 17 Thorax length & wing traits Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Thorax length and wing traits Morphology Population means James et al. 17 7498744 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00288b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
21 Kennington & Hoffmann 34 Molecular markers & In(2L)t inversion Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Microsatellite markers, Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus and in(2L)t inversion Genetic markers Individual categories Kennington & Hoffmann 34 10.1186/1471-2148-13-100 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00290b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
22 Kennington et al. 41 Molecular markers & In(3R)Payne inversion Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Microsatellite markers, Hsr-omega locus and In(3R)Payne inversion Genetic markers Individual measurements Kennington et al. 10.1534/genetics.105.053173 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00292b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
23 Knibb et al. 46 Inversion frequencies Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Inversions Genetic markers Population frequencies Knibb et al. 46 17249108 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00296b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
24 Kriesner et al. 43 Wolbachia infection frequencies & mtDNA haplotypes Clinal Drosophila simulans mtDNA haplotype and wolbachia infection Genetic markers and endosymbionts Population counts Kriesner et al. 43 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003607 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00065b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
25 Lee et al. 42 Neurofibromin gene & In(3R)Payne inversion Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Neurofibromin (Nf1) locus and In(3R)Payne inversion Genetic markers Individual categories Lee et al. 42 10.1111/mec.12301 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00247b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
26 Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 Mean overwinter egg counts and longevity Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Overwinter longevity and fecundity Life history Subgroup means Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 10.1098/rspb.2001.1787 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00229b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
27 Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 Overwinter temperature, egg laying and mortality rates Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Overwinter mortality and fecundity Life history Subgroup means Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 10.1098/rspb.2001.1787 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00228b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
28 Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 Overwinter raw egg counts Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Overwinter egg count Life history Subgroup measurements Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 10.1098/rspb.2001.1787 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00233b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
29 Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 Overwinter raw mortality Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Overwinter mortality Life history Subgroup measurements Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13 10.1098/rspb.2001.1787 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00232b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
30 Oakeshott et al. 36 Adh & Gpdh loci Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) Genetic markers Population frequencies Oakeshott et al. 36 10.2307/2407970 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00298b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
31 Oakeshott et al. 35 G6pd locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd) locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Oakeshott et al. 35 10.1038/hdy.1983.7 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00303b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
32 Oakeshott et al. 35 Pgd locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Pgd) locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Oakeshott et al. 35 10.1038/hdy.1983.7 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00304b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
33 Rako et al. 15 Post winter male fertility 2006 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Post winter male fertility Life history Individual measurements Rako et al. 15 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01852.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00237b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
34 Rako et al. 15 Post winter male fertility 2008 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Post winter male fertility Life history Individual measurements Rako et al. 15 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01852.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00308b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
35 Rako et al. 15 Post winter male size 2006 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Post winter wing centroid size Morphology Individual measurements Rako et al. 15 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01852.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00307b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
36 Rako et al. 15 Male size 2008 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Thorax length and wing centroid size Morphology Individual measurements Rako et al. 15 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01852.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00309b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
37 Telonis Scott et al. 25 Raw pcr data Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Ebony expression Genetic markers Subgroup measurements Telonis-Scott et al. 25 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05089.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00069b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
38 Telonis Scott et al. 25 Raw pigmentation data Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Thoracic trident pigmentation scores Morphology Individual measurements Telonis-Scott et al. 25 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05089.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00068b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
39 Telonis Scott et al. 25 Average pcr pigmentation Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Ebony expression and Thoracic trident pigmentation scores Genetic markers Population means Telonis-Scott et al. 25 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05089.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00070b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
40 Umina et al. 8 Adh locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Umina et al. 8 10.1126/science.1109523 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00235b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
41 Umina et al. 8 In(3R)Payne inversion Clinal Drosophila melanogaster In(3R)Payne inversion Genetic markers Population frequencies Umina et al. 8 10.1126/science.1109523 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00236b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
42 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.melanogaster thorax length Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Thorax length Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00240b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
43 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.melanogaster wing centroid size Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Wing centroid size Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00239b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
44 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.melanogaster wing thorax ratio Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Wing to thorax ratio Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00241b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
45 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.simulans thorax length Clinal Drosophila simulans Thorax length Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00243b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
46 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.simulans wing centroid size Clinal Drosophila simulans Wing centroid size Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00242b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
47 Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 D.simulans wing thorax ratio Clinal Drosophila simulans Wing to thorax ratio Morphology Individual measurements Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00244b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
48 Weeks et al. 2005 Clock locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Clock locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Weeks et al. 2005 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01013.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00313b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
49 Weeks et al. 2005 Period locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Period locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Weeks et al. 2005 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01013.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00311b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
50 Weeks et al. 2005 ThrGly locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Clock locus Genetic markers Population means Weeks et al. 2005 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01013.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00312b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
51 Collinge et al. Cold tolerance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Cold recovery time Stress resistance Individual measurements Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00320b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
52 Collinge et al. 21 Heat tolerance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Heat knockdown time Stress resistance Individual measurements Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00321b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
53 Collinge et al. 21 Ovariole number Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Ovariole number Life history Individual measurements Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00322b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
54 Collinge et al. 21 Development time Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Development time Life history Subgroup means Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00323b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
55 Collinge et al. 21 Wing area Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Wing area Morphology Individual measurements Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00324b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
56 Collinge et al. 21 Egg viability Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Egg viability Life history Subgroup measurements Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00325b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
57 Collinge et al. 21 Genetic markers summary Clinal Drosophila melanogaster AC008193, DMTRXIII, DMU25686, Hsp70, Hsr-omega Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00326b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
58 Collinge et al. 21 Hsp70 locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Hsp70 locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00327b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
59 Collinge et al. 21 DMTRXIII locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster DMTRXIII locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00328b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
60 Collinge et al. 21 Hsr-omega locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Hsr-omega locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00329b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
61 Collinge et al. 21 DMU25686 locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster DMU25686 locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00330b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
62 Collinge et al. 21 AC008193 locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster AC008193 locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Collinge et al. 21 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01016.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00331b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
63 McKechnie et al. 39 Dca MCA Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila cold acclimation (Dca) locus Genetic markers Population frequencies McKechnie et al. 39 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00333b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
64 McKechnie et al. 39 Dca locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila cold acclimation (Dca) locus Genetic markers Population counts McKechnie et al. 39 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00334b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
65 Lee et al. 29 Egg stage 2008 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Egg stage Life history Individual measurements Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00335b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
66 Lee et al. 29 Egg stage 2009 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Egg stage Life history Individual measurements Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00336b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
67 Lee et al. 29 Egg stage 2010 Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Egg stage Life history Individual measurements Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00337b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
68 Lee et al. 29 Association analysis Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Egg stage and Couch potato (Cpo) locus Life history and genetic markers Individual measurements Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00338b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
69 Lee et al. 29 Couch potato locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Couch potato (Cpo) locus Genetic markers Population frequencies Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00339b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
70 Lee et al. 29 Couch potato expression Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Couch potato (Cpo) locus expression Genetic markers Population means Lee et al. 29 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04509.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00340b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
71 James et al. 12 Thorax length & wing traits Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Thorax length, wing area, wing cell area and wing cell number Morphology Population means James et al. 12 9215894 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00344b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
72 Magiafoglou et al. 27 Development time Clinal Drosophila serrata Development time Life history Population means Magiafoglou et al. 27 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00439.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00347b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
73 Magiafoglou et al. 27 Viability and cold resistance Clinal Drosophila serrata Cold resistance and viability Stress resistance and life history Population means Magiafoglou et al. 27 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00439.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00348b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
74 Sgrò et al. 30 Longevity Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Longevity Life history Subgroup means Sgrò et al. 30 10.1111/mec.12353 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00255b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
75 Sgrò et al. 30 Methuselah expression Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Methuselah (mth) locus expression Genetic markers Subgroup measurements Sgrò et al. 30 10.1111/mec.12353 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00253b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
76 Sgrò et al. 30 Methuselah locus Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Methuselah (mth) locus Genetic markers Individual categories Sgrò et al. 30 10.1111/mec.12353 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00254b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
77 Arthur et al. 28 Cold resistance Clinal Drosophila simulans Cold recovery time Stress resistance Individual measurements Arthur et al. 28 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01617.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00355b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
78 Arthur et al. 28 Desiccation resistance Clinal Drosophila simulans Desiccation resistance Stress resistance Individual measurements Arthur et al. 28 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01617.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00356b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
79 Arthur et al. 28 Development time Clinal Drosophila simulans Development time Life history Individual measurements Arthur et al. 28 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01617.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00357b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
80 Loeschcke et al Thorax and wing traits natural pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Thorax length, wing traits Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00374b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
81 Loeschcke et al Wing traits and asymmetry natural pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Wing traits and wing assymmetry Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00375b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
82 Loeschcke et al 18 Wing asymmetry natural pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Wing assymmetry Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00376b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
83 Loeschcke et al 18 Thorax and wing traits lab pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Thorax length and wing traits Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00377b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
84 Loeschcke et al 18 Wing traits and asymmetry lab pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Wing traits and wing assymmetry Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00378b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
85 Loeschcke et al 18 Wing asymmetry lab pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Assymmetry of wing traits Morphology Individual measurements Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00379b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
86 Loeschcke et al 18 Development time & viabiliy lab pops Clinal Drosophila aldrichi and buzzatii Development time and viability Life history Population means Loeschcke et al. 18 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00766.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00380b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
87 Barker 37 Allozyme allele frequencies 67 populations Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Allozymes Genetic markers Population frequencies Barker 37 10.1111/bij.12067 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00361b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
88 Barker 37 Allozyme allele frequencies 195 collections Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Allozymes Genetic markers Population frequencies Barker 37 10.1111/bij.12067 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00362b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
89 Barker 37 GENEPOP allozyme file 195 collections Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Allozymes Genetic markers Individual measurements Barker 37 10.1111/bij.12067 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00363b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
90 Barker 37 Overview 67 Populations Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Allozymes Genetic markers Population frequencies Barker 37 10.1111/bij.12067 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00364b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
91 Barker et al. 44 Microsatellite markers Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Barker et al. 44 10.1038/hdy.2008.127 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00370b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
92 Barker et al. 44 GENEPOP microsatellite file Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Barker et al. 44 10.1038/hdy.2008.127 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00371b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
93 Barker et al. 44 Microsatellite allele frequencies Clinal Drosophila buzzatii Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Population means Barker et al. 44 10.1038/hdy.2008.127 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00372b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
94 Barker et al. 6 S. aclinata microsatellite markers Clinal Scaptodrosophila aclinata Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Barker et al. 6 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800592 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00367b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
95 Barker et al. 6 S. hibisci microsatellite markers Clinal Scaptodrosophila hibisci Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Barker et al. 6 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800592 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00368b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
96 Magiafoglou et al. 27 microsatellite markers Clinal Drosophila serrata Microsatellite markers Genetic markers Individual categories Magiafoglou et al. 27 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00439.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00397b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
97 Hoffmann et al. 32 Desiccation resistance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Desiccation resistance Stress resistance Subgroup measurements Hoffmann et al. 32 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00959.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00394b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
98 Hoffmann et al. 32 Starvation resistance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Starvation resistance Stress resistance Subgroup measurements Hoffmann et al. 32 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00959.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00395b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
99 Hoffmann et al. 32 Heat resistance Clinal Drosophila melanogaster Heat knockdown time Stress resistance Individual measurements Hoffmann et al. 32 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00959.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00396b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
201 Barker 5 S. aclinata collection records Species distribution Scaptodrosophila aclinata Presence records Barker 5 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800592 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00390b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
202 Barker 5 S. hibisci collection records Species distribution Scaptodrosophila hibisci Presence records Barker 5 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800592 http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00391b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
203 Barker et al. 6 D. buzzatii and aldrichi collection records Species distribution Drosophila buzzatii and D. aldrichi Presence records Barker et al. 6 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01470.x http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00387b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
204 Schiffer & McEvey 7 Montium colletion records Species distribution Drosophila bunnanda, D. serrata, D. birchii, D. kikkawai and D. sp. cf. jambulina Presence records Schiffer & McEvey 7 na http://adeer.pearg.com/biogs/DR00342b.htm https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/49/555C0B8D30C3E Dryad http://dx.doi:10.5061/dryad.k9c31
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Figure 1. An overview of the trait groups and species studies in the datasets of ADEER.

Figure 1

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All datasets were published between 1982 and 2013 in a total of 39 papers.

This clinal data collection includes data recorded at the level of the individual fly (46 datasets), the subgroup level (12 datasets) or the population level (41 datasets). The term population is here used for a group of flies collected at a single geographic location. Distinct collection sites were typically at least 40 km apart. Individual data include morphological, life-history, stress resistance traits and individual genotype at genetic marker loci. Many data were recorded as population frequencies, such as Wolbachia infection rate and genetic marker frequency (Table 1 (available online only) and Tables 2 (available online only) and 3). For other datasets the data are available as population means, including morphological, life-history and stress resistance traits and genetic markers. A few datasets report results at the subgroup level. These datasets include traits that were measured per vial (e.g. development time, longevity and mortality), per cage (e.g. mortality and fecundity) or per group of flies (desiccation and starvation resistance, gene expression). In addition, one dataset reports data on isofemale lines10. Isofemale lines are fly lines that were founded from the offspring of one single wild female (Figs 1 and 2).

Table 2. Phenotypic traits and genetic markers studied along the eastern Australian coast in drosophilid species.

Trait/genetic marker Species Clinal variation Clinal pattern References
The presence and pattern of clinal variation and the publication associated with the datasets are reported        
Morphological
        
 Egg size D. melanogaster Yes Linear Azevedo et al. 20
 Pigmentation D. melanogaster Yes Linear Telonis Scott et al. 25
 Thorax length D. melanogaster Yes Linear James et al. 17, 12, Rako et al. 15
D. melanogaster No Van Heerwaarden & Sgrò 16
D. melanogaster Na Hoffmann et al. 10
D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. simulans Yes Linear Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16
 Mass D. serrata Yes Linear and quadratic Hallas et al. 19
 Wing size D. melanogaster Yes Linear Gockel et al. 22, James et al. 17, 12, Collinge et al. 21, Rako et al. 15, Van Heerwaarden & Sgrò 16
D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. birchii No Griffiths et al. 23
D. serrata Yes Linear and quadratic Hoffmann & Shirriffs 24, Hallas et al. 19
D. simulans Yes Linear Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16
 Wing to aspect ratio D. melanogaster Yes, in the field Linear Azevedo et al. 11
 Wing to thorax ratio D. melanogaster Yes Linear Azevedo et al. 11, Van Heerwaarden & Sgrò 16
D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. simulans No Van Heerwaarden & Sgro 16
 Wing shape D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
 Fluctuating asymmetry D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
 Lipid content D. melanogaster Na Hoffmann et al. 10
       
Life-history
        
 Development time D. melanogaster Yes Linear James & Partridge 26, Collinge et al. 21
D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. birchii Yes Linear Griffiths et al. 23
D. serrata Yes Linear and quadratic Magiafoglou et al. 27
D. simulans No Arthur et al. 28
 Longevity D. melanogaster Yes Linear and quadratic Sgrò et al. 30
 Overwinter mortality D. melanogaster Yes Linear and quadratic Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13, Hoffmann et al. 14
 Overwinter fecundity D. melanogaster Yes Linear and quadratic Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13
D. melanogaster Linear Hoffmann et al. 14, Rako et al. 15
 Mortality D. aldrichi Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. buzzatii Na Loeschcke et al. 18
D. serrata Yes Linear Magiafoglou et al. 27
 Timing of overwinter fecundity D. melanogaster Yes Linear Mitrovski & Hoffmann 13, Hoffmann et al. 14
 Ovariole number D. melanogaster Yes Quadratic Azevedo et al. 20
D. melanogaster Linear Collinge et al. 21
 Ovarian dormancy D. melanogaster Yes Quadratic Lee et al. 29
       
Stress
        
 Cold resistance D. melanogaster Yes Linear Hoffmann et al. 10, 31, Collinge et al. 21
D. melanogaster Na Hoffmann et al. 10
D. birchii No Griffiths et al. 23
D. serrata Yes Linear Hallas et al. 19, Magiafoglou et al. 27
D. simulans Yes, females Cubic Arthur et al. 28
 Desiccation resistance D. melanogaster No Hoffmann et al. 10, Hoffmann et al. 32
D. melanogaster Na Hoffmann et al. 10
D. birchii Yes Linear Griffiths et al. 23
D. serrata No Hallas et al. 19
D. simulans No Arthur et al. 28
 Heat resistance D. melanogaster Yes Linear Hoffmann et al. 31, Collinge et al. 21, Hoffmann et al. 10
D. birchii No Griffiths et al. 23
 Starvation resistance D. melanogaster Yes, females Linear Hoffmann et al. 10
D. melanogaster No Hoffmann et al. 32
D. birchii Yes Linear Griffiths et al. 23
D. serrata Yes, males Linear Hallas et al. 19
       
Inversions
        
 In(2L)t D. melanogaster Yes Linear Knibb et al. 46
D. melanogaster Na Kennington & Hoffmann 34
 In(2R)NS D. melanogaster Yes Linear Knibb et al. 46
 In(3L)Payne D. melanogaster Yes Linear Knibb et al. 46
 In(3R)Payne D. melanogaster Yes Linear Knibb et al. 46, Lee et al. 42, Umina et al. 8, Kennington et al 41
 In(3R)C D. melanogaster Yes Linear Knibb et al. 46
       
Allozymes
        
 Adh D. melanogaster Yes Linear Oakeshott et al. 36, Umina et al. 8
D. melanogaster Na Kennington & Hoffmann 34
 Gpdh D. melanogaster Yes Linear Oakeshott et al. 36
 G6pd D. melanogaster Yes Linear Oakeshott et al. 35
 Pgd D. melanogaster Yes Linear Oakeshott et al. 35
 Pgm, Aldox, Hex, Adh, Est1, Est2 and Lap D. buzzatii Yes Linear Barker 37
       
DNA sequence variation
        
 clock D. melanogaster No Weeks et al. 2005
 couch potato D. melanogaster Yes Linear Lee et al. 29
 drosophila cold acclimation D. melanogaster Yes Linear Mckechnie et al. 39
 frost D. melanogaster Yes Linear Hoffmann et al. 38
 hsp70 D. melanogaster No Collinge et al. 21
 hsr-omega D. melanogaster Yes Linear Kennington et al. 41, Collinge et al. 21
 methuselah D. melanogaster Yes Linear and quadratic Sgrò et al. 30
 neurofibromin D. melanogaster Yes Linear Lee et al. 42
 period D. melanogaster No Weeks et al. 2005
 MtDNA D. simulans Na Kriesner et al. 43
       
DNA repeat variation
        
 Microsatellite markers D. melanogaster Yes, 5 out of 19 Linear Gockel et al. 22
D. melanogaster Yes, 9 out of 24 Linear Kennington et al. 41
D. melanogaster Na Kennington & Hoffmann 34
D. buzzatii Yes, 6 out of 15 Linear Barker 2009
D. serrata No Magiafoglou et al. 27
S. aclinata Na Barker et al. 6
S. hibisci Na Barker et al. 6
       
Gene expression
        
 couch potato D. melanogaster Yes Linear and quadratic Lee et al. 29
 ebony D. melanogaster Yes, at 25 °C Linear Telonis-Scott et al. 25
 methuselah D. melanogaster Yes Linear Sgrò et al. 30
       
Others
        
 Wolbachia D. simulans Na Kriesner et al. 43
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Table 3. Species distribution datasets for nine drosophilid species.

Datasets Species Publication Collection years
The publication associated with the dataset and collection years are reported.      
201 Barker5 S. aclinata collection records S. aclinata Barker5 1995
202 Barker5 S. hibisci collection records S. hibisci Barker5 1998
203 Barker et al.6 D. buzzatii and aldrichi collection records D. buzzatii Barker et al.6 1971-2002
203 Barker et al.6 D. buzzatii and aldrichi collection records D. aldrichi Barker et al.6 1971-2002
204 Schiffer & McEvey7 Montium collection records D. bunnanda Schiffer & McEvey7 1924-2005
204 Schiffer & McEvey7 Montium collection records D. serrata Schiffer & McEvey7 1924-2005
204 Schiffer & McEvey7 Montium collection records D. birchii Schiffer & McEvey7 1924-2005
204 Schiffer & McEvey7 Montium collection records D. kikkawai Schiffer & McEvey7 1924-2005
204 Schiffer & McEvey7 Montium collection records D. sp. cf. jambulina Schiffer & McEvey7 1924-2005
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Figure 2. Collection records are shown for nine drosophilid species (D. aldrichi, D. birchii, D. bunnanda, D. buzzatii, D. kikkawai, D. serrata, D. sp. cf. jambulina, S. aclinata and S. hibisci).

Figure 2

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These data were collected between 1924 and 2005 and are based on records in the literature, collections made by the dataset authors and specimens in the Australian Museum.

Fly populations compared for clinal variation in quantitative traits have almost always been maintained in the laboratory prior to testing, for periods ranging from just one generation to several years. The effect of laboratory culture on clinal patterns was specifically investigated in two of the datasets included in this collection using D. melanogaster 11,12. Almost all clinal studies on quantitative traits in this collection involve a common garden design, where populations are reared in a common environment before they are tested for a specific trait. Flies are therefore kept under controlled temperature and day length and on standard fly medium within a study, but these conditions can vary substantially among studies. A few studies did not use common garden experiments. These include the two studies mentioned above11,12 where field flies were preserved in alcohol to measure wing traits. Other exceptions13,14 involved clinal variation in fecundity and mortality scored directly under field conditions.

Morphological traits

27 datasets from 15 publications in this collection investigated morphological traits in D. melanogaster, D. serrata, D. aldrichi, D. buzzatii, D. simulans, or D. birchii. The morphological traits include size (10 datasets), wing morphology (20 datasets), pigmentation (2 datasets) and lipid content (1 dataset).

Thorax length, measured from the anterior margin of the thorax to the posterior tip of the scutellum, is most often used as a measure of size and was investigated in four D. melanogaster studies10,15–17 in D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii18 and in D. simulans16. Mass was used as a measure of size in one D. serrata study19. In addition, egg size was measured in one D. melanogaster study20.

Wing morphology was investigated in seven D. melanogaster studies11,12,15–17,21,22, in D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii18, in D. birchii23, in D. serrata19,24 and in D. simulans16. Wings were removed from individual flies and mounted on slides, and wing traits were either directly measured under a microscope11,12,17,22 or measured from landmarked images captured under the microscope15,16,18,19,21.

Pigmentation was investigated in one D. melanogaster study and was scored by visual examination using four phenotypic classes25.

Lipid levels were scored in one D. melanogaster study where adult females were initially dried in an oven for 48 h and then soaked in ether for 24 h to extract the lipids9.

Life-history traits

There are 24 datasets in this collection from 13 publications that investigated life-history traits in D. melanogaster, D. serrata, D. aldrichi, D. buzzatii, D. simulans, or D. birchii. This includes traits related to development (11 datasets), mortality (8 datasets) and reproduction (8 datasets).

Egg-to-adult development time was investigated in two D. melanogaster studies21,26, D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii18, D. birchii23, D. serrata27 and in D. simulans28. Development time was measured from the midpoint of the egg laying period to adult eclosion (emergence from the pupal case). In addition, egg development stage was examined in female D. melanogaster after being exposed to diapause-inducing conditions for 28 days29.

Mortality was investigated in D. melanogaster13,14,30, D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii18 and D. serrata27. In D. melanogaster, mortality was recorded in field cages held at temperate winter conditions near Melbourne13 and at tropical winter conditions in Cairns14. In addition, longevity of once-mated females was scored under standard laboratory conditions30. The flies were transferred to fresh vials every day, and at each transfer, all vials were examined for dead flies30. In D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii, larvae to adult viability was scored after rearing the flies at three temperatures treatments18. Egg to adult and pupal to adult viability were scored in D. serrata collected before and after winter27. To score egg to adult and pupae to adult viability, vials were scored until no new adults emerged and the number of pupae in each vial was counted to obtain pupal viability data27.

Reproductive traits were investigated in five D. melanogaster studies13–15,20,21. Overwintering fecundity was recorded in field cages held at temperate winter conditions near Melbourne13 and at tropical winter conditions in Cairns14. Rako et al.15 tested for the maintenance of fertility in males that have survived in field cages held at temperate winter conditions near Melbourne. Males were crossed to virgin females and the number of offspring was scored for each male15. Ovariole number was scored in two studies, whereas the number of ovarioles in each ovary was counted directly after dissection of the females20,21.

Stress resistance traits

Sixteen datasets from 8 publications investigated stress traits in D. melanogaster, D. serrata, D. simulans, or D. birchii. These traits include cold resistance (8 datasets), desiccation resistance (6 datasets), heat resistance (4 datasets) and starvation resistance (5 datasets).

Cold resistance, scored as chill coma recovery time was investigated in D. melanogaster21,31, D. birchii 23, D. serrata19 and D. simulans28. Flies were placed in empty vials which were immersed in a 10% glycol solution cooled to a constant temperature of 0 °C . After 1–8 h, vials were removed from the cold bath and placed at room temperature and recovery time of flies was scored19,21,23,28,31. Cold resistance scored as mortality after chill coma was investigated in D. melanogaster10,31 and D. serrata27. Groups of females were placed into empty vials and submerged in a −2 °C waterbath for 1–3 h. Flies were allowed to recover in vials with fly medium for 24–48 h before scoring mortality10,27,31.

Desiccation resistance was investigated in D. melanogaster10,32, D. serrata19, D. simulans28 and D. birchii23. Flies were placed in empty vials covered with gauze and then transferred to a desiccator with silica gel left at 25 °C . Mortality was scored hourly until all flies had died10,19,23,28,32.

Heat resistance was investigated in D. melanogaster21,31,32, and D. birchii23. Individual flies were placed into 5 ml glass vials submerged into a glass tank with water held at 39 °C (38.5 °C for D. birchii). Resistance was scored as the time taken for flies to be knocked down21,23,31,32.

Starvation resistance was investigated in D. melanogaster10,32, D. birchii23 and D. serrata19. Flies were placed in vials/tubes containing agar and these vials were placed in a chamber with water to maintain humidity close to 100%. Chambers were held at 25 °C and mortality was scored at 6–8 h intervals until at least half the flies had died10,19,32. Griffiths et al.23 scored starvation resistance by placing flies in vials, which were then inverted over a second vial containing cotton wool and water. Flies in the vial were separated from the water with fine gauze and the two vials were sealed together with Parafilm®. The flies were scored for survival every hour until half the flies had died23.

Genetic markers

This data collection contains 41 datasets from 20 publications that investigated genetic markers in D. melanogaster, D. serrata, D. buzzatii, D. simulans, S. aclinata or S. hibisci. Genetic marker types include allozymes (9 datasets), DNA sequence polymorphism (18 datasets), DNA repeat variation (i.e. microsatellites, 8 datasets), gene expression levels (4 datasets), inversion polymorphisms (5 datasets), and mitochondrial DNA regions (1 dataset).

Allozymes are enzymes that differ in electrophoretic mobility as a result of allelic differences at a single locus33. Allozymes were investigated in D. melanogaster8,34–36 and D. buzzatii37. Allozymes were scored after electrophoresis of single fly homogenates and staining8,34–37. Adh and Pgd were scored in D. melanogaster8,34–36 and D. buzzatii37. Gpdh, G6pd and Pgd were scored in D. melanogaster35,36 and Aldox, Hex, Est1, Est2 and Lap were scored in D. buzzatii37.

DNA sequence polymorphism can be determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gel electrophoresis (to detect size variation) or sequencing (to detect sequence variation)33. Drosophila melanogaster has been intensively used as a model to study DNA sequence polymorphisms along the eastern Australian cline21,29,30,38–42. In addition, variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences was investigated in D. simulans43. Several genes have been investigated in D. melanogaster: clock and period40, couch potato29, drosophila cold acclimation39, frost38, hsp70 (ref. 21), hsr-omega21,41, methuselah30, and neurofibromin42. The protocols to test for clinal variation in DNA sequence polymorphism varied substantially among the studies. In short, fly DNA was most often extracted using a Chelex/Proteinase K method42 but sometimes used a modified CTAB method40. Amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was performed using standard PCR methods and variation in DNA sequences was determined by gel electrophoresis or sequencing. For further details see21,29,30,38–43.

Microsatellites are tandemly repeated sequences of 1–6 nucleotides. Microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic and are assumed to evolve neutrally33. Microsatellites were investigated in D. melanogaster22,34,41, D. buzzatii44, D. serrata27, S. aclinata and S. hibsici5. After DNA extraction, microsatellite markers were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the unique sequences of flanking regions as primers and then repeat length was measured either by separating radiolabelled products on a gel or separating fluorescent-labelled products on a DNA sequencer. For further details see5,22,27,34,41,44.

Gene expression assays aim to quantify the level of RNA transcript present in the cell for each gene of interest using real-time PCR or deep-sequencing technologies45. Expression of three genes was investigated in D. melanogaster: couch potato29, ebony25, and methuselah30. In each case, RNA was isolated and purified to ensure DNA removal; cDNA was then synthesised for use as template for real-time PCR on the Light-Cycler® 480 (Roche) system and normalized using housekeeping genes. Further details are available in publications25,29,30.

Inversion polymorphism refers to the phenomenon of a chromosome region appearing in either standard or ‘reversed’ orientation in a population, which results in multiple genes being inherited together rather than assorting independently. It has been intensively investigated in D. melanogaster in Australia. The inversion In(3R)Payne is the most frequently studied inversion8,41,42,46, but In(2R)NS, In(3L)Payne, In(3R)C46 and In(2L)t34,46 have also been investigated. Two different approaches were used to test for inversion polymorphism: The BI-PASA method genotypes a SNP polymorphism shown to be in complete linkage disequilibrium with In(3R)Payne in Australia8,41,42. Alternatively, a salivary gland preparation was made from a single 3rd-instar larva and lacto-acetic orcein was used to stain the chromosome. After staining, glands were squashed under a cover slip and visualized with a light microscope to examine banding patterns and loops characteristic of inversion status34,46.

Wolbachia

Wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that can manipulate host reproduction43. One study in this collection investigated Wolbachia infections in D. simulans43. DNA was extracted using a standard Chelex based method and assays for Wolbachia infection status and strain type were performed with a fluorescence-based PCR assays using the Roche LightCycler® 480 system47.

Species distribution collection

The species distribution collection contains data from two Scaptodrosophila species and seven Drosophila species (Table 1 (available online only), Table 3 and Fig. 2). Schiffer and McEvey7 investigated distributions of members of the montium subgroup (Drosophila bunnanda, D. serrata, D. birchii, D. kikkawai and D. sp. cf. jambulina) along the east coast of Australia. Collection records are available for 122 locations that were sampled between 1924 and 2005 and data are based on records in the literature, collections made by the authors and specimens in the Australian Museum7. Collection records are also available for the cactophilic D. aldrichi and D. buzzatii6. These species were sampled between 1971 and 2002 in 97 locations where Opuntia cacti occur and the Opuntia species were recorded for each location. Barker5 collected distribution data of S. aclinata and S. hibisci which are both restricted to Hibiscus flowers5. Scaptodrosophila aclinata were sampled in 24 locations in 1995 and S. hibisci were sampled in 63 locations in 1998 and the Hibiscus species were recorded for all locations. For further details see the relevant publications5–7.

Data Records

All 103 datasets are freely available through the ADEER website (http://adeer.pearg.com/), where additional datasets will be added in the future. In addition to the datasets, ADEER also provides a short description and a visualisation of each dataset and a link to the publication describing the datasets (Data Citation 1). The datasets can be accessed by browsing the collections, species or traits or by using the “Search” function. All 103 datasets are listed under “Browse Datasets” or as a default using the “Search” function. The data can be downloaded by clicking on the “Data Online” icon. A static version of all datasets was also transferred to Dryad on 19.7.2015 (Data citation 2). The datasets 63–70 from the Lee et al. (2011) publication are also freely available on the Dryad repository (Data Citation 3). In addition, the dataset 25 from the Lee et al. (2013) publication (Data Citation 4), the dataset 24 from the Kriesner et al. 2013 publication (Data Citation 5), the datasets 74-76 from the Sgrò et al. (2013) publication (Data Citation 6) and the datasets 37–39 from the Telonis-Scott et al. (2011) publication (Data Citation 7) are already freely available on the Dryad repository.

Technical Validation

All datasets of this collection have been published in peer-reviewed journals confirming the technical quality of the data and the appropriate use of experimental designs. Experimental designs always included control treatments where necessary and careful replication and randomization of the experimental units. All data have also been statistically analysed, which included testing for measurement and recording errors. Furthermore, in the process of collecting this resource, each dataset was visualized and checked for potential inconsistencies. Spelling mistakes were corrected in the datasets, but only datasets where no inconsistencies were found in the data were included in this resource.

Usage Notes

The annual average daily mean temperature of Australia has risen by 0.9 °C since 1910 (CSIRO 2014) and Australian temperatures are projected to continue to increase by about 2–4 °C by 2100 following the global trend48. The increase in average and extreme temperatures presents a major challenge to biodiversity49.

The clinal and species distribution datasets will be valuable for temporal comparisons in the future to understand current and future evolutionary responses to climate change and to predict species distributions under ongoing climate change scenarios. Clinal data of phenotypic traits and genetic markers as well as species distributions can be tracked over time and tested for adaptive responses under climate change8. In addition, researchers can use the datasets for comparing shifts in species distributions and linking these to climatic variables.

There is now ample evidence that natural populations are responding to climate change by shifting their geographic distribution and phenology50–52 and an increasing number of studies have demonstrated evidence for rapid adaptive evolution in response to climate change53,54. Although plastic and genetic responses may allow some species to cope with climate change, extinction risks are predicted to be high, in particular in Australia55. One major challenge is to identify the most vulnerable species that will not be able to adapt fast enough to keep pace with climate change52,53. Collections like this one that span multiple related species with different degrees of adaptive potential and climate tolerance are important for understanding why some species are more vulnerable than others. Once this is better understood in model groups like drosophilid flies, researchers can apply general patterns to mammals, birds, plants and other groups to help prioritise conservation efforts.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Hangartner, S. B. et al. A collection of Australian Drosophila datasets on climate adaptation and species distributions. Sci. Data 2:150067 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.67 (2015).

Supplementary Material

sdata201567-isa1.zip (7.8KB, zip)

Acknowledgments

This project is supported by the Australian National Data Service (ANDS). ANDS is supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy Program. The project also acknowledges the support of the RDSI VicNode and NeCTAR UoM-Research Cloud Tools programs based at the University of Melbourne. We would also like to thank all the researchers that have contributed data to this collection: Professor Linda Partridge (University College London), John Oakeshott (CSIRO), Dr. Carla Sgró (Monash University), Dr. Shane McEvery (Australian Museum) and Professor James Stuart Flinton Barker (University of New England).

Footnotes

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Data Citations

  1. Hoffmann A. A., Smith A., Griffin P. C., Hangartner S. B. 2015. Australian Drosophila Ecology And Evolution Resource. Adeer.pearg.com [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  2. Hoffmann A. A., Smith A., Griffin P. C., Hangartner S. B. 2015. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k9c31
  3. Lee S. F. 2011. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k175g
  4. Lee S. F. 2013. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n7080
  5. Kriesner P., Hoffmann A. A., Lee S. F., Turelli M., Weeks A. R. 2013. PLOS Pathogens. http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003607#s5 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  6. Sgrò C. M. 2013. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.11j35
  7. Telonis-Scott M., Hoffmann A. A., Sgrò C. M. 2011. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8768

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Citations

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Supplementary Materials

sdata201567-isa1.zip (7.8KB, zip)

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