Abstract
Lymph node density (LND) has been reported to be a significant predictor of survival in patients with oral and other carcinomas exhibiting positive lymph nodes. The present study investigated whether the LND is associated with overall survival in subjects with major salivary gland carcinoma. A total of 78 patients newly diagnosed with major salivary gland carcinoma underwent primary tumor resection and neck dissection without preoperative treatment. Of these 78 patients, 32 with pathologically positive lymph nodes were enrolled in the present study. The LND was calculated as the ratio of the number of positive lymph nodes to the number of total lymph nodes. The survival rate was analyzed according to the Kaplan-Meier method. A univariate survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test, and a multivariate survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. An LND of ≥0.38 was found to significantly correlate with a shorter overall survival time in univariate analysis (P=0.017). In multivariate survival analysis, after adjusting for anatomical location (parotid gland/others), an LND of ≥0.38 was identified to be associated with a significantly shorter overall survival time. These results suggest that the LND functions as a prognostic factor in cases of major salivary gland carcinoma.
Keywords: lymph node density, major salivary gland carcinoma, overall survival
Introduction
Major salivary gland carcinomas, which are distinct from parotid gland carcinomas, submandibular gland carcinomas and sublingual gland carcinomas, are rare malignant tumors, accounting for <5% of all cancers of the head and neck (1). The histological classification of major salivary gland carcinomas comprises 24 histological subtypes with different malignant phenotypes and prognoses, according to the 2005 World Health Organization classification of tumors (2). To date, numerous studies have investigated the characteristics and useful prognostic parameters of major salivary gland carcinoma using various approaches, including clinical, pathological and biological procedures (1–4).
The lymph node density (LND), which is calculated as the ratio of the number of positive lymph nodes to the number of total lymph nodes, has been found to reliably predict the survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), bladder carcinoma and other carcinomas with positive neck lymph nodes in recent studies (5–12). However, the association between the LND and overall survival in individuals with major salivary gland carcinoma has not yet been investigated. The present study investigated whether LND is correlated with overall survival in cases of major salivary gland carcinoma with positive lymph nodes.
Patients and methods
Population data
A total of 284 patients newly diagnosed with major salivary gland tumor at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (Nagoya, Japan), underwent tumor resection between January 2004 and May 2014; 93 of these patients were diagnosed with primary major salivary gland carcinoma on a pathological examination. Of these 93 patients, 80 received primary tumor resection with neck dissection, and 34 were diagnosed pathologically with lymph node metastasis. One patient who received preoperative chemotherapy and one patient with a past history of radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma were excluded. Therefore, a total of 32 patients with pathologically positive lymph nodes were enrolled in the study. This study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, and all patients provided their informed consent for all treatments and examinations. The anatomical locations of the primary tumor were as follows: Parotid gland, 21 patients; submandibular gland, 10 patients; and sublingual gland, 1 patient.
Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging
A routine physical examination and chest radiography were performed on the first visit. The clinical stage was determined according to the findings of these examinations, as well as enhanced cervical computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. Where possible, 18F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), or 18F-FDG PET combined with CT were performed. The findings of clinical lymph node metastasis as detected on enhanced CT, included the presence of ringed enhancement or a lymph node diameter of ≥10 mm. The TNM classification criteria of the International Union Against Cancer (seventh edition) were used (13).
Pathological examination
Neck dissection, as described by the Japan Neck Dissection Study Group, was performed in an en bloc fashion (14). After carefully dividing the neck dissection samples based on the cervical region, the number of total lymph nodes was recorded. The samples and records were used in the pathological examination. In accordance with the process described in our previous report, the samples of resected tumors were fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin (3). The pathological diagnosis (pathological T and N classification, pathological stage, histological classification, histological grade, positive surgical margin and extracapsular spread) was made by two pathologists, who compiled all reports.
Postoperative therapy
Following the pathological diagnosis, postoperative therapy was performed in patients with a positive surgical margin, extracapsular spread, multiple positive lymph nodes or high histological grade carcinoma, where possible. Following the completion of treatment, the patients were followed up at the outpatient clinic. Efforts were made to identify individuals with early locoregional recurrence and perform radical salvage therapy in such cases. The clinicopathological parameters of the patients are shown in Table I.
Table I.
Clinicopathological parameters (n=32).
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Age, years | |
| Mean ± SD | 61.8±15.1 |
| Gender, n | |
| Male | 25 |
| Female | 7 |
| Clinical T classification, n | |
| T1 | 0 |
| T2 | 8 |
| T3 | 7 |
| T4 | 17 |
| Clinical N classification, n | |
| N0 | 7 |
| N1 | 4 |
| N2 | 21 |
| N3 | 0 |
| Clinical stage, n | |
| I | 0 |
| II | 2 |
| III | 3 |
| IV | 27 |
| Anatomical location, n | |
| Parotid | 21 |
| Submandibular | 10 |
| Sublingual | 1 |
| Pathological T classification, n | |
| T1 | 1 |
| T2 | 0 |
| T3 | 13 |
| T4 | 18 |
| Pathological N classification, n | |
| N0 | 0 |
| N1 | 8 |
| N2 | 24 |
| N3 | 0 |
| Pathological stage, n | |
| I | 0 |
| II | 0 |
| III | 3 |
| IV | 29 |
| Histological classification, n | |
| Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified | 14 |
| Salivary duct carcinoma | 6 |
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | 4 |
| Adenoid cystic carcinoma | 4 |
| Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma | 3 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 1 |
| Histological grade, n | |
| High | 11 |
| Others | 21 |
| Positive surgical margin, n | |
| Presence | 19 |
| Absence | 13 |
| Extracapsular spread, n | |
| Presence | 15 |
| Absence | 17 |
| Positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread, n | |
| Presence | 24 |
| Absence | 8 |
| Postoperative therapy, n | |
| Chemoradiation | 2 |
| Radiation | 21 |
| Absence | 9 |
T, tumor; N, node.
LND
A total of 1,346 lymph nodes were evaluated, of which 317 (23.6%) were found to be pathologically positive. Based on previous studies (5–12), the LND was calculated using the following formula: LND = number of positive lymph nodes / total number of excised lymph nodes.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using the JMP software package (version 9; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Correlations between LND and clinicopathological parameters (age, gender, clinical T and N classification, clinical stage, anatomical location, pathological T and N classification, pathological stage, histological classification, histological grade, positive surgical margin, extracapsular spread, positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread and postoperative therapy) were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The survival time was defined as the period from surgery to the target event or date of last contact; target events comprised mortality for the overall survival calculation. Applying the method described in previous studies, the Kaplan-Meier technique was used to estimate survival curves, and various LND cut-off values were tested using the log-rank test in a univariate overall survival analysis (15,16). Thirty-two patients were grouped into two groups based on the LND (LND ≥0.38 and <0.38), as an LND of 0.38 was able to statistically distinguish the shorter from the longer survival group according to the log-rank test in the univariate survival analyses. The associations between the two groups (LND ≥0.38 and <0.38) with regard to the clinicopathological parameters (age, gender, clinical T and N classification, clinical stage, anatomical location, pathological T and N classification, pathological stage, histological classification, histological grade, positive surgical margin, extracapsular spread, positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread and postoperative therapy) were compared using Fisher's exact test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multivariate survival analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed with adjustment for anatomical location (parotid gland/others). P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences.
Results
LND and clinicopathological parameters
The median LND of all patients was 0.13 (range, 0.02–0.88). The LND distribution is shown in Fig. 1, and the associations between LND and clinicopathological parameters are shown in Table II. LND was significantly correlated with pathological N classification (P<0.01), pathological stage (P=0.04), histological classification (P=0.02) and extracapsular spread (P=0.01).
Figure 1.
Lymph node density and number of patients.
Table II.
Associations between LND and clinicopathological parameters (n=32).
| Parameter | n | LND (mean ± SD) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.07 | ||
| <65 | 16 | 0.26±0.24 | |
| ≥65 | 16 | 0.16±0.23 | |
| Gender | 0.73 | ||
| Male | 25 | 0.21±0.22 | |
| Female | 7 | 0.21±0.30 | |
| Clinical T classification | 0.54 | ||
| T1–3 | 15 | 0.24±0.27 | |
| T4 | 17 | 0.19±0.21 | |
| Clinical N classification | 0.10 | ||
| N0 | 7 | 0.11±0.14 | |
| N1–2 | 25 | 0.24±0.25 | |
| Clinical stage | 0.06 | ||
| I–III | 5 | 0.06±0.04 | |
| IV | 27 | 0.24±0.25 | |
| Anatomical location | 0.21 | ||
| Parotid gland | 21 | 0.24±0.23 | |
| Others | 11 | 0.16±0.25 | |
| Pathological T classification | 0.83 | ||
| T1–3 | 14 | 0.21±0.25 | |
| T4 | 18 | 0.21±0.23 | |
| Pathological N classification | <0.01 | ||
| N1 | 8 | 0.03±0.01 | |
| N2 | 24 | 0.27±0.25 | |
| Pathological stage | <0.04 | ||
| III | 3 | 0.03±0.01 | |
| IV | 29 | 0.23±0.24 | |
| Histological classification | <0.03 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma, NOS | 14 | 0.33±0.29 | |
| Others | 18 | 0.12±0.14 | |
| Histological grade | 0.74 | ||
| High | 8 | 0.14±0.11 | |
| Others | 16 | 0.25±0.28 | |
| Positive surgical margin | 0.31 | ||
| Presence | 19 | 0.14±0.11 | |
| Absence | 13 | 0.25±0.28 | |
| Extracapsular spread | <0.02 | ||
| Presence | 15 | 0.33±0.29 | |
| Absence | 17 | 0.11±0.10 | |
| Positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread | 0.07 | ||
| Presence | 8 | 0.08±0.07 | |
| Absence | 24 | 0.25±0.26 | |
| Postoperative therapy | 0.90 | ||
| Presence | 9 | 0.28±0.35 | |
| Absence | 23 | 0.18±0.18 |
Mann-Whitney U test. LND, lymph node density; T, tumor; N, node; NOS, not otherwise specified.
Overall survival analysis
At the end of the study, the mean ± SD follow-up periods among all patients, the 16 surviving patients (50.0% vs. all) and the 16 deceased patients (50.0%) were 23.8±19.6, 25.1±19.9 and 22.4±19.8 months, respectively. In the entire patient group, the overall 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 59.2, 43.2 and 25.9%, respectively. Applying the method described previously, in our study and others (14,15), various LND cut-off values were tested using the log-rank test in the overall survival analysis. A cut-off value of 0.38 for the LND had the lowest P-value in these analyses (Fig. 2) and could be used to differentiate the shorter overall survival group (LND ≥0.38, n=8) from the longer overall survival group (LND <0.38, n=24) based on the log-rank test, as shown in Fig. 3 (P=0017). No significant associations with clinicopathological parameters were observed in the two groups (LND ≥0.38 and <0.38), as shown in Table III. A multivariate survival analysis was performed with adjustment for anatomical location (parotid gland/others) for overall survival. Consequently, an LND of ≥0.38 was confirmed to be associated with a significantly shorter survival time. The results of the multivariate analysis for survival are presented in Table IV.
Figure 2.
P-values according to the log-rank test for overall survival using different cut-off values for the LND in 32 major salivary gland carcinoma patients with positive lymph nodes. LND, lymph node density.
Figure 3.
Associations between LND and survival in 32 major salivary gland carcinoma patients with positive lymph nodes (Kaplan-Meier method). An LND of ≥0.38 was found to be associated with a significantly shorter overall survival time. The log-rank test was used for the statistical analysis. LND, lymph node density.
Table III.
Associations between LND (≥0.38 and <0.38) and clinicopathological parameters (n=32).
| Parameter | LND ≥0.38 (n=24) | LND <0.38 (n=8) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.22 | ||
| <65 | 10 | 6 | |
| ≥65 | 14 | 2 | |
| Gender | 0.65 | ||
| Male | 18 | 7 | |
| Female | 6 | 1 | |
| Clinical T classification | 0.42 | ||
| T1–3 | 10 | 5 | |
| T4 | 14 | 3 | |
| Clinical N classification | 0.65 | ||
| N0 | 6 | 1 | |
| N1–2 | 18 | 7 | |
| Clinical stage | 0.30 | ||
| I–III | 5 | 0 | |
| IV | 19 | 8 | |
| Anatomical location | 0.68 | ||
| Parotid gland | 15 | 6 | |
| Others | 9 | 2 | |
| Pathological T classification | 0.70 | ||
| T1–3 | 10 | 4 | |
| T4 | 14 | 4 | |
| Pathological N classification | 0.08 | ||
| N1 | 8 | 0 | |
| N2 | 16 | 8 | |
| Pathological stage | 0.55 | ||
| III | 3 | 0 | |
| IV | 21 | 8 | |
| Histological classification | 0.10 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma, NOS | 8 | 6 | |
| Other | 16 | 2 | |
| Histological grade | 0.21 | ||
| High | 10 | 1 | |
| Other | 14 | 7 | |
| Positive surgical margin | 0.42 | ||
| Presence | 13 | 6 | |
| Absence | 11 | 2 | |
| Extracapsular spread | 0.11 | ||
| Presence | 9 | 6 | |
| Absence | 15 | 2 | |
| Positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread | 0.08 | ||
| Presence | 16 | 8 | |
| Absence | 8 | 0 | |
| Postoperative therapy | 0.18 | ||
| Presence | 19 | 4 | |
| Absence | 5 | 4 |
Fisher's exact test. LND, lymph node density; T, tumor; N, node; NOS, not otherwise specified.
Table IV.
Multivariate survival analysisa.
| Overall survival | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
| LND (≥0.38/<0.38) | 4.02 | 1.21–13.43 | P<0.03 |
| Anatomical location (parotid/others) | 2.81 | 0.87–12.53 | P=0.09 |
Cox proportional hazards model. LND, lymph node density; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Discussion
The results of the current study demonstrated, for the first time, that an LND of ≥0.38 in patients with major salivary gland carcinoma exhibiting pathological lymph node metastasis is significantly associated with a shorter overall survival time.
The LND determined by pathological examination has emerged as a prognostic parameter for various types of cancer, including bladder, esophageal and oral cancers (5–12). The ratio of the LND weights three factors that may influence nodal staging: Tumor (the true number of positive lymph nodes), surgical (the actual number of nodes removed during neck dissection) and sampling (the completeness of the pathological analysis) factors (5). Recently, a multi-institutional international study group comprising 11 cancer centers across the globe revealed the LND to be a significant predictor of overall survival time among 4,254 patients with OSCC (5). Furthermore, a number of studies have reported that LND may be used to predict the survival time of OSCC patients treated with different neck dissection procedures, such as unilateral or bilateral neck dissections (5–10). The present findings, demonstrating an association between LND and overall survival rate, are in concordance with this previous evidence (5–10).
With regard to head and neck cancer, numerous studies have reported an association between LND and overall survival in patients with OSCC (5–9). Furthermore, Rudra et al (10) reported that LND predicts overall survival time in subjects with lesions in various sites of the head and neck, including the oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx/hypopharynx; however, this study did not investigate the relationship between LND and overall survival in patients with major salivary gland carcinoma (10). In the present study, the association between LND and overall survival was assessed in subjects with major salivary gland carcinoma, demonstrating that an LND of ≥0.38 in patients with pathological lymph node metastasis is significantly associated with a shorter overall survival time.
The predominant limitation of the current study was the relatively small number of subjects in the sample. Hence, future analyses of large numbers of patients will yield more statistically accurate results, with greater potential for application of the findings.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that an LND of ≥0.38 in patients with major salivary gland carcinoma exhibiting pathological lymph node metastasis is significantly associated with a shorter overall survival time. Therefore, LND is a prognostic factor in individuals with major salivary gland carcinoma.
Acknowledgements
The current study was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (grant no. 24791821). Part of this study was presented at the 2014 World Cancer Congress, December 3–6, 2014, Melbourne, Australia (17).
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